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NAAPR, North American Anti-Epileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry; MCM, major congenital malformation; AED, anti-epileptic drug.
| AED | MCM Rates |
| Valproate | 9.3% |
| Phenobarbital | 5.5% |
| Topiramate | 4.2% |
| Carbamazepine | 3% |
| Phenytoin | 2.9% |
| Levetiracetam | 2.4% |
| Lamotrigine | 2% |
