Correction to: Diabetologia
10.1007/s00125-018-4628-9
In contrast to statements made in the above paper, measurements of waist and hip circumference were in fact available. Table 2 (Biochemistry and anthropometric measurements at baseline and study end) and Table 3 (Treatment differences in change for blood and anthropometric measurements in the intention-to-treat analysis) are updated here to include the missing data for waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio. Analysis of the data did not show any significant effects of the full-dose nut diet, full-dose muffin diet or the half-dose nut diet on waist circumference, hip circumference or waist/hip ratio within groups or between groups.
Table 2.
Biochemistry and anthropometric measurements at baseline and study end
| Baseline | Study end | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Full-dose nut diet (n = 40) |
Half-dose nut diet (n = 38) |
Full-dose muffin diet (n = 39) |
Full-dose nut diet (n = 39) |
Half-dose nut diet (n = 32) |
Full-dose muffin diet (n = 32) |
| Glucose, mmol/la | 7.17 (1.48) | 6.95 (1.22) | 7.33 (2.17) | 7.20 (1.80) | 6.55 (2.90) | 7.20 (1.75) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mola | 52.6 (7.5) | 52.3 (7.3) | 53.7 (6.6) | 50.8 (9.8) | 50.3 (7.7) | 52.4 (9.8) |
| HbA1c, %a | 6.97 (0.68) | 6.93 (0.67) | 7.07 (0.60) | 6.80 (0.90) | 6.75 (0.70) | 6.95 (0.90) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/la | 4.10 (1.81) | 3.98 (0.93) | 4.27 (1.42) | 3.96 (1.21) | 3.93 (1.06) | 4.20 (1.42) |
| LDL-c, mmol/lb | 2.46 (1.05) | 2.18 (0.60) | 2.29 (0.78) | 2.27 (1.00) | 2.04 (0.61) | 2.37 (0.84) |
| HDL-c, mmol/la | 1.12 (0.35) | 1.10 (0.31) | 1.11 (0.35) | 1.23 (0.31) | 1.16 (0.34) | 1.18 (0.27) |
| Triacylglycerols, mmol/la | 1.43 (0.93) | 1.32 (0.64) | 1.40 (0.71) | 1.35 (1.08) | 1.45 (0.93) | 1.42 (0.93) |
| Total cholesterol:HDL-c ratioa | 3.79 (1.46) | 3.39 (0.81) | 3.44 (1.39) | 3.44 (1.36) | 3.27 (1.32) | 3.49 (1.69) |
| LDL-c:HDL-c ratioa | 1.96 (1.31) | 1.86 (0.81) | 1.81 (1.27) | 1.77 (1.01) | 1.73 (1.04) | 1.97 (1.28) |
| Non-HDL-c, mmol/la | 3.18 (1.54) | 2.78 (0.87) | 2.91 (1.47) | 3.03 (1.17) | 2.73 (1.12) | 3.11 (1.55) |
| Triacylglycerol:HDL-c ratioa | 1.24 (1.31) | 1.11 (0.91) | 1.26 (1.15) | 1.06 (1.35) | 1.29 (1.05) | 1.28 (1.05) |
| ApoA1, g/la | 1.43 (0.24) | 1.44 (0.37) | 1.43 (0.22) | 1.43 (0.30) | 1.48 (0.35) | 1.46 (0.23) |
| ApoB, g/la | 0.84 (0.36) | 0.73 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.26) | 0.78 (0.29) | 0.74 (0.24) | 0.78 (0.30) |
| ApoB:ApoA1a | 0.57 (0.20) | 0.50 (0.23) | 0.50 (0.25) | 0.52 (0.21) | 0.44 (0.25) | 0.52 (0.28) |
| CRP, nmol/la | 1.04 (1.20) | 0.87 (1.69) | 1.23 (1.50) | 0.86 (1.52) | 1.01 (1.73) | 0.92 (1.67) |
| Weight, kgb | 80.0 (14.7) | 86.2 (15.6) | 82.9 (14.7) | 79.1 (14.0) | 84.8 (15.1) | 82.6 (14.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 b | 28.8 (4.5) | 30.3 (5.0) | 29.4 (4.2) | 28.5 (4.4) | 29.9 (5.2) | 29.2 (4.1) |
| Waist (cm)b | 102 (11) | 106 (13) | 106 (11) | 101 (12) | 105 (14) | 104 (10) |
| Hip (cm)b | 108 (8) | 111 (10) | 109 (9) | 108 (8) | 110 (10) | 109 (9) |
| Waist/hip ratiob | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.96 (0.05) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.96 (0.05) |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
| Systolicb | 122 (11) | 124 (13) | 125 (13) | 120 (13) | 124 (15) | 123 (12) |
| Diastolicb | 70 (9) | 72 (8) | 72 (10) | 69 (10) | 72 (6) | 72 (10) |
| LDL-c < 255 Å, mmol/la | 1.37 (0.81) | 1.28 (0.84) | 1.13 (0.80) | 1.26 (0.73) | 1.14 (0.63) | 1.33 (0.90) |
| LDL-c 255–260 Å, mmol/la | 0.50 (0.68) | 0.55 (0.36) | 0.67 (0.57) | 0.49 (0.64) | 0.51 (0.37) | 0.66 (0.34) |
| LDL-c > 255 Å, mmol/la | 0.20 (0.34) | 0.30 (0.20) | 0.31 (0.48) | 0.19 (0.35) | 0.27 (0.21) | 0.32 (0.37) |
| Fibrinogen, μmol/lb | 10.2 (1.3) | 10.0 (1.9) | 9.4 (1.5) | 10.1 (2.0) | 9.7 (1.8) | 9.0 (1.8) |
| Factor VII, U/mlb | 1.15 (0.25) | 1.02 (0.28) | 1.10 (0.21) | 1.13 (0.26) | 1.03 (0.23) | 1.13 (0.21) |
| Factor VIII, U/mlb | 1.08 (0.31) | 1.20 (0.38) | 1.17 (0.39) | 1.20 (0.37) | 1.32 (0.46) | 1.33 (0.43) |
| PAI-1, pmol/la | 438 (434) | 470 (227) | 475 (438) | 392 (215) | 496 (368) | 404 (381) |
| Antioxidants | (n = 38) | (n = 32) | (n = 31) | (n = 38) | (n = 32) | (n = 30) |
| Protein thiols (μmol/l)b | 317.0 (71.8) | 326.6 (72.2) | 317.7 (53.8) | 355.7 (76.3) | 345.9 (6.4) | 356.5 (88.7) |
| Conjugated dienes (μmol/l)b | 25.2 (9.8) | 22.6 (9.8) | 24.2 (7.7) | 23.0 (9.7) | 22.1 (10.0) | 21.8 (6.9) |
| TBARS (μmol/l)b | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.12) | 0.29 (0.11) |
aData are presented as median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data
bData are presented as mean (SD) for normally distributed data
For baseline: HbA1c, glucose and blood pressure baseline values were calculated as the mean of values at screening and weeks −1 and 0; for weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/hip ratio and antioxidants, values at week 0 were used; for lipids, lipoproteins and CRP, the mean of weeks −1 and 0 were used (n = 93), or screening and week 0 if week −1 was missing (n = 17). For n = 6, only week 0 data were available. Data were not available for n = 1 who was randomised to the half-dose nut group but dropped out prior to week 0; for particle size and clotting factors, week 0 was used (n = 113) or week −1 if week 0 had insufficient serum quantities or samples were missing (n = 4)
For study end: HbA1c, glucose and blood pressure study end values were calculated as the mean of weeks 8, 10 and 12 (final month); for lipid, lipoproteins and CRP, week 8, 10 and 12 samples were also used apart from for n = 3 who only had week 8 samples available; for weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio, week 12 values were used (n = 100) or, if not available, week 8 values (n = 3); for particle size and clotting factors, owing to limited sample availability, week 12 samples were used (n = 97) or, if not available, week 10 samples (n = 3), or week 8 samples (n = 3; where week 10 samples were also unavailable); for antioxidants, week 12 samples were used where serum samples were available (conjugates dienes and TBARS, n = 100; protein thiols, n = 99 [analytical failure lead to loss of data for n = 1 sample])
TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Table 3.
Treatment differences in change for blood and anthropometric measurements in the intention-to-treat analysis
| Full-dose nut vs full-dose muffin diet | Full-dose nut vs half-dose nut diet | Half-dose nut vs full-dose muffin diet | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p | Adj CI | Adj p | β | 95% CI | p | Adj CI | Adj p | β | 95% CI | p | Adj CI | Adj p | |
| Glucose (mmol/l)a | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.610 | (−0.11, 0.07) | 0.867 | −0.05 | (−0.12, 0.03) | 0.228 | (−0.14, 0.04) | 0.449 | 0.03 | (−0.05, 0.10) | 0.506 | (−0.07, 0.12) | 0.784 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)b | −2.0 | (−3.8, −0.3) | 0.026 | (−4.2, 0.1) | 0.066 | −1.8 | (−3.6, −0.04) | 0.045 | (−4.0, 0.3) | 0.111 | −0.2 | (−2.1, 1.6) | 0.813 | (−2.5, 2.0) | 0.969 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)a | −0.04 | (−0.07, −0.01) | 0.017 | (−0.08, −0.001) | 0.043 | −0.03 | (−0.07, −0.002) | 0.038 | (−0.07, 0.01) | 0.095 | −0.01 | (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.749 | (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.945 |
| HbA1c (%)b | −0.19 | (−0.35, −0.02) | 0.026 | (−0.38, 0.01) | 0.066 | −0.17 | (−0.33, −0.004) | 0.045 | (−0.36, 0.03) | 0.111 | −0.02 | (−0.19, 0.15) | 0.813 | (−0.23, 0.18) | 0.969 |
| HbA1c (%)a | −0.03 | (−0.05, −0.005) | 0.018 | (−0.06, −0.0002) | 0.048 | −0.02 | (−0.05, −0.001) | 0.039 | (−0.05, 0.003) | 0.097 | 0.00 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.768 | (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.953 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l)a | −0.06 | (−0.12, −0.01) | 0.026 | (−0.13, 0.003) | 0.066 | −0.04 | (−0.10, 0.01) | 0.119 | (−0.11, 0.02) | 0.264 | −0.02 | (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.508 | (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.785 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L)a | −0.09 | (−0.18, −0.0004) | 0.049 | (−0.20, 0.02) | 0.120 | −0.04 | (−0.13, 0.05) | 0.383 | (−0.15, 0.07) | 0.657 | −0.05 | (−0.15, 0.04) | 0.288 | (−0.17, 0.06) | 0.537 |
| Small LDL-c (<255 Å, mmol/l)a,c,d | −0.35 | (−0.61, −0.10) | 0.007 | (−0.66, −0.05) | 0.018 | −0.07 | (−0.32, 0.19) | 0.601 | (−0.37, 0.24) | 0.860 | −0.29 | (−0.55, −0.02) | 0.034 | (−0.60, 0.03) | 0.085 |
| Medium LDL-c (255-260 Å, mmol/l)a,c,d | 0.10 | (−0.13, 0.33) | 0.382 | (−0.17, 0.38) | 0.655 | 0.00 | (−0.23, 0.24) | 0.976 | (−0.27, 0.28) | 1.000 | 0.10 | (−0.14, 0.34) | 0.417 | (−0.19, 0.38) | 0.694 |
| Large LDL-c (>255 Å, mmol/l)a,c,d | −0.08 | (−0.52, 0.37) | 0.732 | (−0.61, 0.46) | 0.937 | 0.18 | (−0.27, 0.62) | 0.433 | (−0.36, 0.71) | 0.711 | −0.25 | (−0.70, 0.19) | 0.264 | (−0.79, 0.28) | 0.502 |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 0.00 | (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.987 | (−0.06, 0.06) | 1.000 | 0.02 | (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.472 | (−0.04, 0.07) | 0.752 | −0.02 | (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.501 | (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.779 |
| Triacylglycerols (mmol/l)a | −0.09 | (−0.20, 0.03) | 0.159 | (−0.23, 0.06) | 0.335 | −0.11 | (−0.23, 0.01) | 0.064 | (−0.25, 0.03) | 0.153 | 0.03 | (−0.10, 0.15) | 0.678 | (−0.12, 0.17) | 0.909 |
| Total cholesterol:HDL-c ratioa | −0.06 | (−0.13, 0.01) | 0.080 | (−0.14, 0.02) | 0.186 | −0.05 | (−0.12, 0.02) | 0.127 | (−0.14, 0.03) | 0.277 | −0.01 | (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.825 | (−0.09, 0.08) | 0.973 |
| LDL-c:HDL-c ratioa | −0.09 | (−0.19, 0.01) | 0.084 | (−0.21, 0.03) | 0.195 | −0.05 | (−0.15, 0.05) | 0.334 | (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.598 | −0.04 | (−0.15, 0.07) | 0.460 | (−0.17, 0.09) | 0.740 |
| Non-HDL-c (mmol/l)a | −0.09 | (−0.17, −0.01) | 0.026 | (−0.19, 0.005) | 0.067 | −0.06 | (−0.14, 0.02) | 0.114 | (−0.16, 0.03) | 0.253 | −0.03 | (−0.11, 0.06) | 0.526 | (−0.13, 0.07) | 0.801 |
| Triacylglycerol:HDL-c ratioa | −0.08 | (−0.22, 0.06) | 0.238 | (−0.25, 0.08) | 0.464 | −0.12 | (−0.26, 0.02) | 0.085 | (−0.29, 0.04) | 0.197 | 0.04 | (−0.11, 0.18) | 0.607 | (−0.14, 0.21) | 0.864 |
| ApoA1 (g/l) | −0.03 | (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.131 | (−0.09, 0.02) | 0.286 | −0.02 | (−0.07, 0.02) | 0.328 | (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.590 | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.604 | (−0.07, 0.04) | 0.862 |
| ApoB (g/l)a | −0.09 | (−0.16, −0.02) | 0.015 | (−0.17, −0.003) | 0.039 | −0.05 | (−0.12, 0.02) | 0.176 | (−0.13, 0.04) | 0.364 | −0.04 | (−0.11, 0.03) | 0.290 | (−0.13, 0.05) | 0.540 |
| ApoB:ApoA1a | −0.06 | (−0.14, 0.01) | 0.096 | (−0.16, 0.03) | 0.218 | −0.01 | (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.850 | (−0.10, 0.08) | 0.981 | −0.06 | (−0.14, 0.02) | 0.155 | (−0.15, 0.04) | 0.328 |
| Serum CRP (nmol/l)a | 0.00 | (−0.36, 0.36) | 0.996 | (−0.43, 0.43) | 1.000 | −0.17 | (−0.52, 0.19) | 0.359 | (−0.59, 0.26) | 0.628 | 0.17 | (−0.20, 0.54) | 0.375 | (−0.28, 0.61) | 0.648 |
| Fibrinogen (μmol/l)a,c,d | 0.04 | (−0.04, 0.12) | 0.330 | (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.592 | −0.02 | (−0.10, 0.06) | 0.648 | (−0.11, 0.08) | 0.891 | 0.06 | (−0.02, 0.14) | 0.169 | (−0.04, 0.16) | 0.352 |
| Factor VII (U/ml)c,d | −0.06 | (−0.12, −0.002) | 0.043 | (−0.13, 0.01) | 0.106 | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.715 | (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.929 | −0.05 | (−0.11, 0.01) | 0.110 | (−0.12, 0.02) | 0.244 |
| Factor VIII (U/ml)c,d | 0.02 | (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.662 | (−0.10, 0.15) | 0.900 | 0.01 | (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.878 | (−0.12, 0.13) | 0.987 | 0.01 | (−0.09, 0.12) | 0.786 | (−0.11, 0.14) | 0.960 |
| PAI-1 (pmol/l)c,d | −45.1 | (−178, 87.7) | 0.502 | (−204, 114) | 0.779 | −147 | (−281, −13.1) | 0.032 | (−308, 13.6) | 0.080 | 102 | (−35.9, 240) | 0.145 | (−63.4, 268) | 0.311 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.03 | (−3.96, 3.90) | 0.990 | (−4.73, 4.68) | 1.000 | −2.84 | (−6.75, 1.06) | 0.153 | (−7.52, 1.83) | 0.325 | 2.82 | (−1.27, 6.90) | 0.176 | (−2.07, 7.70) | 0.364 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.68 | (−3.05, 1.69) | 0.572 | (−3.52, 2.16) | 0.839 | −1.41 | (−3.77, 0.95) | 0.240 | (−4.23, 1.41) | 0.467 | 0.73 | (−1.73, 3.19) | 0.560 | (−2.22, 3.68) | 0.829 |
| Weight (kg)c,e | −0.33 | (−1.11, 0.45) | 0.407 | (−1.26, 0.61) | 0.683 | −0.73 | (−1.52, 0.06) | 0.070 | (−1.67, 0.22) | 0.164 | 0.40 | (−0.41, 1.21) | 0.330 | (−0.57, 1.37) | 0.592 |
| BMI (kg/m2)c,e | −0.12 | (−0.40, 0.16) | 0.391 | (−0.45, 0.21) | 0.666 | −0.26 | (−0.54, 0.02) | 0.070 | (−0.59, 0.08) | 0.164 | 0.14 | (−0.15, 0.42) | 0.343 | (−0.21, 0.48) | 0.609 |
| Waist (cm)a,c,e | 0 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.738 | (−0.04, 0.03) | 0.940 | 0 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.821 | (−0.04. 0.03) | 0.972 | 0 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.917 | (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.994 |
| Hip (cm)c,e | 1 | (−1, 2) | 0.241 | (−1, 2) | 0.467 | 0 | (−1, 2) | 0.721 | (−1, 2) | 0.932 | 1 | (−1, 2) | 0.421 | (−1, 2) | 0.699 |
| Waist/hip ratioa,c,e | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.315 | (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.573 | 0 | (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.726 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.934 | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.519 | (−0.03, 0.02) | 0.794 |
| Protein thiols (μmol/l)c,f | 0.42 | (−31.2, 32.1) | 0.979 | (−37.6, 38.4) | 1.000 | 13.0 | (−18.7, 44.8) | 0.417 | (−25.0, 51.1) | 0.695 | −12.6 | (−45.6, 20.4) | 0.449 | (−52.2, 26.9) | 0.728 |
| Conjugated dienes (μmol/l)a,c,e | 0.09 | (−0.07, 0.25) | 0.262 | (−0.10, 0.28) | 0.499 | −0.05 | (−0.21, 0.11) | 0.513 | (−0.25, 0.14) | 0.789 | 0.14 | (−0.02, 0.31) | 0.088 | (−0.06, 0.34) | 0.202 |
| TBARS (μmol/l)a,c,e | 0.09 | (−0.06, 0.23) | 0.247 | (−0.09, 0.26) | 0.477 | 0.01 | (−0.13, 0.16) | 0.865 | (−0.16, 0.19) | 0.984 | 0.07 | (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.339 | (−0.11, 0.26) | 0.603 |
Unless otherwise indicated, n = 108/117; nine participants (half-dose nut group, n = 5; full- dose muffin group, n = 4) without post-intervention data are not captured in this analysis
Unless otherwise indicated, the outcome reported is change, modelled as change from baseline. Estimates taken from a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4, with sex, binary HbA1c and lipid medications as covariates. Estimated from week 12 using least squares means with Tukey adjusted p values and confidence limits from all available data (week 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12)
aData for which residuals were not normally distributed have been loge transformed
bNo covariates (without sex, binary HbA1c or lipid medications as covariates). Values represent change from baseline, with estimates taken from a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4 (as above)
cp values taken from ANCOVA models; estimates taken from week 12 as change from baseline, outcome model against treatment with sex, binary HbA1c and lipid medication as covariates. Tukey adjustment was applied for pairwise comparisons between the three treatment groups
dn = 103 (full-dose nut group, n = 39; half-dose nut group, n = 32; full-dose muffin group, n = 32)
en = 100 (full-dose nut group, n = 38; half-dose nut group, n = 32; full-dose muffin group, n = 30)
fn = 99 (full-dose nut group, n = 38; half-dose nut group, n = 31; full-dose muffin group, n = 30); loss of n = 1 data point due to analytical failure for one participant in the half-dose nut group
Adj, adjusted; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Footnotes
The online version of the original article can be found at 10.1007/s00125-018-4628-9
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