Abstract
Introduction
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become a widely accepted treatment option for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are considered intermediate- and high-risk surgical candidates. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that trans-apical TAVR would be associated with increased risk of new-onset intraventricular conduction delay (LBBB or RBBB).
Methods
We conducted a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing TAVR at a large, single institution. The incidence of new LBBB or RBBB was compared between femoral and apical TAVR patients. Multivariate analysis was performed to account for confounding variables, which included age, gender, CAD, PAD, hypertension, and diabetes.
Results
A total of 467 TAVR patients were included in the study, with 283 (60.6%) femoral approach and 184 (39.4%) apical approach. In univariate analysis, the apical approach (when compared to the femoral approach) was associated with a higher incidence of both new-onset LBBB (12.79 vs. 3.40%, p = 0.0002) and RBBB (5.49 vs. 0.81%, p = 0.0039). After controlling for potential confounding variables, the apical approach continued to be associated with a higher incidence of both new-onset LBBB (p = 0.0010) and RBBB (p = 0.0115). There was also a trend towards an association between diabetes and new-onset LBBB (p = 0.0513) in apical TAVR patients. In subgroup analysis, LBBB/RBBB occurring as a result of transapical TAVR was associated with more frequent hospitalizations > 30 days after TAVR, compared to transfemoral TAVR. Other post-procedural complications noted more frequently among patients undergoing transapical TAVR include arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, peri-procedural myocardial infarction (within 72 h), mortality from unknown cause, and mortality from non-cardiac cause.
Conclusions
Relative to transfemoral TAVR, patients undergoing transapical TAVR are at increased risk for new-onset bundle branch block, peri-procedural myocardial infarction, rehospitalization, TAV-in-TAV deployment, and all-cause mortality at 1 year. Interventional cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons alike should take these findings into consideration when choosing which approach is most suitable for patients undergoing TAVR for severe aortic stenosis.
Keywords: Intraventricular conduction delays, Left bundle branch block, Right bundle branch block, Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Introduction
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become a widely accepted treatment option for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are considered intermediate- and high-risk surgical candidates. However, TAVR is not without potential complications; one of the most common being new onset of intraventricular conduction delay [i.e., left bundle branch block (LBBB) or right bundle branch block (RBBB)] [1]. The clinical impact of these intraventricular conduction delays is controversial. Of note, a 2016 meta-analysis demonstrated that new-onset LBBB after TAVR was associated with increased mortality and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation at 1 year [2]. Baseline RBBB has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes (such as increased mortality) after TAVR [3], although the impact of new-onset RBBB after TAVR is not well known. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that transapical TAVR would be associated with increased risk of new-onset intraventricular conduction delay (LBBB or RBBB).
Methods
We performed a retrospective, observational study of consecutive patients undergoing TAVR between January 1, 2012 and February 15, 2018, which was approved by the Florida Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to data collection, which conformed with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013, concerning human and animal rights. Informed consent was obtained by the patients for being included in the study.
A total of 23 patients with previously identified LBBB/RBBB/PPM, lack of medical, surgical, and/or demographic information, and those who were not between 18 and 90 years old were excluded. The incidence of new LBBB or RBBB, in addition to demographic information, was recorded. All TAVR patients meeting inclusion criteria had telemetry monitoring for at least 24 h following the procedure.
The incidence of new LBBB or RBBB was determined between femoral and apical TAVR patients using the Chi-square test or Fischer's exact test of independence. Multivariate analysis was performed to account for confounding variables, which included age, gender, CAD, PAD, hypertension, and diabetes. All tests were two-tailed and a value of 0.05 was selected for statistical significance. No p value adjustment was made for multiple tests conducted. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
A total of 489 TAVR patients were included in the study, with 302 (62%) femoral approach and 187 (38%) apical approach. With respect to demographics, the two groups were well matched, except those undergoing transapical TAVR had a higher incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and smoking history (Table 1).
Table 1.
Summary demographics
| Transfemoral | Transapical | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approach | 302 (62) | 187 (38) | |
| Age, years, median (range) | 81 ± 8.9 (46–96) | 82 ± 8 (41–99) | 0.12 |
| Male | 171 (57) | 112 (60) | 0.48 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.7 | ||
| Nonhispanic white | 268 (89) | 161 (86) | |
| Nonhispanic black | 6 (2) | 4 (2) | |
| Hispanic | 18 (6) | 15 (8) | |
| Asian | 3 (1) | 4 (2) | |
| Other | 7 (2) | 3 (2) | |
| CAD | 226 (75) | 152 (81) | 0.11 |
| Hypertension | 284 (94) | 175 (94) | 0.73 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 42 (14) | 19 (10) | 0.22 |
| Diabetes | 111 (37) | 62 (33) | 0.39 |
| BMI, n, mean | 28.3 ± 9.8 | 28.5 ± 15.8 | ns |
| Obesity | 92 (31) | 54 (29) | 0.67 |
| Chronic liver disease | 8 (3) | 3 (2) | 0.45 |
| Non-aortic valve disease | 220 (73) | 145 (77) | 0.27 |
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 9 (3) | 5 (3) | 0.77 |
| Congenital heart disease | 16 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.0013* |
| CVA | 39 (13) | 23 (12) | 0.83 |
| PAD | 67 (22) | 83 (44) | < 0.0001* |
| Smoking (current or prior) | 151 (51) | 114 (62) | 0.0162* |
Data are numbers of participants, with percentages in parentheses
BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CVA stroke, PAD peripheral artery disease
*Statistically significant
Pre-procedurally, the two groups were similar, except those undergoing transfemoral TAVR more often had prior PPM and moderate/severe left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) calcification (Table 2). Intra-procedurally, those undergoing transapical TAVR more frequently demonstrated malposition of the prosthesis (including low implantation depth) or required subsequent TAV-in-TAV deployment (Table 3).
Table 2.
Preprocedural characteristics
| Transfemoral | Transapical | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent pacemaker | 19 (6) | 3 (2) | 0.014* |
| Prior IVCD | 57 (19) | 30 (16) | 0.43 |
| RBBB | 37 (12) | 22 (7) | 0.87 |
| LBBB | 20 (11) | 8 (4) | 0.28 |
| Degree of AV calcification | 0.3 | ||
| Minimal | 5 (2) | 1 (1) | |
| Mild | 26 (9) | 10 (6) | |
| Moderate | 110 (39) | 59 (35) | |
| Severe | 143 (50) | 97 (58) | |
| Moderate or severe LVOT calcification | 22 (8) | 3 (2) | 0.0001* |
| Tortuous iliac arteries | 116 (41) | 54 (32) | 0.28 |
Data are numbers of participants, with percentages in parentheses
IVCD intraventricular conduction delay, RBBB right bundle branch block, LBBB left bundle branch block, AV aortic valve, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract
*Statistical significance
Table 3.
Intraprocedural outcomes
| Transfemoral | Transapical | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malposition of bioprosthesis including low implantation depth** | 13 (4) | 18 (10) | 0.02* |
| Unplanned use of cardiopulmonary bypass | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0.73 |
| Conversion to open surgery | 3 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 0.58 |
| TAV-in-TAV deployment | 13 (4) | 18 (10) | 0.02* |
| Aortic rupture | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.62 |
| Aortic dissection | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Ventricular septal perforation | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 0.15 |
| Acute severe aortic regurgitation | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.62 |
| Mitral valve damage | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Guidewire related trauma | 4 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 0.65 |
| Major bleeding | 8 (3) | 9 (5) | 0.2 |
| Mortality | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.38 |
Data are numbers of participants, with percentages in parentheses
TAV transcatheter aortic valve
*Statistical significance
**Depth of intraventricular end of bioprosthesis > 6 mm below annulus is considered low
In univariate analysis, the apical approach (when compared to the femoral approach) was associated with a higher incidence of both new onset LBBB (12.79 vs. 3.40%, p = 0.00007) and RBBB (5.49 vs. 1.5%, p = 0.01) (Fig. 1). After controlling for potential confounding variables, the apical approach continued to be associated with a higher incidence of both new onset LBBB (p = 0.001) and RBBB (p = 0.01) (Table 4). There was also a trend towards an association between diabetes and new-onset LBBB (p = 0.0513) in transapical TAVR patients.
Fig. 1.
The apical approach (when compared to the femoral approach) was associated with a higher incidence of both new onset LBBB and RBBB
Table 4.
Logistic regression analyses
| Odds ratio | p value | |
|---|---|---|
| LBBBa | 3.85 (1.72, 9.09) | 0.001 |
| RBBBa | 7.69 (1.56, 33.3) | 0.0115 |
| Periprocedural MI (≤ 72 h) | 3.85 (1.43, 10) | 0.008 |
| Prosthesis malposition | 2.78 (0.9, 8.3) | 0.08 |
| TAV-in-TAV deployment | 2.44 (1.15, 5.26) | 0.02 |
| Death from unknown causes (12-month follow-up) | 7.69 (0.91, 100) | 0.06 |
| Death from non-cardiac causes (12-month follow-up) | 7.14 (1.51, 33.33) | 0.01 |
Data are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses
Logistic regression models were fit for TAVR approach (transfemoral vs. transapical), adjusting for age, gender, CAD, PAD, hypertension, and diabetes; limited to examinations with nonmissing covariates
MI myocardial infarction, TAV transcatheter aortic valve
aLBBB and RBBB subgroups analyzed after excluding patients with history of bundle branch block prior to TAVR
In subgroup analysis, LBBB/RBBB occurring as a result of transapical TAVR was associated with more frequent hospitalizations > 30 days after TAVR, compared to transfemoral TAVR (Table 5).
Table 5.
Outcomes by type of IVCD*
| Transfemoral | Transapical | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| New RBBB (n = 14) | |||
| Patients, n (after excluding prior RBBB) | 265 | 165 | |
| Permanent pacemaker | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 0.15 |
| Cardiac resynchronization treatment (CRT) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| All-cause rehospitalization < 30 days after TAVR | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1) | 0.3 |
| Rehospitalization for TAVR complication < 30 days after TAVR | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1) | 0.3 |
| All-cause hospitalization ≥ 30 days after TAVR | 0 (0) | 6 (4) | 0.003** |
| Hospitalization for MACE ≥ 30 days after TAVR | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 0.02** |
| Death < 30 days after TAVR | 1 (0.4)a | 1 (0.6)b | 0.7 |
| Death ≥ 30 days to < 1 year after TAVR | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6)c | 0.38 |
| New LBBB (n = 32) | |||
| Patients, n (after excluding prior LBBB) | 282 | 179 | |
| Permanent pacemaker | 3 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 0.57 |
| Cardiac resynchronization treatment (CRT) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| All-cause rehospitalization < 30 days after TAVR | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 0.84 |
| Rehospitalization for TAVR complication < 30 days after TAVR | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0.74 |
| All-cause hospitalization ≥ 30 days after TAVR | 4 (1) | 10 (6) | 0.01** |
| Cardiac hospitalization ≥ 30 days after TAVR | 4 (1) | 7 (4) | 0.09 |
| Death < 30 days after TAVR | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Death ≥ 30 days to < 1 year after TAVR | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5)d | 0.39 |
IVCD intraventricular conduction delay, MACE major adverse cardiovascular event (admission for heart failure, ischemic cardiovascular events, cardiac death, stroke)
*Data are numbers of participants, with percentages in parentheses
**Statistically significant
aVentricular fibrillation with cardiac arrest during TAVR
bHeart failure
cHeart failure
dUknown cause
Other post-procedural complications noted more frequently among patients undergoing transapical TAVR include arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, peri-procedural myocardial infarction (within 72 h), mortality from unknown cause, and mortality from non-cardiac cause (Table 6).
Table 6.
Postprocedural outcomes (within 30 days unless otherwise indicated)
| Transfemoral | Transapical | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conduction disturbances/arrhythmias | 136 (45) | 117 (63) | 0.0002* |
| RBBB | 4 (1.5) | 10 (5.5) | 0.01* |
| LBBB | 9 (3) | 23 (13) | 0.00007* |
| Paravalvular leak (≤ 72 h) | 70 (23) | 50 (27) | 0.38 |
| CVA/TIA | 3 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.68 |
| Periprocedural MI (≤ 72 h) | 6 (2) | 13 (7) | 0.006* |
| Myocardial infarction (> 72 h) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0.53 |
| 1-year mortality due to cardiac cause | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1) | 0.63 |
| 1-year mortality due to non-cardiac cause | 2 (0.7) | 8 (4) | 0.008* |
| 1-year mortality due to unknown cause | 1 (0.3) | 5 (3) | 0.02* |
| Valve-related death | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.38 |
| Valve thrombosis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.38 |
| Acute kidney injury | 13 (4) | 13 (7) | 0.2 |
| Bleeding | 12 (4) | 13 (7) | 0.15 |
| Endocarditis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Data are numbers of participants, with percentages in parentheses
RBBB right bundle branch block, LBBB left bundle branch block, CVA/TIA cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack
*Statistically significant
Discussion
We found an increased incidence of new-onset BBB in patients undergoing transapical TAVR compared with transfemoral TAVR. Our findings correlate well with those of other TAVR studies [4–6]. The incidence of new-onset LBBB has been more exhaustively analyzed than new-onset RBBB, presumably due to more concerning clinical implications of new-onset LBBB. Published incidence rates of LBBB range from 4 to 65% with first-generation valves and 18–65% with balloon-expandable valves [1].
Other clinical risk factors that predict new-onset LBBB after TAVR include female gender, previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), pre-procedural QRS prolongation, diabetes mellitus, and prosthesis implantation depth within the LVOT, which is the most consistently reported predictor of intraventricular conduction delays [1]. We found an increased percentage of transapical TAVR patients in our study with low implantation depth, which may help to explain the increased risk of new-onset BBB in this group. Correspondingly, the transapical group was also at increased risk for needing TAV-in-TAV deployment to correct prosthesis malposition.
Our study also demonstrated a trend towards diabetes as an independent risk factor for new-onset LBBB in transapical TAVR patients. This is particularly concerning, as patients with LBBB and diabetes demonstrate more severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction than those with LBBB but without diabetes [7].
Overall, intra-procedural and post-procedural morbidity and mortality were also increased in the transapical group. This included increased risk for arrhythmias, peri-procedural MI, readmission, and all-cause mortality. We also witnessed a trend towards increased risk of acute kidney injury and significant post-procedural hemorrhage in the transapical group. These findings correspond with a recent publication by Stamou et al. who reported increased risk of blood transfusions, readmission, postoperative stroke, and atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing alternative access (non-femoral) TAVR [4]. Others have also noticed a trend towards improved 1-year survival rates in the transfemoral TAVR patients relative to the transapical approach [5].
Study limitations: this study was nonrandomized, with results that may be influenced by unmeasured confounders. The small number of certain outcomes, such as mortality, precludes a more detailed statistical analysis to evaluate for underlying confounding variables. This study was not designed to specifically evaluate mortality in transfemoral vs. transapical TAVR patients according to VARC-2 consensus guidelines [6] and we encourage future investigators to add to the body of literature in this regard. Data regarding specific valve type were not recorded. Also, data regarding the use of various atrioventricular node-blocking medications and electrocardiographic findings in our patients was not available.
Conclusions
Relative to transfemoral TAVR, patients undergoing transapical TAVR are at increased risk for new-onset bundle branch block, peri-procedural myocardial infarction, rehospitalization, TAV-in-TAV deployment, and all-cause mortality at 1 year. Interventional cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons alike should take these findings into consideration when choosing which approach is most suitable for patients undergoing TAVR for severe aortic stenosis.
Acknowledgements
Funding
No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article. The article processing charges were funded by the authors.
Authorship
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Disclosures
Ali M. Agha, Jeremy R. Burt, Danielle Beetler, Tri Tran, Ryan Parente, William Sensakovic, Yuan Du, and Usman Siddiqui have nothing to disclose.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
We received the approval of the Florida Hospital institutional review board prior to initiating this study, which conformed to the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013, concerning human and animal rights. Informed consent was obtained by the patients for being included in the study.
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. We thank the participants of the study.
Footnotes
Enhanced digital features
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References
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. We thank the participants of the study.