Abstract
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses among transgender patients in clinical care using an all-payer electronic health record database. Of 10,270 transgender patients identified, 58% (n=5940) had at least one psychiatric diagnosis compared with 13.6% (n=7,311,780) in the control patient population (p<0.0005). Transgender patients had a statistically significant increase in prevalence for all psychiatric diagnoses queried, with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder being the most common diagnoses (31% and 12%, respectively). Utilizing an all-payer database, although not without limitations, enables assessment of mental health and substance use diagnoses in this otherwise small population.
Keywords: electronic health records, mental health, psychiatric diagnosis, transgender
Introduction
There is a relative paucity of research related to mental health diagnoses in transgender persons. There has been clear and consistent data showing an increased risk for mood and anxiety disorders in transgender individuals, and there is emerging evidence looking at increased rates of bipolar disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders.1–4 Current estimates are based on small sample sizes and, often, self-report surveys. With a national prevalence estimated at 0.033–0.39%,5,6 obtaining a robust sample size to ascertain the prevalence of mental health disorders has proven difficult. Recent attempts at characterizing this population has utilized electronic health records (EHRs) to describe mental health and chronic diseases among Medicare beneficiaries as well as acute cardiovascular disease with use of gender-affirming hormone therapy.7,8 In this study, we sought to estimate the prevalence of mental health diagnoses among transgender persons using a cloud-based all-payer EHR database.
Methods
Explorys, Inc. (Cleveland, OH) is a cloud-based EHR database comprised of ∼60 million unique patients from 26 U.S. health care systems across all 50 states.9,10 Data are uploaded every 24 h to the database where it is de-identified, standardized, and normalized to unified medical language system (UMLS) ontologies, including the Systematized Nomenclature of Medical (SNOMED) for clinical terms and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) for medical topics.11,12 UMLS searches allow researchers to use Explorys' web application PopEx to search through aggregated, de-identified population level data.
We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study utilizing Explorys to identify transgender patients with a history of a psychiatric diagnosis. Data were collected from 1999 to April 3, 2018. We identified transgender persons using the methods outlined by Progovac et al. for EHR studies,7 which included SNOMED ontology searches for gender minority-related International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code (302.5, 302.50–302.53, 302.85, 302.6, 302.3) as outlined by McDowell et al.13 Aggregate, population-level data were then queried from this cohort for psychiatric diagnoses using SNOMED ontology searches in Explorys. Data were compared with the nontransgender (i.e., cisgender) patient population in Explorys. Demographic data are presented as numbers, percentages, and interquartile ranges. Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test were used for inter-group comparison. Statistical significance was p<0.005 as recommended by Ioannidis when using large data sets.14 Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 25 (IBM). Use of Explorys has been deemed exempt from Institutional Review Board approval by University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.
Results
We identified 53,449,400 patients, of which 10,270 (0.0192%) had gender minority-related codes. The median age was 35–39 years old for both groups (p=0.99). Table 1 lists the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnoses for each population. Approximately 58% of transgender patients had at least one DSM-5 diagnosis compared with 13.6% of cisgender patients (p<0.0005). Transgender patients had increased prevalence for all psychiatric diagnoses queried (Table 1), with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder being the most common diagnoses (31% and 12%, respectively). There was also an increased lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder (11%) and psychotic disorders (4.7% overall, 2.5% for schizophrenia and 2.2% for schizoaffective disorder) in transgender adults. Ten percent of transgender adults had a history of a substance use disorder, including 4.2% for alcohol and 3.8% for cannabis.
Table 1.
Mental Health Diagnoses Among Transgender Patients and the General Population
| Diagnosis | Transgender population | Control population |
|---|---|---|
| n=10,270 (%) | n=53,449,400 (%) | |
| Mood disorder | 4720 (46) | 4,802,280 (9.0) |
| Major depressive disorder | 3210 (31) | 2,549,270 (4.8) |
| Dysthymia | 700 (6.8) | 739,450 (1.4) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1200 (11) | 685,300 (1.3) |
| Anxiety disorder | 3220 (31) | 3,194,050 (6.0) |
| General anxiety disorder | 1260 (12) | 1104270 (2.0) |
| Panic disorder | 460 (4.4) | 393,690 (0.74) |
| Phobic disorder | 300 (2.9) | 77,830 (0.15) |
| Social phobia | 220 (2.1) | 29,860 (0.06) |
| Agoraphobia | 90 (0.87) | 43,660 (0.08) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 690 (6.7) | 275,730 (0.52) |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 210 (2.0) | 113,200 (0.21) |
| Psychotic disorder | ||
| Schizophrenia | 260 (2.5) | 196,820 (0.37) |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 230 (2.2) | 88,140 (0.16) |
| Adjustment disorder | 830 (8.1) | 631,320 (1.2) |
| Dissociative disorder | 130 (1.3) | 51,690 (0.10) |
| Somatoform disorder | 100 (0.97) | 96,410 (0.18) |
| Personality disorder | 610 (5.9) | 199,860 (0.37) |
| Cluster a personality disorder | 20 (0.19) | 6750 (0.01) |
| Cluster b personality disorder | 350 (3.4) | 62,660 (0.11) |
| Borderline personality disorder | 320 (3.1) | 47,390 (0.09) |
| Cluster C personality disorder | 20 (0.19) | 7700 (0.01) |
| Eating disorder | 210 (2.0) | 133,510 (0.25) |
| ADHD | 1070 (10) | 916,370 (1.7) |
| PDD | 250 (2.4) | 109,710 (0.20) |
| Autism | 150 (1.5) | 83,760 (0.16) |
| Chemical dependence | ||
| Substance use disorder | 1040 (10) | 1,410,960 (2.6) |
| Alcohol | 440 (4.2) | 737,820 (1.4) |
| Cannabis | 390 (3.8) | 334,230 (0.63) |
| Cocaine | 140 (1.4) | 144,200 (0.27) |
| Opioid | 120 (1.2) | 157,150 (0.27) |
| Amphetamine | 80 (0.77) | 69,940 (0.13) |
| Tobacco user | 2380 (23) | 5,252,940 (9.8) |
| Percentage with at least one diagnosis | 5940 (58) | 7,311,780 (13.6) |
p Values are from global χ2 and Fisher's exact tests.
Significance is set to p<0.005. All associations were significant unless otherwise noted.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PDD, pervasive developmental delay.
Discussion
This is, to our knowledge, the largest investigation of mental health diagnoses and substance use prevalence in transgender individuals. We found a statistically significant increase in mental health diagnoses, including mood and anxiety disorders, PTSD, schizophrenia, personality disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, and substance use disorders. This increased risk has been attributed, in part, to the high rates of discrimination and violence transgender individuals experience.15 The rates seen in this article are likely inflated by several confounding factors, including the prerequisite mental health assessment before starting medical interventions for transitioning, which may lead to misdiagnosis or overdiagnosis.
Although the results of this study suggest increased lifetime prevalence of all mental health disorders among transgender persons, the data do not allow us to track symptoms longitudinally over a patient's medical or surgical transition, which nonrandomized prospective and retrospective studies suggest improve mental health.16 The emerging field of transgender pediatric research has demonstrated improved mental health outcomes when children are allowed to socially transition at a young age.17 Improved social support in childhood among transgender persons may be a critical point of intervention for the prevention of significant mental illness in adulthood as described in this article.
This study was limited by not having access to individual patient charts through the Explorys database. Thus, we were not able to confirm gender minority-associated codes nor query transgender patients who had not formally received one of these codes in their EMR. In addition, there is a rich diversity of gender expression, and current ICD codes fall short, likely excluding a large percentage of transgender and gender nonconforming individuals from this analysis. Finally, we have no method through Explorys to verify the individual mental health diagnoses, the credentials of the health care worker assigning that diagnosis, when they might have been diagnosed, or how diagnoses may have changed over time. Ultimately, the sensitivity of a large database study such as this must be compared against smaller studies with a higher specificity.
Abbreviations Used
- ADHD
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- EHR
electronic health record
- ICD
International Classification of Diseases
- SNOMED
Systematized Nomenclature of Medical
- UMLS
unified medical language system
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
Funding Information
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Cite this article as: Wanta JW, Niforatos JD, Durbak E, Viguera A, Altinay M (2019) Mental health diagnoses among transgender patients in the clinical setting: An all-payer electronic health record study, Transgender Health 4:1, 313–315, DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2019.0029.
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