Table 6.

Effect of feeding control ¹ or one of two functional foods (FF1 and FF2) ² on plasma concentrations of antioxidants, methylation substrates, and compounds produced by gut microbial metabolism in cats at baseline (T0) and after a three month (T3) feeding period ³.

Metabolite Class 4	Control			Functional Food 1			Functional Food 2			One Way-ANOVA on T3 − T0
	T3 − T0 DELTA			T3 − T0 DELTA			T3 − T0 DELTA			p-Value	q-Value	Tukey’s HSD 6 Post Hoc
	Mean	SEM 5	Paired t-Test p-Value	Mean	SEM 5	Paired t-Test p-Value	Mean	SEM 5	Paired t-Test p-Value			Control vs. FF1	Control vs. FF2	FF1 vs. FF2
Glutathione:
ophthalmate	0.15	0.19	0.39	−0.43	0.26	0.07	−1.59	0.44	6.3 × 10−5	9.0 × 10−5	2.5 × 10−4	0.12	5.5 × 10−5	0.02
pyroglutamine	0.23	0.18	0.12	−1.80	1.08	4.6 × 10−3	−1.61	0.91	0.01	2.7 × 10−3	3.9 × 10−3	0.01	0.01	0.98
glutathione, oxidized (GSSG)	−0.10	0.15	0.69	−0.41	0.11	4.5 × 10−4	−0.55	0.10	9.6 × 10−6	7.3 × 10−4	1.5 × 10−3	0.03	0.00	0.28
cysteine-glutathione disulfide	−0.03	0.07	0.65	−0.12	0.08	0.03	−0.22	0.04	2.3 × 10−5	0.01	0.01	0.42	4.7 × 10−3	0.10
homocysteine	−0.14	0.17	0.36	0.40	0.15	0.01	0.31	0.20	0.31	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.31	0.59
Methylation:
glycine	−0.16	0.07	0.01	−0.12	0.10	0.32	−0.21	0.08	0.10	0.21	0.10	0.95	0.35	0.22
sarcosine (N-methylglycine)	−0.03	0.14	0.85	0.21	0.10	0.09	0.19	0.18	0.80	0.47	0.15	0.49	0.98	0.60
betaine	1.09	0.25	1.1 × 10−6	−0.32	0.08	7.0 × 10−5	−0.02	0.09	0.95	1.9 × 10−10	4.5 × 10−9	3.5 × 10−10	4.6 × 10−6	0.01
5-methylcytidine	−0.03	0.06	0.57	0.95	0.27	1.3 × 10−3	4.99	0.49	1.4 × 10−12	2.1 × 10−14	7.6 × 10−13	2.3 × 10−4	2.3 × 10−10	4.2 × 10−9
5-methylcytosine	−0.05	0.09	0.51	0.37	0.14	0.03	2.05	0.33	4.7 × 10−5	1.4 × 10−5	4.4 × 10−5	0.11	8.4 × 10−6	4.5 × 10−3
5-hydroxymethylcytosine	−0.08	0.06	0.19	0.32	0.08	3.4 × 10−3	0.66	0.12	1.1 × 10−3	1.8 × 10−4	4.4 × 10−4	0.02	1.3 × 10−4	0.20
5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine	−0.09	0.07	0.03	0.19	0.08	0.03	0.35	0.12	0.01	2.1 × 10−3	3.4 × 10−3	0.06	1.6 × 10−3	0.35
Putrefactive Postbiotics:
3-indoxyl sulfate	−0.36	0.15	0.03	−0.84	0.24	0.01	−1.16	0.18	9.5 × 10−5	0.01	0.01	0.42	0.01	0.16
2-oxindole-3-acetate	−0.02	0.15	0.87	−0.24	0.16	0.25	−1.04	0.18	3.5 × 10−6	4.8 × 10−5	1.4 × 10−4	0.58	6.0 × 10−5	1.2 × 10−3
indolepropionate	−0.25	0.19	0.15	0.78	0.57	0.21	0.12	0.43	0.27	0.11	0.06	0.29	0.83	0.11
indoleacrylate	0.02	0.20	0.86	0.45	0.27	0.08	0.24	0.31	0.66	0.58	0.17	0.56	0.95	0.76
indolelactate	−0.14	0.11	0.09	0.07	0.17	0.95	0.07	0.11	0.97	0.52	0.16	0.56	0.62	1.00
indoleacetate	0.38	0.22	0.11	0.37	0.25	0.32	−0.58	0.57	0.28	0.14	0.07	1.00	0.20	0.19
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate (HPLA)	0.01	0.07	0.64	−0.19	0.06	2.6 × 10−3	−0.41	0.07	1.3 × 10−8	4.5 × 10−8	6.4 × 10−7	0.01	2.2 × 10−8	8.0 × 10−4
phenylpropionylglycine	−0.71	0.18	1.2 × 10−4	−0.66	0.24	2.8 × 10−4	−1.11	0.28	9.7 × 10−7	0.01	0.01	1.00	0.01	0.02
3-phenylpropionate (hydrocinnamate)	−0.88	0.36	0.02	−1.18	0.47	1.3 × 10−3	−2.57	0.79	1.0 × 10−7	1.5 × 10−4	3.8 × 10−4	0.67	2.0 × 10−4	2.4 × 10−3
catechol sulfate	−0.26	0.29	0.45	0.05	0.42	0.87	0.80	0.31	0.06	0.31	0.12	0.82	0.28	0.60
2-hydroxyphenylacetate	−0.12	0.14	0.38	0.05	0.12	0.79	0.16	0.13	0.36	0.40	0.14	0.67	0.37	0.86
3-ethylphenylsulfate	−0.09	0.28	0.12	−0.26	0.20	0.07	−0.43	0.14	0.01	0.27	0.12	1.00	0.32	0.36
p-cresol sulfate	0.28	0.18	0.02	0.31	0.22	0.72	−0.36	0.37	0.25	0.22	0.10	0.91	0.21	0.40
phenol sulfate	−0.21	0.22	0.32	−0.03	0.21	0.98	−0.32	0.17	0.08	0.58	0.17	0.72	0.97	0.59
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate	0.63	0.44	0.69	−1.29	0.81	0.44	−1.30	2.05	0.34	0.36	0.13	0.71	0.79	0.33
phenylacetylglutamine	0.75	0.24	2.9 × 10−3	0.23	0.19	0.09	−0.36	0.66	0.61	0.32	0.13	0.57	0.31	0.88
phenylacetate	0.73	0.33	0.03	0.07	0.23	0.56	−1.48	1.04	0.19	0.05	0.03	0.70	0.04	0.21
phenylacetylglycine	0.63	0.26	0.02	0.13	0.24	0.34	−0.60	0.49	0.43	0.15	0.08	0.87	0.14	0.33
phenyllactate (PLA)	−0.46	0.27	0.01	−0.20	0.09	0.03	0.09	0.18	0.64	0.08	0.05	0.90	0.09	0.19

¹ Control food was prepared by Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. and was similar to the pre-trial food in protein and fat content, but had added fiber, fish oil, α-tocopheryl acetate, and ascorbyl monophosphate. See ingredient label in Table 2. ² The two functional foods differed from control food in degree of supplementation with functional lipids, presence of botanicals (fruit and vegetables), and pea and chicken protein concentrations. See ingredient label in Table 2. ³ Values are means, n = 15 (control), n = 15 (FF1), n = 14 (FF2). ⁴ For each metabolite, the median was set equal to one and all samples scaled accordingly. Values presented are group means at T3, T0 or the difference of T3 − T0. ⁵ The largest SEM of the Change T3−T0 among control and two treatment groups is shown. ⁶ Tukey’s honestly significant differences post hoc analysis.