Table 4.

Oral delivery strategies applied to food-derived bioactive peptides.

Delivery Strategy	Peptide (Origin)/Hydrolysate	Bioactivity	Evaluated Functionality	In vitro/In vivo Model	Ref.
Sodium caprate	VPP (milk) and LKP (chicken, fish)	Antihypertensive	Intestinal permeability, antihypertensive effect	Rat jejunal tissue, plasma levels, SHRs	[95,96,97]
PLGA-based nanoparticles	VLPVP (synthetic)	Antihypertensive	Antihypertensive effect	SHRs	[100]
	FY (seaweed)	Antihypertensive	Peptide toxicity	Fibroblast cells	[101]
Liposomes	RLSFNP (milk)	ACE-inhibitory	Intestinal transport	Caco-2 cells	[102]
	Tuna cooking juice oligopeptides	Antihypertensive	Antihypertensive effect	SHRs	[103,104]
Chitosan coated liposomes	Salmon protein hydrolysate	Antidiabetic	In vitro release	Simulated biological fluids	[105]
Liposomes in sodium caseinate films	Shrimp peptide fraction	Antioxidant, ACE- and DPP-IV inhibitory	Solubility, palatability	Sensory evaluation	[106]
Nanoliposomes	YGLF (milk)	Antihypertensive	In vitro release, antihypertensive effect	SHRs	[107]
	Peanut peptide fraction	ACE inhibitory	In vitro release, stability, bioavailability	Gastrointestinal digestion	[108]
Nanoliposomes in fish gelatin	Squid tunic hydrolysate	ACE inhibitory	Stability, ACE inhibition	In vitro ACE inhibition	[109]
Nanoliposomes & chitosan nanoparticles	Stone fish-derived peptides	ACE inhibitory	In vitro release, stability, ACE inhibition, antihypertensive effect	Gastrointestinal digestion, SHRs	[110,111,112]
Microencapsulation in gelatin and chitosan	Whey protein hydrolysate	ACE-, DPP-IV inhibitory, hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial	Bioaccesibility, stability	Gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation	[113]
Microencapsulation in sodium alginate and whey protein concentrate	Whey protein hydrolysate	Immunomodulatory	Immunomodulation, bitterness, hygroscopicity	In vitro splenocyte proliferation	[114]