Abstract
Background
In Vietnam, a country with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden, health professionals in both TB-specialized and non-TB-specialized general hospitals have a high risk of acquiring TB. The aims of the present study were to clarify the difficulties in TB infection control at non-TB specialized hospitals and whether any associated risks of latent TB infection exist among health professionals in Vietnam.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study in a national tertiary and general hospital of Hanoi, Vietnam. Participants were health professionals, including physicians, nurses, and other health professionals. We assessed difficulties in TB infection control by conducting a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey. We also collected data on the results of tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) conducted during health check-ups for hospital staff to determine whether health professionals had latent TB infection or TB disease. KAP scores were compared among health professional groups (physicians vs. nurses vs. other health professionals). Factors influencing knowledge scores were evaluated using multiple regression analysis.
Results
A total 440 health professionals at the study site participated in the KAP survey, and we collected the results of TSTs from a total of 299 health professionals. We observed a high prevalence of latent TB infection (74.2%), especially among participants in the emergency department. Although participants had high KAP scores, some topics were less understood, such as symptoms and risks of TB, proper use of protective equipment such as N95 respirators, and preventing transmission by patients with confirmed or suspected TB. Factors influencing knowledge scores associated with TB were age, a belief that TB is the most important infectious disease, being a medical professional, having previously attended workshops or seminars, and knowing that Vietnam has a high burden of TB.
Conclusion
In a non-TB specialized hospital of Vietnam, we observed a risk of TB infection among health professionals and difficulties in properly controlling TB infection. Early awareness regarding patients with suspected TB, to apply proper measures and prevent transmission, and education regarding obtaining updated knowledge through scientific information are crucial to enhancing TB infection control in general hospitals of Vietnam.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, KAP, TB infection control, Latent tuberculosis infection, General hospital, Tuberculin skin test, N95 respirator
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important global health burden, with an estimated 10 million new TB cases and 1.3 million TB-related deaths worldwide [1]. In Vietnam, the Global TB report 2018 estimated that there were 124,000 new TB cases and 12,000 TB-related deaths in 2017, placing the country in the category of a high TB-burden country [1]. Prevention and infection control in Vietnam remain serious challenges in reducing the TB prevalence and mortality.
Health professionals in hospitals are at increased risk for acquiring TB, which can lead to severe medical consequences [2, 3]. In particular, health professionals at non-TB-specialized hospitals in low- and middle-income countries may face difficulties in preventing nosocomial TB infection, which may cause latent TB infection [4, 5]. Such difficulties are owing to lower awareness of TB infection among both patients and health professionals as well as insufficient TB prevention measures in hospitals and limited human and medical resources. Furthermore, prior to receiving a diagnosis of TB, a high proportion of patients with TB visit the emergency department and outpatient clinics that treat high-risk diseases [6]. Although guidelines for TB infection control are available [7, 8], implementation must be modified according to the health care setting, such as whether the hospital has the role of making an initial diagnosis (non-TB-specialized general hospitals) or receiving patients already diagnosed with TB (TB-specialized hospitals).
A knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) survey is used to assess a person’s understanding, related thoughts and beliefs, and skills. KAP assessments can also provide useful data regarding deficits and gaps in TB control measures, which can help in focusing on subsequent infection control strategies [9]. Given the importance of reducing nosocomial TB transmission, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends use of a KAP survey as a valuable tool when considering TB control strategies [10]. Several studies from high TB-burden countries have previously reported the results of KAP surveys conducted among health professionals in terms of TB control and treatment strategies [11–14]. However, according to our understanding, difficulties in TB infection control at tertiary general hospitals in Vietnam have not been comprehensively assessed, including investigation of difficulties among health professionals, problems with facilities, and the epidemiology of latent TB infection among health professionals.
The aim of the present study was thus to clarify whether health professionals at a general hospital in a high TB-burden country (Vietnam) have appropriate KAP related to TB infection control. Screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using the tuberculin skin test (TST) [15] was also performed among health professionals, to identify any existing factors associated with latent TB infection. The results of this study will contribute to improving the health status of the population in Vietnam including the TB infection control.
Methods
Study structure
The present study consisted of two parts: 1) a KAP survey conducted among health professionals, to identify measures taken in TB infection control at a general hospital in Vietnam, a high TB-burden country; 2) TSTs performed among these health professionals to determine their KAP related to the infection of M. tuberculosis, as the examination for latent TB infection or TB disease.
This study was approved by the institutional review board of National Bach Mai Hospital (BMH). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
Study site and participants
A cross-sectional study was conducted at BMH in Hanoi, Vietnam, a tertiary general hospital designated as the central hospital by the Ministry of Health of Vietnam [16, 17]. In the Vietnamese health care system, treatment and hospitalization of patients with TB are carried out in TB-specialized hospitals. Only the initial diagnosis of TB is made at non-TB-specialized general hospitals, and patients are immediately transferred to a TB-specialized hospital if a diagnosis of TB is received. However, the central hospital is responsible for attending patients who are unable to be adequately treated in local hospital settings, such as provincial and district hospitals. Therefore, BMH was selected as the site for the present study as a high-risk medical organization, despite being a non-TB specialized hospital.
Among 3165 employees in the BMH, 594 full-time health professionals (physicians, nurses, other health professionals, and medical clerks) work in departments with high TB risk including respiratory centers; the emergency; the infectious disease, nephrology, hematology, and endocrinology departments, and outpatient clinics. These health professionals were selected as the study participants.
KAP survey methodology
We carried out the questionnaire survey in June 2018. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was originally designed by the study investigators based on “A guide to developing knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys” by the WHO [10] and according to the published literature. The questionnaire was designed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to TB infection and disease. To identify the occupational risk of TB infection, the questionnaire was also designed to collect the following information: demographics, time working in the current position, work experience in departments with high TB risk, TB history, TB history of family members, comorbidities, and Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination history. The English version of the survey, comprising 53 questions, was translated into Vietnamese, then back-translated into English for validation. All questions were multiple choice or closed-ended, and participants chose their responses from a provided set of answers (Yes/No, True/False, or Agree/Disagree/Undecided).
The KAP survey was conducted on 2 days in June 2018. The study investigators visited each department in BMH during working hours and collected the self-administered questionnaires from participants, to avoid the exchange of information among participants in a single medical facility.
Screening for M. tuberculosis infection among participants
We collected data of TSTs from the results of M. tuberculosis infection screening performed during health check-ups for hospital staff, which were conducted during the same month with the KAP survey in the present cross-sectional study. We defined M. tuberculosis infection as a persistent immune response to stimulation with M. tuberculosis antigens, as indicated by the results of a TST [15].
In the present study, TST results were determined according to classification of the TST reaction of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A TST result was considered positive when any of the following conditions were met: 1) induration of ≥5 mm in participants who had recent contact with a person with TB disease; 2) induration of ≥10 mm in participants, in the absence of recent contact with pulmonary or laryngeal TB in the absence of BCG vaccination; or 3) induration of ≥15 mm in BCG-vaccinated participants with no other previous considerations [15]. The TST was considered to be negative for indurations smaller than the aforementioned diameters [15].
Statistical analysis
Most variables derived from questions of KAP survey were categorical, with the exception of age, years of working experience, and KAP scores. Categorical variables are summarized as percentages, and continuous variables are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR; 25–75%) or mean and standard deviation (SD). Each variable was compared among medical professional groups using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables.
On the KAP survey, each question was scored as follows, using a 3-point Likert-type scale: 3 points were assigned for responses of “agree,” which represented a positive attitude; 2 points were assigned for “undecided”; and 1 point was assigned for “disagree,” KAP scores were calculated in accordance with participants’ responses using factor analysis and adjusted to yield a total score of 10. The KAP scores were then compared among medical professional groups.
To determine possible factors influencing the knowledge score, a step-wise selection method was used to select variables for multiple regression analysis with variables of general characteristics as well as variables if p value was < 0.05 by univariate analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). In all analyses, significance levels were two-tailed, and p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
General background of participants in the KAP survey
Of 594 health professionals in the targeted departments at the study site, a total of 440 (74.1%) health professionals participated in the questionnaire survey: 31.8% were physicians, 58.2% were nurses, and 10.0% were other health professionals, including laboratory technicians and medical clerks. Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. Although the median age was significantly higher among physicians, the most frequent age in all three health professional groups was 30–39 years. The median years of working experience were similar among the three groups.
Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to health professionals
| Physician | Nurse | Others | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 140 | n = 256 | n = 44 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age-mean (SD), yr. | 36.9 (8.1) | 32.1 (6.9) | 32.9 (6.9) | <0.001‡ |
| ≤ 29 | 30 (21.4) | 96 (37.5) | 14 (31.8) | |
| 30–39 | 66 (47.1) | 122 (47.7) | 22 (50.0) | |
| ≥ 40 | 44 (31.4) | 38 (14.8) | 8 (18.2) | |
| Gender-male, n (%) | 2 (44.3) | 42 (16.4) | 14 (31.8) | <0.001* |
| Working conditions | ||||
| Working experience as your profession-median (IQR), yr. | 9 (3–15) | 6 (3–19) | 8 (3–12) | 0.131§ |
| Work in high-risk position for TB, n (%) | 103 (73.6) | 194 (77.0) | 32 (72.7) | 0.678* |
| History of Education on TB, n (%) | ||||
| Ever attended any of educational programs regarding TB | 80 (58.4) | 62 (24.7) | 7 (15.9) | <0.001* |
| History of TB disease, n (%) | ||||
| Past history | 9 (6.5) | 16 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.483† |
| Currently on TB treatment | 1 (0.7) | 5 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.322† |
| Information resources regarding TB, n (%) (n = 432) | ||||
| Seminar | 64 (45.7) | 34 (13.7) | 6 (13.6) | <0.001* |
| Scientific research paper | 60 (42.9) | 22 (8.9) | 7 (15.9) | <0.001* |
| Guidelines | 78 (55.7) | 89 (35.9) | 16 (36.4) | <0.001* |
| University faculties | 98 (70.0) | 74 (29.8) | 13 (29.5) | <0.001* |
| Friends and Colleagues | 66 (47.1) | 143 (57.7) | 15 (34.1) | 0.006* |
| Media news | 70 (50.0) | 184 (74.2) | 28 (63.6) | <0.001* |
| Others | 7 (5.0) | 35 (14.1) | 7 (15.9) | 0.015* |
SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, TB Tuberculosis
* χ2 test; †Fisher’s exact test; ‡Mann-Whitney U test; §Kruskal-Wallis test
Approximately 6.5% of physicians and 6.3% of nurses had a previous history of TB disease, and one physician and five nurses were currently receiving medication for TB disease. Regarding information resources of TB according to each group of health professionals, physicians primarily obtained TB information from university faculties whereas nurses and other professionals primarily obtained TB information from news media.
Screening for M. tuberculosis infection among participants
We collected data from M. tuberculosis screening for a total 299 health professionals at BMH. Among health professionals, the prevalence of positive TST results was highest among nurses (64.1%), with no significant difference (Table 2). A similarly high prevalence of positive results was observed for physicians (56.3%) and nurses (56.2%). The prevalence for health professionals in the emergency department showed the highest frequency of positive TST results among all departments.
Table 2.
Characteristics of participants in TB-positive and TB-negative groups according to results of tuberculin skin test
| Positive | Negative | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 170 | n = 129 | ||
| Demographics | |||
| Sex-male, n (%) | 40 (23.5) | 30 (23.3) | 1.000* |
| Age- n (%), y | 0.978* | ||
| ≤ 29 | 53 (31.2) | 40 (31.0) | |
| 30–39 | 69 (40.6) | 51 (39.5) | |
| ≥ 40 | 48 (28.2) | 38 (29.5) | |
| Health professionals, n (%) | 0.766* | ||
| Physician | 45 (26.5) | 35 (27.1) | |
| Nurse | 109 (64.1) | 85 (65.9) | |
| Others | 16 (9.4) | 9 (7.0) | |
| Department, n (%) | <0.001* | ||
| Respiratory Center | 16 (9.4) | 32 (24.8) | |
| Emergency | 49 (28.8) | 22 (17.1) | |
| Infectious Diseases | 16 (9.4) | 3 (2.3) | |
| Nephrology | 13 (7.6) | 28 (21.7) | |
| Hematology | 36 (21.2) | 7 (5.4) | |
| Out patients | 23 (13.5) | 19 (14.7) | |
| Others | 17 (10.0) | 18 (14.0) | |
| Years for working experiences as current profession-mean (SD), yr. | 9.7 (9.7) | 10.3 (7.0) | 0.469‡ |
| History of TB disease, n (%) | |||
| Personal history (n = 292) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.4) | 0.077† |
| Family history (n = 289) | 4 (2.4)) | 2 (1.6) | 0.702† |
| Record of past BCG (n = 298) | 83 (49.1) | 36 (27.9) | <0.001* |
| Record of past TST (n = 295) | 165 (98.2) | 122 (96.1) | 0.297* |
| Possibility of exposure with TB patients | <0.001* | ||
| Yes | 100 (58.8) | 97 (77.0) | |
| No | 36 (21.2) | 4 (3.2) | |
| Do not know | 34 (20.0) | 25 (19.8) | |
SD Standard deviation, TB Tuberculosis, BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, TST Tuberculin skin test
* χ2 test; †Fisher’s exact test; ‡Mann-Whitney U test
Knowledge about TB among health professionals
The results for each question related to knowledge about TB for each group of health professionals are presented in Table 3. According to our scale, health professionals had high average levels of TB knowledge (overall mean knowledge score = 7.87; SD, 1.31), and physicians had significantly higher scores than nurses and other professionals.
Table 3.
Clinical and general knowledge of TB according to health professionals
| Physician | Nurse | Others | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 140 | n = 256 | n = 44 | ||
| Knowledge score, mean (SD) | 8.46 (0.96) | 7.70 (1.16) | 7.64 (1.03) | <0.001 |
| Clinical knowledge about TB-no. (%) of answered | ||||
| TB is a treatable disease. (n = 435) | 139 (99.3) | 240 (95.2) | 40 (93.0) | 0.052 |
| All people with the TB infection develop the TB disease. | 128 (93.4) | 188 (76.7) | 33 (76.7) | <0.001 |
| Symptom that can identify TB (n = 427) | ||||
| Rate of correct answer-mean (SD), % | 92.4 (10.2) | 87.9 (10.3) | 81.5 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Risk disease for TB (n = 432) | ||||
| Rate of correct answer-mean (SD), % | 89.7 (14.5) | 72.4 (20.7) | 69.1 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Consequences of incomplete or abandoned treatment (n = 447) | ||||
| Development of drug resistant | 135 (96.4) | 205 (81.3) | 33 (75.0) | <0.001 |
| Spreading infection to other people | 102 (72.9) | 153 (60.7) | 23 (52.3) | 0.014 |
| Development of extra-pulmonary or systemic TB | 89 (63.6) | 132 (52.4) | 20 (45.5) | 0.040 |
| TB Transmission -answered ‘Yes’-n (%) | ||||
| Patients with active TB disease can infect people by coughing. (n = 435) | 134 (95.7) | 244 (97.2) | 42 (95.5) | 0.671 |
| TB is often spread from person to person through the air. (n = 431) | 124 (89.2) | 229 (92.0) | 40 (93.0) | 0.631 |
| TB is often spread from person to person through sexual contact. (n = 422) | 128 (92.8) | 224 (92.9) | 36 (83.7) | 0.122 |
| Patients with active TB disease can infect people by spitting. (n = 429) | 134 (97.8) | 241 (97.2) | 44 (100.0) | 0.804 |
| HIV-positive patients are more vulnerable to catching TB than HIV-negative. (n = 434) | 132 (94.3) | 230 (92.0) | 42 (95.5) | 0.663 |
| TB is often spread from person to person by blood. (n = 428) | 124 (89.9) | 230 (93.1) | 35 (81.4) | 0.041 |
| Patients with active TB disease are more likely to infect others if they have a cough that produces a lot of sputum. (n = 433) | 132 (94.3) | 231 (92.8) | 42 (65.5) | 0.745 |
| TB can be transmitted through handshakes. (n = 431) | 136 (97.1) | 235 (94.8) | 41 (95.3) | 0.500 |
| TB can be transmitted through mixing patient’s clothes in the washing-machine. (n = 431) | 135 (96.4) | 233 (94.0) | 40 (93.0) | 0.557 |
| Global condition of TB in Vietnam | ||||
| What is the global condition of TB-burden of Vietnam | <0.001 | |||
| High-burden country | 121 (87.7) | 153 (63.5) | 25 (56.8) | |
| Middle-burden country | 16 (11.7) | 79 (33.6) | 14 (35.0) | |
| Low-burden country | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.3) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Respirators relating to TB | ||||
| N95 protect healthcare workers and visitors by stopping TB particles from being breathed in - ‘Yes’-n (%). (n = 422) | 123 (91.1) | 215 (88.5) | 37 (84.1) | 0.658 |
| This is an N95 mask - ‘No’-n (%) (n = 410) < picture of gauze mask> | 119 (90.8) | 213 (93.4) | 29 (76.3) | 0.004 |
SD Standard deviation, TB Tuberculosis, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
Concerning respirators, 9.8% of physicians, 6.6% of nurses, and 23.7% of other health professionals did not know about the N95 respirator and could not recognize it from an image. Regarding the TB burden in Vietnam, 11.7, 34.9, and 37.5% of physicians, nurses, and other professionals, respectively, did not know that Vietnam is a high TB burden country.
Attitudes of health staff towards TB
Attitudes towards TB for each health professional group are presented in Table 4. The overall mean attitude score was 7.88 (SD, 0.98), and there was no significant difference among groups of health professionals. Although most health professionals considered preventing TB spread in the hospital and identifying new patients with TB to be important, 68.1% of physicians and 62.5% of nurses felt that taking care of these patients was stressful.
Table 4.
Attitude about TB infection control according to health professionals
| Physician | Nurse | Others | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 140 | n = 256 | n = 44 | ||
| Attitude score, mean (SD) | 7.79 (0.99) | 7.93 (0.99) | 7.97 (0.88) | 0.597 |
| Attitude for works relating to TB | ||||
| I am willing to keep my work in the current ward/department? (n = 427) | 136 (98.6) | 242 (98.4) | 42 (97.7) | 0.730 |
| It is very important to prevent the spread of TB in the hospital? (n = 427) | 138 (100.0) | 243 (98.8) | 41 (95.3) | 0.040 |
| Do you feel any scarily about the infection from TB patients? – ‘agree,’ n (%) (n = 421 | 123 (91.8) | 224 (91.8) | 39 (90.7) | 1.000 |
| Do you feel any stress for taking care of TB patients? –n (%) (n = 429) | 0.279 | |||
| Agree | 94 (68.1) | 155 (62.5) | 32 (74.4) | |
| Disagree | 44 (31.9) | 88 (35.5) | 11 (25.6) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Finding all of the new case of TB is an important task in controlling the disease. (n = 427) | 135 (99.3) | 241 (97.2) | 42 (97.7) | 0.487 |
| Agree | 135 (99.3) | 241 (97.2) | 42 (97.7) | |
| Disagree | 1 (0.7) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | 1 (2.3) | |
| It is important to realize more actions to include the community in TB prevention and control. (n = 430) | 0.046 | |||
| Agree | 137 (99.3) | 246 (98.8) | 40 (93.0) | |
| Disagree | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (4.7) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.3) | |
| The knowledge and awareness of TB in your community is adequate. (n = 427) | 0.254 | |||
| Agree | 51 (37.0) | 86 (35.0) | 12 (27.9) | |
| Disagree | 80 (58.0) | 138 (56.1) | 30 (69.8) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 7 (5.1) | 22 (8.9) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Concerning facility’s barriers for TB infection control | ||||
| My ward/department have enough isolation rooms for suspected TB patients. (n = 415) | 0.076 | |||
| Agree | 16 (11.7) | 44 (18.0) | 11 (26.2) | |
| Disagree | 117 (85.4) | 198 (80.8) | 29 (69.0) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 4 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (4.8) | |
| I satisfy with the hospital’s TB infection control. (n = 369) | 36 (27.1) | 128 (53.3) | 15 (36.6) | < 0.001 |
| Satisfied issues | ||||
| Patients’ Isolation room | 92 (73.0) | 113 (55.7) | 22 (55.0) | 0.005 |
| Visitor’s rules to hospitalized TB patients | 59 (46.8) | 75 (36.9) | 22 (55.0) | 0.048 |
| Windows at patients’ room | 60 (47.6) | 81 (39.9) | 9 (22.5) | 0.019 |
| UV lights in place and routinely used | 60 (47.6) | 99 (48.8) | 14 (35.0) | 0.278 |
| Fans and opening windows in TB patients’ rooms | 46 (36.5) | 69 (34.0) | 7 (17.5) | 0.075 |
| Air filters in TB patients’ rooms | ||||
| Routine TB screening for healthcare professionals | 64 (50.8) | 98 (48.3) | 17 (42.5) | 0.657 |
| Sputum collecting box/corner for suspected TB patients | 37 (29.6) | 73 (36.0) | 13 (32.5) | 0.509 |
| Aeration system of rooms for TB patients and consultation | 66 (52.4) | 85 (41.9) | 12 (30.0) | 0.027 |
| Feeling any barriers for implementing TB infection control activities in the hospital | 0.043 | |||
| Agree | 60 (44.8) | 111 (48.3) | 16 (39.0) | |
| Disagree | 67 (50.0) | 108 (47.0) | 18 (43.9) | |
| Neither agree/disagree | 7 (5.2) | 11 (4.8) | 7 (17.1) | |
SD Standard deviation, TB Tuberculosis
Concerning feelings about TB infection control in the hospital, only 27.1% of physicians were satisfied with current TB infection control measures, especially in terms of isolation rooms, fans and windows in the rooms of patients with TB, and sputum collection rooms/corners for patients with suspected TB.
Practices of health professionals regarding TB
The practice scores and responses to each practice question according to health professional groups are presented in Table 5. The overall mean practice score was 7.08 (SD, 1.96), with no significant difference among groups of health professionals. A total 85.0 and 93.4% of physicians and nurses, respectively, wore masks when seeing patients and approximately half of health professionals wore a gauze mask.
Table 5.
Practices about TB infection control according to health professionals
| Physician | Nurse | Others | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 140 | n = 256 | n = 44 | ||
| Practice score, mean (SD) | 6.89 (2.11) | 7.20 (1.83) | 6.99 (2.20) | 0.531 |
| Wearing mask | ||||
| Do you wear mask when you see a patient? | 113 (85.0) | 225 (93.4) | 30 (76.9) | 0.002 |
| When you see a patient, what kind of mask do you wear? | <0.001 | |||
| N95 respirator | 23 (16.7) | 52 (21.4) | 14 (35.0) | |
| Surgical mask | 33 (23.9) | 63 (25.9) | 4 (10.0) | |
| Gauze mask | 69 (50.0) | 123 (50.6) | 15 (37.5) | |
| Never wear mask | 13 (9.4) | 5 (2.1) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Collecting sputum | ||||
| Do you open the window? (n = 382) | 62 (54.9) | 127 (54.7) | 22 (59.5) | 0.882 |
| What is the barrier for not to open windows? | ||||
| Save time | 18 (16.8) | 28 (14.0) | 3 (8.6) | 0.479 |
| Do not agree to open windows | 6 (5.6) | 31 (15.5) | 4 (11.4) | 0.040 |
| No window | 23 (21.5) | 50 (25.0) | 6 (17.1) | 0.544 |
| Windows are fixed and cannot be opened | 13 (12.1) | 27 (13.5) | 8 (22.9) | 0.276 |
| No barrier to open windows | 21 (19.6) | 33 (16.5) | 4 (11.4) | 0.513 |
| Do you wear mask when you support to collect sputum? (n = 399) | 117 (95.1) | 234 (97.1) | 31 (88.6) | 0.057 |
| Kind of mask (n = 383) | 0.003 | |||
| N95 respirator | 29 (22.7) | 55 (24.7) | 11 (34.4) | |
| Surgical mask | 21 (16.4) | 64 (28.7) | 5 (15.6) | |
| Gauze mask | 53 (41.4) | 82 (36.8) | 7 (21.9) | |
| Treating patients with suspected active TB diseasea | ||||
| Ever treated suspected active TB disease who is treated for other diseases? (n = 397) | 125 (94.0) | 196 (86.0) | 28 (77.8) | 0.012 |
| What did you do as the first thing? | ||||
| Isolate patient | 82 (60.7) | 109 (46.0) | 23 (53.5) | 0.023 |
| Offer patient wearing surgical mask | 42 (31.1) | 80 (33.8) | 21 (48.8) | 0.097 |
| Wear N95 mask on yourself | 47 (34.8) | 92 (38.8) | 23 (53.5) | 0.091 |
| Move patient’s room where airborne infection control can properly apply. | 87 (64.4) | 152 (64.1) | 21 (48.8) | 0.146 |
| Educate patients and patients’ relatives for cough hygiene | 55 (40.7) | 131 (55.3) | 23 (53.5) | 0.024 |
| Transfer to respiratory center | 59 (43.7) | 95 (40.1) | 29 (67.4) | 0.003 |
| Inform about it to your supervisor | 30 (22.2) | 103 (43.5) | 25 (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Do nothing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.3) | 0.302 |
| Do you inform the importance of cough hygiene to suspected TB patients? (n = 408) | 118 (88.7) | 218 (90.8) | 33 (94.3) | 0.580 |
| Do you offer wearing surgical mask to suspected TB patients? (n = 410) | 118 (89.4) | 220 (91.3) | 35 (94.6) | 0.608 |
| Do you move suspected TB patients to the isolation room? (n = 390) | 84 (66.1) | 150 (66.1) | 29 (80.6) | 0.221 |
| Do you think your ward have enough isolation rooms to accommodate patients suspected of having tuberculosis? (n = 407) | 17 (13.0) | 41 (17.2) | 12 (32.4) | 0.020 |
aActive TB disease was defined as smear-positive M. tuberculosis
SD Standard deviation, TB Tuberculosis
Most physicians (94.0%) and nurses (86.0%) had ever treated patients with suspected TB. For physicians, the main initial actions when seeing patients with suspected TB included moving the patient to a room with airborne infection control (64.4%), isolating the patient (60.0%), and transferring the patient to the Respiratory Centre (43.7%). For nurses, the primary initial actions were moving the patient to a room with airborne infection control (64.4%), educating the patient and patient’s relatives about TB (55.3%), isolating the patient (46.0%), and informing their supervisor (43.5%). However, only 13.0 and 17.2% of physicians and nurses, respectively, thought that there were a sufficient number of isolation rooms for patients with suspected TB in their wards.
Factors influencing knowledge scores
Factors influencing knowledge scores associated with TB were estimated using a multiple regression model (Table 6). The analysis revealed that age, a belief that TB is the most important infectious disease, being a medical professional, having previously attended a workshop or seminar, and knowing that Vietnam has a high TB burden were factors associated higher knowledge scores.
Table 6.
Factors influencing knowledge score associated with TB using multiple regression analysis
| coefficient | SE | p value | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| constant | 7.307 | 0.322 | <0.001 | 6.673–7.940 |
| Age | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.050 | 0.000–0.027 |
| Think about TB is the most important infectious disease | 0.292 | 0.110 | 0.008 | 0.076–0.509 |
| Health professional | −0.303 | 0.088 | 0.001 | −0.476- -0.129 |
| Previously attended for workshops or seminars | 0.236 | 0.114 | 0.038 | 0.013–0.460 |
| Knew about Vietnam is high TB-burden country | 0.673 | 0.114 | <0.001 | 0.450–0.897 |
SE Standard error, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, TB Tuberculosis
Discussion
The present study revealed that there are some difficulties with TB infection control measures at a general hospital in Hanoi, including poor understanding self-protection using an N95 respirator and immediate isolation of patients with suspected TB. A high prevalence of latent TB infection among health professionals was observed, in particular those in the emergency department. Providing educational programs and obtaining knowledge from scientific sources among health professionals would help in reducing nosocomial TB infection.
In the health care system of Vietnam, as the central hospital, BMH (the study site) cares for patients who have difficulty with clinical treatment in local hospital settings [16, 17]. Therefore, whereas treatment for patients with TB is provided in TB-specialized hospitals, there is a high likelihood that health professionals in the central hospital see patients who have not yet been diagnosed with TB or who are unaware of having TB but are transported to that hospital. As a result, a high proportion of physicians and nurses at our study site had previously treated patients with TB and suspected TB. Previous autopsy studies in a tertiary referral hospital in other high TB-burden countries also identified a high incidence of TB among patients who were not suspected of having TB [18, 19]; it can be therefore be thought that the occupational risk of TB infection among health professionals may be high. In particular, in the present study, the greatest proportion of TST-positive results was among health professionals in the emergency department. A large number of patients who are transferred from local hospitals and admitted to the emergency department may not be aware of their TB status [20]. This result was compatible with previous studies in South Korea and the United Kingdom [6, 21]. Specific TB control measures, including rapid diagnosis of TB in patients transferred to the emergency department are crucial with the current diagnostic methods, which require substantial time. The finding of an abnormal chest radiograph would be a clue for earlier diagnosis of TB, together with the identification of risk factors and symptoms [21].
In a high TB burden country, appropriate and necessary information of TB is crucial for health professionals in medical facilities, even if they are employed at non-TB-specialized hospitals. In the present study, the main information resource among physicians was university faculties, and that for nurses and other professionals was news media. In addition, the prevalence of physicians, nurses, and other professionals who had ever attended educational programs on TB was low. Although the knowledge scores of each group were high, as health professionals who provide the first diagnosis of TB and provide care for patients with suspected TB, some knowledge gaps were observed, especially in terms of understanding the symptoms and diseases associated with the risk of TB. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of TB has been previously reported in Vietnam [22].
Knowledge about TB transmission is required, as are practices for preventing TB infection, including patient isolation and use of an N95 respirator. These respirators have a high filtration barrier, to protect health professionals from TB infection. N95 respirators are recommended for health professionals caring for patients with TB or suspected TB [8]. However, among participants in the present study, the adherence to N95 respirator use was not observed owing to poor understanding of respirator use. Understanding the importance of respirators by hospital administration for TB infection control and training in the appropriate use of N95 respirators must be included in educational programs for health professionals [23, 24]. Our results of multiple regression analysis indicated that providing proper and comprehensive knowledge regarding TB and TB infection control via workshops or seminars for physicians as well as nurses and other health professionals would help to increase their knowledge. Higher knowledge levels about TB among health professionals and subsequent changes in their attitudes and behaviours would contribute to reducing nosocomial TB infections.
The present study had some limitations. Most measurements relied on self-reporting by health professionals. Although the survey was conducted in an anonymized fashion, the possibility of bias cannot be ignored. The number of participants with TST results was smaller than the number who participated the KAP survey because TSTs were conducted during professionals’ working hours. Therefore, we did not statistically assess the correlation between the results of KAP surveys and the prevalence of latent TB infection. Further investigation is needed among equal numbers of participants with results for both the KAP survey and TST. Although we examined participants for latent TB infection, we were not able to determine whether infection occurred at the hospital or elsewhere. This study was conducted in a single hospital in Hanoi and included health professionals in limited departments. Therefore, the conditions may differ from TB infection control in local settings. Despite these limitations, the present results can contribute to the improvement of TB infection control in general hospitals of Vietnam.
Conclusions
Although health professionals had high KAP scores, we identified gaps in their knowledge about proper TB infection control, including understanding of self-protection using an N95 respirator and immediate isolation of patients with (suspected) TB. Early awareness of (suspected) TB to prevent transmission, as well as education about obtaining TB knowledge from scientific sources among health professionals, will help in reducing nosocomial TB infection and in implementing proper measures when caring for patients with (suspected) TB. A high prevalence of latent TB infection among health professionals may also suggest the need to strengthen TB infection control, particularly among health professionals in the emergency department.
Acknowledgements
We thank Tamami Manabe and Dũng Kimball Phan for their general assistance.
Abbreviations
- BCG
Bacillus Calmette–Guerin
- BMH
Bach Mai Hospital
- HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
- KAP
Knowledge, attitude, and practice
- TB
Tuberculosis
- TST
Tuberculin skin test
- WHO
World Health Organization
Authors’ contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: NQC and TM. Performed the experiments: NQC, TM, VVG, CTH, VTTT, TTT, DTPL, and JT. Analysed the data: TM. Interpreted the study results: NQC, TM, VVG, CTH, VTTT, TTT, DTPL, and KK. Supervision: NQC and KK. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: TM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
The study was supported by a grant from Pfizer Health Research Foundation in Japan. The funders had no role in the design, methods, participant recruitment, data collection, analysis, or preparation of the paper.
Availability of data and materials
Due to restrictions form the study organizers and the ethics committee in the study site, the data cannot be made publicly available. External investigator(s) wishing to access the study data can contact the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Bach Mai Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
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Contributor Information
Chau Quy Ngo, Email: ngoquychaubmh@gmail.com.
Toshie Manabe, Phone: +81-285-58-7394, Email: manabe@kklabo.gr.jp.
Giap Van Vu, Email: vuvangiap@hmu.edu.vn.
Hanh Thi Chu, Email: chuthihanhbmh@gmail.com.
Trang Thi Thu Vu, Email: drthutrang86@gmail.com.
Trang Thu Tran, Email: bstranthutrang@gmail.com.
Lan Thi Phuong Doan, Email: phuonglandoanthibm@yahoo.com.vn.
Jin Takasaki, Email: jintakajj@gmail.com.
Koichiro Kudo, Email: kudo@kklabo.gr.jp.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Due to restrictions form the study organizers and the ethics committee in the study site, the data cannot be made publicly available. External investigator(s) wishing to access the study data can contact the corresponding author on reasonable request.