Fig. 5.

Group-level phase-amplitude coupling. (A) Mean coupling strength for scalp (left) and HPC (right). White outlines indicate clusters of significantly greater than zero coupling (P < 0.05, cluster-based permutation test). (B) Mean difference in coupling strength between sleep stages for scalp (left) and HPC (right). (C) Difference in coupling strength between scalp and HPC. White/red outlines in (B) and (C) indicate significant positive/negative clusters, respectively (P < 0.05, cluster-based permutation test).