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. 2019 Nov 13;14(11):e0224184. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224184

Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Taeang Arai 1,#, Masanori Atsukawa 1,*,#, Akihito Tsubota 2,#, Tadamichi Kawano 1, Mai Koeda 3, Yuji Yoshida 3, Tomohide Tanabe 1, Tomomi Okubo 3, Korenobu Hayama 1, Ai Iwashita 1, Norio Itokawa 3, Chisa Kondo 1, Keiko Kaneko 1, Chiaki Kawamoto 1, Tsutomu Hatori 4, Naoya Emoto 5, Etsuko Iio 6, Yasuhito Tanaka 6, Katsuhiko Iwakiri 1
Editor: Jee-Fu Huang7
PMCID: PMC6853607  PMID: 31721770

Abstract

Although the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be related to subclinical atherosclerosis, the relationship between the severity of NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis is not clear. This study aimed to clarify the factors related to subclinical arteriosclerosis, including the histopathological severity of the disease and PNPLA3 gene polymorphisms, in NAFLD patients. We measured brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as an index of arterial stiffness in 153 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. The baPWV values were significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group than in the less advanced group (median, 1679 cm/s vs 1489 cm/s; p = 5.49×10−4). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (≥55 years) (p = 8.57×10−3; OR = 3.03), hypertension (p = 1.05×10−3; OR = 3.46), and advanced fibrosis (p = 9.22×10−3; OR = 2.94) were independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s. NAFLD patients were categorized into low-risk group (number of risk factors = 0), intermediate-risk group (= 1), and high-risk group (≥2) based on their risk factors, including older age, hypertension, and biopsy-confirmed advanced fibrosis. The prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s was 7.1% (3/42) in the low-risk group, 30.8% (12/39) in the intermediate-risk group, and 63.9% (46/72) in the high-risk group. Non-invasive liver fibrosis markers and scores, including the FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score, hyaluronic acid, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein, and type IV collagen 7s, were feasible substitutes for invasive liver biopsy. Older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis are independently related to arterial stiffness, and a combination of these three factors may predict risk of arteriosclerosis in NAFLD patients.

Introduction

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major chronic liver disease, with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 25% [1, 2]. The disease is associated with the risk of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients [3, 4]. The prognosis of NAFLD patients depends on the advancement of liver fibrosis [5–7] and is less favorable than that of healthy individuals. Furthermore, numerous patients die of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rather than liver-related events [6–8]. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease mutually associated with metabolic syndrome [9]. Reportedly, the presence of NAFLD is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, independent from conventional metabolic risk factors [10–12]. However, the association between the advancement liver fibrosis and subclinical atherosclerosis remains controversial. In most of the previous studies, NAFLD was diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasonography and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, but not liver biopsy. Only a few studies have investigated the association between histological severity and subclinical atherosclerosis in biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD patients [13–15].

Recently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and subsequent related studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) are associated with the development and severity of NAFLD [16–18]. The association between the PNPLA3 SNP genotype and atherosclerosis in Italian NAFLD patients was previously reported [19]. Similarly, it has been confirmed in Japanese patients that the PNPLA3 is a susceptibility gene involved in the development and advancement of NAFLD [20, 21], though its association with subclinical atherosclerosis has not been investigated.

In this study, arterial stiffness was evaluated using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and factors influencing arterial stiffness, including histological findings and the PNPLA3 SNP, were investigated in Japanese biopsy-confirmed NAFLD patients. In addition, we performed a risk assessment for arteriosclerosis using clinical parameters.

Materials and methods

Patients

Among patients who visited Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital and Nippon Medical School Hospital between August 2013 and July 2018, 153 patients aged 18 years or older underwent histological evaluation and were diagnosed with NAFLD, according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines as follows [22–24]: NAFLD was defined as the presence of steatosis in ≥5% of hepatocytes according to histological analysis. Exclusion criteria included 1) daily alcohol consumption ≥30 g for males and ≥20 g for females; 2) other chronic liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis B or C, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson disease, and hemochromatosis; 3) secondary causes of steatosis, such as drug-induced fatty liver disease, total parenteral nutrition, and inborn errors of metabolism. A careful interview, clinical and laboratory evaluations, and image inspection were performed at the time of the liver biopsy in all patients.

The study protocol complied with the ethical guidelines established in accordance with the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital (approval number: 603). All patients provided written informed consent prior to entry into this study.

Clinical and laboratory evaluation

Clinical and laboratory data were collected concurrently with liver biopsy. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m). Blood pressure was measured in a seated position at least twice at an interval of several minutes, and the mean was calculated. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure was 135 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure was 85 mmHg or higher and when patients were being treated with an antihypertensive drug [25]. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed when total cholesterol was 220 mg/dL or higher, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) was below 40 mg/dL, and/or triglycerides were 150 mg/dL or higher, as well as when patients were being treated with an antihyperlipidemic drug [26]. Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed according to the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria in addition to the presence of treatment with an oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin.

Laboratory evaluation included complete blood count, routine liver biochemistry (aspartate aminotransferase, ALT, total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase), fasting lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and immunoreactive insulin. As an index of insulin resistance, the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the following equation: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (μU/mL) × plasma glucose (mg/dL)/405 [27]. Hyaluronic acid [28], type IV collagen 7s domain [29, 30], and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2B) [30–32], all of which have been reported as useful liver fibrosis markers in NAFLD, were measured. In addition, the fibrosis scores such as the FIB-4 index [33] and NAFLD fibrosis scorer (NFS) [34] were calculated, as reported previously. DNA was extracted from each patient, and the PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped by using a PCR protocol based on TaqMan assays.

Pulse wave velocity

A noninvasive index of arterial stiffness, brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), was measured using a volume-plethysmographic apparatus (form PWV/ABI; Colin, Co., Ltd., Komaki, Japan), under previously reported measurement conditions [35]: 1) the patients were examined after resting in the supine position for several minutes; 2) they refrained from ingesting caffeine and cigarette smoking starting 3 hours before measurement, as a rule; and 3) baPWV was measured in a quiet examination room controlled at a constant temperature (22°C–26°C). The mean of the bilateral baPWV values was used for analysis. baPWV was measured by skilled laboratory technicians who were blinded to patient information. Referring to previous reports, patients with baPWV ≥1,600 cm/s were defined as a risk group for cardiovascular events [36, 37].

Histopathological evaluation

Histopathological evaluation was performed by experienced pathologists blinded to the clinical and laboratory data of the patients. NAFLD was diagnosed when lipid droplet deposition was noted in 5% or more hepatocytes. Then, steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning, and liver fibrosis were semi-quantitatively evaluated according to the NASH CRN scoring system [38]: steatosis was graded 0–3 based on the percent of hepatocytes on biopsy specimens (0: <5%, 1: 5–33%, 2: 33–66%, 3: >66%). Lobular inflammation was graded 0–3 based on inflammatory foci per 200× field (0: no foci, 1: <2 foci, 2: 2–4 foci, 3: >4 foci). Ballooning was graded 0–2 based on the number of hepatocytes with this change (0: none, 1: few cells, 2: many cells/prominent ballooning). Fibrosis stage was evaluated as follows: F0 = no fibrosis, F1 = perisinusoidal or periportal fibrosis, F2 = perisinusoidal and portal/periportal fibrosis, F3 = bridging fibrosis, and F4 = cirrhosis. F3–4 was provisionally designated as advanced fibrosis.

Statistical analyses

Continuous variables were presented as medians and ranges, and categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables with skewed distribution were compared among or between groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test or the Mann–Whitney test, respectively. The Steel–Dwass test was applied when the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference among groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent factors that were significantly associated with baPWV ≥1600 cm/s. The Cochran–Armitage test was used to investigate the changes in the prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to risk groups based on the number of risk factors including older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated in order to analyze the values of noninvasive markers and scores of fibrosis that most rationally predicted advanced fibrosis. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 17.0 (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan). The level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05.

Results

Patients

Baseline characteristics of the 153 patients are shown in Table 1. There were 74 males and 79 females, and the median age was 57 years (range, 18–84 years). Regarding metabolic components, the median BMI was 28.8 kg/m2 (range, 18.1–44.9 kg/m2). There were 58 patients with type 2 diabetes (37.9%), 70 with hypertension (45.8%), and 117 with dyslipidemia (76.5%). On pathological examination of the 153 liver biopsy specimens, the fibrosis stage was determined to be F0 for 24 (15.7%) patients, F1 for 49 (32.0%), F2 for 36 (23.5%), F3 for 30 (19.6%), and F4 for 14 (9.2%) patients, with advanced fibrosis (F3–4) in 44 (28.8%) patients. The median baPWV value was 1557 cm/s (range, 1018–2776 cm/s). Among the 153 patients, 61 (39.9%) had a baPWV ≥1600 cm/s. The PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped in 142 patients, and the distribution of the PNPLA3 polymorphisms was as follows: CC, GC, and GG genotypes were found in 40.1% (57/142), 40.1% (57/142), and 19.7% (28/142) of patients, respectively.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the 153 patients.

Factors n = 153
Age (year) 57 (18–84)
Gender (M/F) 74/79
BMI (kg/m2) 28.8 (18.1–44.9)
Platelets (×103/mm3) 199 (51–411)
AST (U/L) 54 (19–183)
ALT (U/L) 70 (10–401)
γ-GTP (U/L) 63 (15–488)
Serum albumin (g/dL) 4.0 (2.5–5.2)
Prothrombin time (%) 95.4 (41.7–138.5)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 193 (96–312)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 47 (23–96)
Triglyceride (mg/dL) 138 (42–480)
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) 105 (78–333)
Insulin (μU/mL) 11.9 (1.7–88.5)
HOMA-IR 3.50 (0.57–40.6)
Type 2 diabetes (presence/absence) 58/95
Hypertension (presence/absence) 70/83
Smoking (yes/no) 63/90
baPWV (cm/s) 1557 (1018–2776)
Hyaluronic acid (ng/ml) 50.0 (10.0–3284)
Type IV collagen 7s (ng/ml) 4.7 (2.5–12.7)
WFA+-M2BP (C.O.I) 0.9 (0.24–8.3)
FIB-4 index 2.17 (0.32–10.5)
NFS -0.61 (-4.52–3.80)
PNPLA3 genotype (CC/GC/GG/unknown) 57/57/28/11
Liver steatosis (1/2/3) 81/57/15
Liver inflammation (0/1/2/3) 7/89/52/5
Liver ballooning (0/1/2) 31/101/21
Liver fibrosis stage (F0/F1/F2/F3/F4) 24/49/36/30/14
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Data are presented as numbers or median (range).

BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; WFA+-M2BP, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; NFS, NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) fibrosis score; PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3.

Relationship between baPWV and pathological severity of the disease

As shown in Fig 1, no correlation with baPWV was noted for inflammation and ballooning. On the other hand, baPWV significantly decreased with progression of liver steatosis (p = 4.16 × 10−2) and increased with progression of liver fibrosis (p = 7.52 × 10−3). When fibrosis stages were categorized into less advanced (F0-2) and advanced (F3-4) fibrosis groups, baPWV was significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group (p = 5.49 × 10−4) (Fig 2).

Fig 1. Box and whisker plots of baPWV values according to the severity of each histological component in NAFLD patients.

Fig 1

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baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. *, p < 0.05.

Fig 2. baPWV values in NAFLD patients according to fibrosis stage.

Fig 2

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baPWV values (median, 1489 cm/s) in the advanced fibrosis group (fibrosis stage = F3-4) were significantly higher than those (median, 1679 cm/s) in the less advanced fibrosis group (fibrosis stage = F0-2) (p = 5.49×10−4). baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Factors associated with baPWV ≥1600 cm/s

Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the following three variables were independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s (Table 2): older age (≥55 years) (p = 8.57 × 10−3; OR = 3.03; 95% CI = 1.33–6.91), hypertension (p = 1.05 × 10−3; OR = 3.46; 95% CI = 1.65–7.28), and advanced fibrosis (p = 9.22 × 10−3; OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.31–6.63).

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with baPWV ≥1600 cm/s.

Univariate Multivariate
Factors Category OR 95% CI p value OR 95% CI p value
Age (years) Older age (≥55) 4.86 2.29–10.32 3.84 × 10−5 3.03 1.33–6.91 8.57 × 10−3
Gender Female 1.32 0.69–2.52 0.683
BMI (kg/m2) By 1 kg/m2 down 1.04 0.97–1.12 0.274
Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) By 1 mg/dL down 1.01 1.00–1.02 0.194
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) By 1 mg/dL up 1.01 0.98–1.04 0.621
Triglyceride (mg/dL) By 1 mg/dL down 1.00 1.00–1.01 0.129
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) By 1 mg/dL up 1.00 0.99–1.01 0.716
Insulin (μU/mL) By 1 μU/mL up 1.02 0.98–1.05- 0.345
HOMA-IR By 1 up 1.04 0.95–1.13 0.402
Diabetes Presence 1.56 0.80–3.04 0.188
Hypertension Presence 4.45 2.23–8.90 2.35 × 10−5 3.46 1.65–7.28 1.05 × 10−3
Smoking no 1.13 0.59–2.19 0.708
PNPLA3 genotype GG 1.53 0.67–3.52 0.313
Liver steatosis 1 grade down 1.53 0.92–2.56 9.92 × 10−2
Liver inflammation 1 grade down 1.23 0.73–2.08 0.438
Liver ballooning 1 grade down 1.18 0.67–2.06 0.567
Liver fibrosis stage Advanced fibrosis 4.65 2.20–9.82 5.53 × 10−5 2.94 1.31–6.63 9.22 × 10−3
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baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index, HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3.

Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis diagnosed by liver biopsy

We classified NAFLD patients into three groups: low-risk group (number of risk factors = 0), intermediate-risk group (= 1), and high-risk group (≥2) based on the number of risk factors linked independently to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s, including older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis, as described above. The prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s was 7.1% (3/42) in the low-risk group, 30.8% (12/39) in the intermediate-risk group, and 63.9% (46/72) in the high-risk group, respectively (p = 9.44 × 10−10) (Fig 3).

Fig 3. The prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to risk groups based on the number of risk factors including older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis; low-risk group (number of risk factors = 0), intermediate-risk group (= 1), and high-risk group (≥2).

Fig 3

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baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis as diagnosed by fibrosis markers and scores

Using ROC analyses for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis, the area under the curve (AUC) of the fibrosis markers and scores were as follows: FIB-4 index (cut-off value = 2.49, AUC = 0.836), NFS (9.47 × 10−2, 0.874), hyaluronic acid (62.3 ng/mL, 0.871), WFA+-M2BP (0.95 C.O.I, 0.816), and type IV collagen 7s (5.2 ng/mL, 0.842) (Fig 4). Next, we reclassified NAFLD patients into three risk groups based on the number of risk factors, including older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis, as diagnosed by each noninvasive fibrosis marker and score instead of by invasive liver biopsy. The prevalence of NAFLD patients with baPWV ≥1600 cm/s increased with a greater number of risk factors, even when advanced fibrosis was diagnosed by FIB-4 index (p = 9.25×10−6), NFS (p = 7.01×10−8), hyaluronic acid (p = 3.31×10−7), WFA+-M2BP (p = 2.49×10−7), and type IV collagen 7s (p = 7.30×10−7).

Fig 4.

Fig 4

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Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of FIB4-index (A), NFS (B), hyaluronic acid (C), WFA+-M2BP (D), and type IV collagen 7s (E) for predicting advanced fibrosis (F3-4). FIB-4, fibrosis-4; NFS, NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) fibrosis score; WFA+-M2BP, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein.

Discussion

In this study, we clarified that older age, hypertension, and advanced liver fibrosis were independently associated with arterial stiffness in Japanese biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. Arterial stiffness is evaluated by measuring PWV, which is widely used as a preclinical cardiovascular risk marker [39]. Several studies reported that the PWV in NAFLD patients is higher than that in healthy individuals and that the presence of NAFLD is associated with arterial stiffness independent from conventional metabolic risk factors [40–44]. On the other hand, only a few studies have investigated the association of the severity of NAFLD with arterial stiffness. Advanced fibrosis estimated based on NFS [45] and transient elastography [46] were reported to be associated with a high PWV value independent from conventional metabolic risk factors in patients diagnosed with NAFLD by ultrasonography. However, to our knowledge, the association between the severity of liver disease and PWV was histologically investigated by liver biopsy in only 2 reports of a small number of patients from Turkey, with contradictory results; while the progression of histological liver fibrosis was an independent factor for a high PWV value in a study involving 100 biopsy-confirmed NAFLD patients [13], no difference was noted in PWV between patients with simple steatosis and patients with steatohepatitis in the other study involving 61 NAFLD patients [14]. Our analysis of a relatively large Japanese cohort was comparable to and supported the findings of the former study. In this study, baPWV was elevated with the progress of liver fibrosis, while it was decreased with the progress of hepatic steatosis. This paradox can be explained by the loss of hepatic fat in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis. This result may suggest that liver fibrosis affects the arterial stiffness more than the hepatic fat.

The arterial stiffness-promoting mechanism of the presence and severity of NAFLD independent of conventional metabolic risk factors remains unclear, though there is experimental evidence supporting that NAFLD and arterial stiffness develop and progress due to a common etiology [47–49]. First, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, considered important factors for the development and progression of NAFLD, induce cardiovascular disorder. Second, it has been reported that the blood level of adiponectin, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis activity, decreases due to an increase in adipose tissue and chronic inflammation, and this decrease then promotes NAFLD and arterial stiffness. Third, an influence of TGF-β, which plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis, on arterial stiffness has been suggested. To clarify the association between NAFLD and arterial stiffness, further studies are necessary.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze factors associated with arterial stiffness, including the PNPLA3 SNP genotype. Two studies on the association between the carotid intima-media thickness, a surrogate marker of subclinical atherosclerosis as is PWV, and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype in Italian NAFLD patients have been reported, but the findings were contradictory. Petta et al. reported that the PNPLA3 GG genotype was significantly associated with the severity of carotid atherosclerosis in young NAFLD patients [19], but Di Costanzo et al. found no association between the carotid intima-media thickness and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype and indicated that complications due to metabolic abnormalities influenced the carotid intima-media thickness, which is well known [50]. In our study, no association was noted between baPWV and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype, but further investigation is necessary regarding the influence of the PNPLA3 SNP genotype on atherosclerosis in light of racial differences in the morbidity of atherosclerosis and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype distribution.

In this study, older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis were additively related to arterial stiffness in NAFLD patients, and it is possible to speculate the risk of arteriosclerosis progression by combining these three factors. Furthermore, we showed that the risk assessment of atherosclerosis progression in clinical practice is possible by substituting noninvasive liver fibrosis markers and scores for histological diagnosis by invasive liver biopsy. Clinicians should pay attention to cardiovascular events in NAFLD patients with high fibrosis marker levels and scores as well as older age and hypertension, and further care should be taken when these factors overlap.

There were some limitations in this study. First, the number of patients, especially those with advanced fibrosis, was relatively small. Second, as described above, there are racial differences in atherosclerosis and the PNPLA3 genotype. To make a definitive conclusion, it may be necessary to re-confirm the results of this study in independent validation cohorts with different characteristics, races, and/or ethnicities.

In conclusion, older age, hypertension, and advanced liver fibrosis were found to be independent factors associated with arterial stiffness in Japanese biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. Furthermore, the combination of older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis based on noninvasive fibrosis markers and scores may predict the risk of arteriosclerosis progression in NAFLD patients in clinical practice.

Supporting information

S1 Fig

Box and whisker plots of baPWV values according to each fibrosis marker and score such as FIB-4 index (A), NFS (B), hyaluronic acid (C), WFA+-M2BP (D), and type IV collagen 7s (E). baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; NFS, NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) fibrosis score; WFA+-M2BP, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file. (75.8KB, tif)
S1 File. Exel.

Raw data including pathological findings and baPWV.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file. (42.3KB, xlsx)

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank all medical doctors from all institutions who were involved in this study.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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Decision Letter 0

Jee-Fu Huang

21 Aug 2019

PONE-D-19-17091

Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

PLOS ONE

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Reviewer #1: Arai T et al evaluated the factors influencing atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and found advavalunced liver fibrosis was associated with arterial stiffness. The study is interesting, however, some issues need to be addressed.

Abstract:

1. Line 42-43: Please show the value of 95% CI.

2. Line 48: Please show the value of p.

Methods:

1. Line 119-123: Hyaluronic acid [28], type IV 120 collagen 7s domain [29, 30], and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2B) [30–32], all of which have been reported as useful liver fibrosis markers in NAFLD, were measured. In addition, the fibrosis scores such as the FIB-4 index [33] and NAFLD fibrosis scorer (NFS) [34] were calculated, as reported previously.--> please change to Hyaluronic acid [28], type IV collagen 7s domain [29, 30], Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2B) [30–32], FIB-4 index [33] and NAFLD fibrosis scorer (NFS) were measured. It is not suitable to write comments in the Methods.

Results:

1. How about NFS score in analysis, including Table 1, Table 2 and Figure 1?

2. In this study, baPWV was used without considering ABI values. It has been widely recognized that baPWV value is meaning less to measure in the limb of ABI value <0.9. How are the results if you exclude baPWV data associated with ABI <0.9? Addition, how about the association between ABI and liver fibrosis stage?

3. Line 280-281: This paradox can be explained by the loss of hepatic fat in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis. This result may suggest that liver fibrosis affects the arterial stiffness more than the hepatic fat. This explanation is too simple to convince others.

4. Line 323: based on noninvasive fibrosis markers and scores may predict the risk of arteriosclerosis� please change to arterial stiffness. After all, the two nouns are different.

Reviewer #2: This is a well conducted study examining the association of the severity of NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis in 153 biops-proven NAFLD patients. The findings are interesting and important, while some points need to be further clarified.

1. Patients who underwent histological evaluation were eligible and included in this study. However, the reasons for histological evaluation are unclear. The authors need to show the reasons for histological examination of the study subjects.

2. This study shows an association between liver fibrosis and subclinical atherosclerosis, but not a causal association. Therefore, the statement "...liver fibrosis affects the arterial stiffness...." is incorrect.

3. The results in paragraphs "Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis diagnosed by liver biopsy" and "Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis as diagnosed by fibrosis markers and scores" are redudant and may be removed. Moreover, the authors need to exaplain why they chose a cut-off level of baPWV as 1600 cm/s.

4. What kinds of drugs that may induce fatty liver were examined and excluded in this study?

5. The authors need to exaplain why this study could not show the associations of metabolic factors/ and related disorders (sucah as daibetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia...) with liver fibrosis.

Reviewer #3: PONE-D-19-17091

Taeang Arai et al., Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

This study aimed to clarify the factors related to subclinical arteriosclerosis, including the histopathological severity of the disease and PNPLA3 gene 38 polymorphisms, in 153 biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. The authors found that older age (≥55 years), hypertension, and advanced fibrosis were independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s. The study is appropriately designed and executed. However, there are some concerns to be clarified:

1. The association between subclinical atherosclerosis and NAFLD, indeed, has been studied extensively in the past. Retrospective and prospective studies have provided evidences of a strong association between NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis, including increased intima-media thickness, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, impaired left ventricular function and coronary calcification. (Fargion S et al., World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:13306-24.). The relevant meta-analysis has also been published (Ampuero J et al., Rev Esp Enferm Dig;107:10-6.). A recent study has also addressed this issue (Gill C et al., Am J Cardiol 2017;119:1717-22.).

2. Also, the progression of histological liver fibrosis as an independent factor for a high PWV value in a study involving 100 biopsy-confirmed 276 NAFLD patients has been reported [Ref. 13 of the manuscript]. The authors also mentioned that the only difference of their study as compared with the previous studies is that theirs is a “relatively large Japanese cohort” (Line 1, Page 17, the manuscript), which made this study not novel enough.

3. Figure 1 shows that no correlation with baPWV was noted for histological findings of liver inflammation and ballooning. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the following the only histological variable independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s (Table 2) was advanced fibrosis. This raises the concern if baPWV is actually related only to liver fibrosis, but not necessary to steatosis (inflammation and ballooning). The previous study has indicated that the carotid intima thickness, a parameter of subclinical atherosclerosis, significantly increased in chronic hepatitis C virus patients especially in those with cirrhosis and closely correlated with each other (Barakat AAE et al., Egypt Heart J 2017;69:139-47.).

4. As discussed in the Paragraph 2, Discussion of the manuscript, the arterial stiffness-promoting mechanism of the presence and severity of NAFLD independent of conventional metabolic risk factors remains unclear. To strengthen the novelty of this study, the levels of parameters of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, adiponectin and TGF-β can be checked.

5. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) are associated with the development and severity of NAFLD [Ref. 16–18 of the manuscript], this study only mentioned the distribution of the PNPLA3 polymorphisms without showing the association among PNPLA3 polymorphisms and severity of NAFLD.

6. It would be interesting to have sub-group analyses to search for any further possible correlations. For instance, although the current study did not identify an association between baPWV and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype, sub-group analyses according to gender or age may exert different findings.

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PLoS One. 2019 Nov 13;14(11):e0224184. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224184.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

12 Sep 2019

Reviewer #1: Arai T et al evaluated the factors influencing atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and found advanced liver fibrosis was associated with arterial stiffness. The study is interesting, however, some issues need to be addressed.

→We wish to express our strong appreciation to the reviewer for insightful comments on our paper. We feel the comments have helped us significantly improve the paper.

Abstract:

1. Line 42-43: Please show the value of 95% CI.

→As suggested by the reviewer, we added the value of 95% CI in line 42-44.

2. Line 48: Please show the value of p.

→As suggested by the reviewer, we added the value of p in line 49.

Methods:

1. Line 119-123: Hyaluronic acid [28], type IV 120 collagen 7s domain [29, 30], and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2B) [30–32], all of which have been reported as useful liver fibrosis markers in NAFLD, were measured. In addition, the fibrosis scores such as the FIB-4 index [33] and NAFLD fibrosis scorer (NFS) [34] were calculated, as reported previously.--> please change to Hyaluronic acid [28], type IV collagen 7s domain [29, 30], Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein (WFA+-M2B) [30–32], FIB-4 index [33] and NAFLD fibrosis scorer (NFS) were measured. It is not suitable to write comments in the Methods.

→The text has been revised as instructed by the reviewer.

Results:

1. How about NFS score in analysis, including Table 1, Table 2 and Figure 1?

→Table 1 already included the median and range of NFS. When reanalyzing in Table2, including NFS, NFS was extracted as a significant factor related to baPWV≥1600 cm/s in univariate analysis (p = 1.01×10-3; OR = 1.40 ;95% CI = 1.15-1.71), but not as a significant factor in multivariate analysis (p = 0.55; OR = 0.91 ;95% CI = 0.66-1.24). As suggested by the reviewer, we analyzed the relationship between baPWV and each fibrosis marker and score including NFS and presented in supplementary figure 1 (line 241-243).

2. In this study, baPWV was used without considering ABI values. It has been widely recognized that baPWV value is meaning less to measure in the limb of ABI value <0.9. How are the results if you exclude baPWV data associated with ABI <0.9? Addition, how about the association between ABI and liver fibrosis stage?

→Of the 153 patients, there was only one patient with ABI value <0.9. Therefore, in this study, we might not need to consider ABI. There was also a report on the relationship between the presence of NAFLD and ABI [J Diabetes. 2017 Jun;9(6):586-595.], and as you pointed out, we investigated the association between ABI and liver fibrosis stage. However, in this study, there was no significant correlation between ABI and liver fibrosis stage.

3. Line 280-281: This paradox can be explained by the loss of hepatic fat in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis. This result may suggest that liver fibrosis affects the arterial stiffness more than the hepatic fat. This explanation is too simple to convince others.

→As the reviewer pointed out, we have made a major correction in this part (line 280-299).

4. Line 323: based on noninvasive fibrosis markers and scores may predict the risk of arteriosclerosis please change to arterial stiffness. After all, the two nouns are different.

→As suggested by the reviewer, we rephrased " arteriosclerosis " to " arterial stiffness "(line 348)

Reviewer #2: This is a well conducted study examining the association of the severity of NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis in 153 biops-proven NAFLD patients. The findings are interesting and important, while some points need to be further clarified.

→We are deeply grateful to the reviewer for the critical comments and applaud the careful reading of our manuscript.

1. Patients who underwent histological evaluation were eligible and included in this study. However, the reasons for histological evaluation are unclear. The authors need to show the reasons for histological examination of the study subjects.

→As the reviewer pointed out, the reason for the liver biopsy was specified in line 139-141.

2. This study shows an association between liver fibrosis and subclinical atherosclerosis, but not a causal association. Therefore, the statement "...liver fibrosis affects the arterial stiffness...." is incorrect.

→As the reviewer pointed out, we have revised the text.

3. The results in paragraphs "Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis diagnosed by liver biopsy" and "Prevalence of baPWV ≥1600 cm/s according to the clinical risk scores based on older age, hypertension, and advanced fibrosis as diagnosed by fibrosis markers and scores" are redudant and may be removed. Moreover, the authors need to exaplain why they chose a cut-off level of baPWV as 1600 cm/s.

→As the reviewer pointed out, the result part is redundant, so figure 5 has been deleted. We mentioned that patients with baPWV ≥1,600 cm/s were defined as a risk group for cardiovascular events according to previous reports in line 135-136, but we have now also added this to the results section for clarity (line 212).

4. What kinds of drugs that may induce fatty liver were examined and excluded in this study?

→Patients taking amiodarone and tamoxifen which may induce fatty liver were excluded from the study (Line 94).

5. The authors need to explain why this study could not show the associations of metabolic factors/ and related disorders (sucah as daibetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia...) with liver fibrosis.

→As the reviewer pointed out, metabolic factors/ and related disorders are important factors related to liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients, but this study does not analyze factors related to liver fibrosis.

Reviewer #3: PONE-D-19-17091

Taeang Arai et al., Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

This study aimed to clarify the factors related to subclinical arteriosclerosis, including the histopathological severity of the disease and PNPLA3 gene 38 polymorphisms, in 153 biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. The authors found that older age (≥55 years), hypertension, and advanced fibrosis were independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s. The study is appropriately designed and executed. However, there are some concerns to be clarified:

→We thank you for your comments, which have helped us to greatly improve the manuscript

1. The association between subclinical atherosclerosis and NAFLD, indeed, has been studied extensively in the past. Retrospective and prospective studies have provided evidences of a strong association between NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis, including increased intima-media thickness, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, impaired left ventricular function and coronary calcification. (Fargion S et al., World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:13306-24.). The relevant meta-analysis has also been published (Ampuero J et al., Rev Esp Enferm Dig;107:10-6.). A recent study has also addressed this issue (Gill C et al., Am J Cardiol 2017;119:1717-22.).

2. Also, the progression of histological liver fibrosis as an independent factor for a high PWV value in a study involving 100 biopsy-confirmed 276 NAFLD patients has been reported [Ref. 13 of the manuscript]. The authors also mentioned that the only difference of their study as compared with the previous studies is that theirs is a “relatively large Japanese cohort” (Line 1, Page 17, the manuscript), which made this study not novel enough.

1,2

→As pointed out by the reviewer, there have been numerous reports on the relation between the presence of NAFLD and subclinical arteriosclerosis. However, only a few studies have showed the association between histological severity and subclinical atherosclerosis in biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD patients. Unlike other reports, we analyzed the relation between arterial stiffness and severity of NAFLD including not only liver fibrosis but also steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning and our results suggested that liver fibrosis was the only possible histological feature associated with arterial stiffness. In addition, for the first time, we also found that the age and hypertension well known to be associated with arterial stiffness and advanced fibrosis are additively related to PWV, and it is possible to speculate the risk of arteriosclerosis progression by combining these three factors.

3. Figure 1 shows that no correlation with baPWV was noted for histological findings of liver inflammation and ballooning. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the following the only histological variable independently linked to baPWV ≥1600 cm/s (Table 2) was advanced fibrosis. This raises the concern if baPWV is actually related only to liver fibrosis, but not necessary to steatosis (inflammation and ballooning). The previous study has indicated that the carotid intima thickness, a parameter of subclinical atherosclerosis, significantly increased in chronic hepatitis C virus patients especially in those with cirrhosis and closely correlated with each other (Barakat AAE et al., Egypt Heart J 2017;69:139-47.).

→As the reviewer suggested, we re-considered the result that only liver fibrosis in the histological features was associated with arterial stiffness (line 280-299).

4. As discussed in the Paragraph 2, Discussion of the manuscript, the arterial stiffness-promoting mechanism of the presence and severity of NAFLD independent of conventional metabolic risk factors remains unclear. To strengthen the novelty of this study, the levels of parameters of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, adiponectin and TGF-β can be checked.

→Although reviewer's proposal is very valuable for clarifying the relationship between the presence and severity of NAFLD and arterial stiffness, unfortunately, the levels of parameters of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, adiponectin and TGF-β could not be measured in this study. We added these limitations to Discussion section (line 312-314).

5. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) are associated with the development and severity of NAFLD [Ref. 16–18 of the manuscript], this study only mentioned the distribution of the PNPLA3 polymorphisms without showing the association among PNPLA3 polymorphisms and severity of NAFLD.

→Thank you for a very important suggestion. We performed additional analysis of the association between the histological severity of NAFLD including histological findings and PNPLA3 genotype, but there was no significant association in this study. As one of the reasons, we speculate that the number of patients with the PNPLA3 GG genotype, which is a risk genotype of the development and severity of NAFLD, was relatively small in this study. We added these limitations in Discussion section (line 341-343).

6. It would be interesting to have sub-group analyses to search for any further possible correlations. For instance, although the current study did not identify an association between baPWV and the PNPLA3 SNP genotype, sub-group analyses according to gender or age may exert different findings.

→As suggested by the reviewer, various sub-group analyses including gender and age were performed, but no significant correlation was found between PNPLA3 genotype and baPWV. As mentioned above, we think that small number of patients with the PNPLA3 GG genotype may be a limitation in this sub-group analyses.

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Decision Letter 1

Jee-Fu Huang

8 Oct 2019

Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

PONE-D-19-17091R1

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Acceptance letter

Jee-Fu Huang

6 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-17091R1

Factors influencing subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Dear Dr. Atsukawa:

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Associated Data

    This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

    Supplementary Materials

    S1 Fig

    Box and whisker plots of baPWV values according to each fibrosis marker and score such as FIB-4 index (A), NFS (B), hyaluronic acid (C), WFA+-M2BP (D), and type IV collagen 7s (E). baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; NFS, NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) fibrosis score; WFA+-M2BP, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2-binding protein.

    (TIF)

    Click here for additional data file. (75.8KB, tif)
    S1 File. Exel.

    Raw data including pathological findings and baPWV.

    (XLSX)

    Click here for additional data file. (42.3KB, xlsx)
    Attachment

    Submitted filename: point by point.docx

    Click here for additional data file. (22.4KB, docx)

    Data Availability Statement

    All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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