Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been reported to be closely associated with numerous human diseases, including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the number of miRNAs known to be involved in CCA is limited, and the association between miR-132-3p and CCA remains unknown. In the present study, the clinical role of miR-132-3p and its potential signaling pathways were investigated by multiple approaches. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), CCA-associated Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ArrayExpress and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) miRNA-microarray or miRNA-sequencing data were screened, and meta-analyses were conducted, in order to calculate the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and standardized mean difference (SMD). The predicted target genes of miR-132-3p were obtained from 12 online databases and were combined with the downregulated differentially expressed genes identified in the RNA-sequencing data of CCA. Gene Ontology annotation and pathway analysis were performed in WebGestalt. Protein-protein interaction analyses were conducted in STRING. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) mRNA expression profiles were used to validate the expression levels of hub genes at the mRNA level. The Human Protein Atlas was used to identify the protein expression levels of hub genes in CCA tissues and non-tumor biliary epithelium. The meta-analyses comprised 10 groups of RT-qPCR data, eight GEO microarray datasets and one TCGA miRNA-sequencing dataset. The SMD of miR-132-3p in CCA was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.25, 1.24), which indicated that miR-132-3p was overexpressed in CCA tissues. This finding was supported by a summary ROC value of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.83). The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.93) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.81), respectively. The relative expression level of miR-132-3p in the early stage of CCA (stages I–II) was 6.8754±0.5279, which was markedly lower than that in the advanced stage (stages III–IVB), 7.3034±0.3267 (P=0.003). Consistently, the miR-132-3p level in low-grade CCA (grades G1-G2) was 6.7581±0.5297, whereas it was 7.1191±0.4651 in patients with high-grade CCA (grades G3-G4) (P=0.037). Furthermore, 555 potential target genes of miR-132-3p in CCA were mainly enriched in the ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’. In conclusion, upregulation of miR-132-3p may serve a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and progression of CCA by targeting different pathways. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to support the current findings.
Keywords: miR-132-3p, cholangiocarcinoma, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, miRNA sequencing, Gene Expression Omnibus, microarray
Introduction
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor derived from the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct (1,2). At present, CCA is the most common hepatic and bile duct-associated malignancy with poor prognosis besides hepatocellular carcinoma (3–6). The rates of all types of CCA have been increasing in the last few decades (7). However, the molecular mechanism of CCA remains to be elucidated, and efficient therapeutic options are lacking, which leads to the urgency of exploring specific biomarkers and effective therapies for CCA.
Among all possible molecular events involved in the tumorigenesis and development of CCA, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been documented to serve essential roles. As small noncoding single-stranded RNA molecules, miRNAs participate in biological processes by functioning as post-transcriptional regulatory factors (8–12). In recent years, miRNAs have been reported to be closely associated with numerous human diseases, including CCA (13). Previous studies have reported that several miRNAs may regulate the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of CCA, and may be potential biomarkers used to evaluate the progression and prognosis of patients with CCA (5–7,14–16). However, the number of known miRNAs involved in CCA is limited and the majority of studies conducted to date have focused on a small sample size of clinical specimens. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel miRNA candidates and explore the clinical value of these miRNAs in a larger sample size.
miR-132-3p has been reported to be differentially expressed in several cancer types, and to participate in the formation and metastasis of several malignant tumors. miR-132-3p has been associated with the post-transcriptional regulation of BCRP/ABCG2 in renal cell carcinoma (8,17). Overexpressed miR-132-3p can regulate executioner caspase-7 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and may contribute to malignant progression (18). Furthermore, miR-132-3p is significantly decreased in gastric cancer tissues compared with in peripheral non-cancer gastric tissues, and its alteration may serve as a novel molecular marker for gastric cancer (19). However, the association between miR-132-3p and CCA, and its clinical significance, remain to be investigated. A limited number of genes have been identified as targets of miR-132-3p in various diseases. For instance, Cai et al (20) reported that miR-132-3p regulates BCL2L11 in tuberous sclerosis complex angiomyolipoma, whereas Zhou et al (21) reported that miR-132-3p regulates ADAMTS-5 expression and promotes chondrogenic differentiation in rat mesenchymal stem cells. It is well known that a single miRNA can have multiple targets. However, the targets and signaling pathways of miR-132-3p in CCA remain unknown.
Our preliminary work mining miRNA microarray and miRNA-sequencing data of CCA revealed several aberrantly expressed miRNAs (Wu et al, unpublished data), and miR-132-3p was among them. Therefore, to identify the role of miR-132-3p in CCA, the present study reprocessed the expression profiles of miR-132-3p in CCA and non-tumor tissues from microarray and miRNA-sequencing data. Furthermore, meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-132-3p in CCA based on all available cases. Subsequently, the potential role of miR-132-3p as a biomarker for predicting prognosis in CCA was investigated. In order to explore the molecular function of miR-132-3p in CCA, Gene Ontology (GO) and WikiPathway analyses were performed to investigate the prospective targets of miR-132-3p. Finally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of hub target genes were verified.
Materials and methods
Collection of clinical samples and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
Samples were collected from patients with CCA from the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University between December 2010 and September 2017. In total, 25 CCA and 22 paracarcinoma bile duct tissues were collected, which included 16 males and 9 females with the ages ranging from 34 to 65 years old. In three patients, paracarcinoma bile duct tissue was not collected. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients participating in the study. Total RNA from fixed (overnight with 10% neutral-buffered formalin at 25°C) and paraffin embedded samples was extracted from sections using the miRNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen GmbH). For RT into cDNA, the All-in-One™ miRNA First-Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (QP013, GeneCopoeia, Inc.) was used to transcribe 10 µl purified RNA. The prepared reaction mixture was gently mixed, incubated at 37°C for 60 min after brief centrifugation, followed by incubation at 85°C for 5 min for RT. qPCR, using miR-specific primers and universal adaptor PCR primers purchased from GeneCopoeia, Inc. with confidential sequences, was performed using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system (cat. no. QP010; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The All-in-one miRNA qPCR kit was used for the qPCR (cat. no. QP013; GeneCopoeia, Inc.). The reactions were incubated in a 96-well plate at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 10 sec, 60°C for 20 sec and 72°C for 34 sec, fluorescent signals were measured during the extension phase. The results were normalized to the reference of U6RNA and calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method (22). All reactions were run in triplicate.
Collection and analysis of miRNA-microarray and miRNA-sequencing data of CCA
The flowchart of the present study is shown in Fig. 1. To find potential datasets of interest, CCA-associated Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/), ArrayExpress (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/) and Sequence Read Archive (SRA; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/) (23–25) microarray or miRNA-sequencing data were used with the following search strategies: (‘bile duct’ OR ‘cholangiocellular’) AND (‘cancer’ OR ‘carcinoma’ OR ‘tumor’ OR ‘neoplas*’ OR ‘malignan*’ OR ‘adenocarcinoma’ OR ‘cholangiocarcinoma’). The screening criteria were as follows: Firstly, the samples in each dataset must contain CCA and non-tumor control groups; both the serum and tissue data of patients with CCA were included in this study, but cell line data were excluded. Secondly, in terms of sample size, each dataset should contain at least three samples. Thirdly, the raw expression data of mature or precursor miRNAs should be available and reprocessable. Finally, all miRNA-microarray and miRNA-sequencing data with other intervening factors were removed, such as experiments with gene knockdown and other treatments. In addition, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cholangiocarcinoma miRNA mature strand expression RNA-sequencing data were downloaded from UCSC Xena (xena.ucsc.edu), which included 36 CCA samples and nine normal samples. The corresponding clinicopathological parameters (sex, age, smoking status, Tumor, Node and Metastasis stage, pathological stage and grade) of CCA samples were also investigated, but the clinical parameters of some samples were not available on TCGA. Transcripts Per Kilobase Million (TPM) was used to present RNA-sequencing results. For each sample, isoform expression for the same miRNA mature strand was combined after being log2 (total_TPM +1) transformed.
Figure 1.
Flowchart representing the main design of the present study. miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-3p.
For the statistical analysis, the present study first explored the association between miR-132-3p and clinicopathological features of CCA, and the miR-132-3p expression profile data acquired from each public database and RT-qPCR data were analyzed with independent sample Student's t-test or a paired samples t-test in SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corp.). The data were presented as the means ± standard deviation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. In addition, the possibility of miR-132-3p being used as a biomarker for distinguishing CCA tumor tissues from normal tissues was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The present study also performed a continuous variable meta-analysis in Stata12.0 (StataCorp LP) to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). This meta-analysis initially used a fixed effect model; if heterogeneity was present, a random effect model was selected instead. The heterogeneity was evaluated with a χ2 test. The result would be regarded as heterogeneous if P<0.05 or I2>50%. A Begg's test was performed to evaluate potential publication bias. Subsequently, a summary ROC (sROC) was conducted to combine the effect of single datasets. Diagnostic odds ratio, as well as negative and positive likelihood ratios, were also analyzed. In addition, the present study performed sROC analysis to further appraise the distinguishing ability of miR-132-3p (26–28). Thirdly, a Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to reveal the prognostic ability of miR-132-3p in CCA based on TCGA data, and a log-rank test was performed to compare the survival between high and low miR-132-3p expression groups. Furthermore, to improve the accuracy of the present study, survival analysis was also conducted on the GSE53870 dataset. The GSE53870 dataset is a miRNA-related GEO dataset, which includes the survival data of 63 patients with CCA.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes based on TCGA CCA mRNA expression data
The TCGA gene expression profile data of CCA and non-tumor samples were downloaded from UCSC Xena, and differentially expressed genes [defined as those with a log (fold change) equal to 1 and P<0.05] were analyzed using the edgeR package (29).
Analysis of target genes of miR-132-3p in CCA
Predicted target genes of miR-132-3p were obtained from miRWalk 2.0 (http://zmf.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/apps/zmf/mirwalk2/), which included 12 online tools [TargetScan version 6.2; MicroT4; miRanda (release date; November 1st, 2010); miRBridge (release date; April 9th, 2010); PITA version 6.0; miRMap (release date; January 9th, 2013); miRNAMap version 2; PICTAR version 2; miRDB version 4.0; RNA22 version 2; RNAhybrid version 2.1 and miRWalk version 2.0] (30–33). Genes predicted by at least three databases were selected for subsequent analysis. To increase the reliability of the predicted targets, downregulated differentially expressed genes from RNA-sequencing data were considered as possible targets, and the present study only focused on this group of genes whose mRNA expression could be influenced by miR-132-3p. The overlapped genes from differential expression and prediction findings were selected for further analysis.
Signaling pathway analysis of miR-132-3p in CCA
Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of the aforementioned overlapped genes was performed in WebGestalt 2017 (http://www.webgestalt.org/) (34). Pathway analysis of the aforementioned overlapped genes was also performed in WebGestalt using the WikiPathway functional database. Visualization of GO annotation was conducted using the BiNGO app of Cytoscape version 3.5.0, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses were conducted in STRING (35–39).
Validation of the hub target genes at the mRNA and protein levels
TCGA mRNA expression profiles were used to validate the expression levels of hub genes at the mRNA level. The Human Protein Atlas (https://www.proteinatlas.org/) (40) was used to evaluate the protein expression levels of hub genes in CCA tissues and non-tumor intrahepatic biliary epithelium. Additionally, the binding site of miR-132-3p in hub genes was investigated with TargetScanHuman (www.targetscan.org/vert_72), and only those genes that contained 3′-untranslated region (UTR) binding sites for miR-132-3p were selected. Finally, the clinical significance of hub genes was explored by plotting ROC and survival curves.
Results
Expression of miR-132-3p in CCA
The GEO datasets (GSE32957, GSE47764 and GSE53992) indicated that miR-132-3p was upregulated in CCA (Fig. 2A, B and D). Besides, according to RT-qPCR, the relative expression levels of miR-132-3p were higher in the CCA group (2.4634±1.59019) compared with in non-tumor control tissues (1.0190±0.83004; P<0.001; Fig. 2I). The meta-analysis contained 10 groups of data, including in-house RT-qPCR data, eight GEO miRNA-microarray datasets and one TCGA miRNA-sequencing dataset; the results revealed consistent upregulation of miR-132-3p in CCA using a random effect model (Fig. 3A and B). Regarding the SMD of miR-132-3p in CCA, heterogeneity existed with an I2 of 78.5%, and GSE53870 had the greatest impact on the results of the meta-analysis based on the sensitivity analysis conducted (Fig. 3C). Therefore, a forest plot was generated following exclusion of GSE53870, which revealed an SMD of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.25, 1.24) (Fig. 3D and E), indicating that miR-132-3p had a general increasing trend in CCA tissues based on multiple detecting methods.
Figure 2.
Scatterplots based on Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and in-house RT-qPCR analysis. (A) GSE32957, (B) GSE47764, (C) GSE53870, (D) GSE53992, (E) GSE57555, (F) GSE59856, (G) GSE60978 and (H) GSE85589 data. (I) In-house RT-qPCR analysis data. miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-3p; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.
Figure 3.
Continuous variable meta-analysis based on RT-qPCR, TGCA and Gene Expression Omnibus data. Forest plots based on the (A) fixed and (B) random effect models. (C) Sensitivity analysis. (D) Forest plot following exclusion of GSE53870. (E) Funnel plot. RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
The results also indicated that miR-132-3p may have potential as a biomarker to distinguish CCA tissues from non-cancer tissues based on ROC curves of RT-qPCR, miRNA-microarray and RNA-sequencing data (Fig. 4). Moreover, the sROC revealed a consistent result with an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.83). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio of miR-132-3p in CCA tissues were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.93), 0.71 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.81), 2.03 (95% CI: 1.61, 2.54), 0.28 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.61) and 8.54 (95% CI: 3.42, 21.30), respectively (Fig. 5B-E).
Figure 4.
Receiver operating characteristic curves based on Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and in-house RT-qPCR data. (A) GSE32957, (B) GSE47764, (C) GSE53870, (D) GSE53992, (E) GSE57555, (F) GSE59856, (G) GSE60978 and (H) GSE85589 data. (I) In-house RT-qPCR analysis data. AUC, area under the curve; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.
Figure 5.
Validation of the ability of microRNA-132-3p to distinguish cholangiocarcinoma tissues from non-cancerous tissues. (A) sROC. (B) Pooled sensitivity and specificity. (C) Positive and negative likelihood ratios. (D) Negative likelihood ratios. (E) Forest plot of diagnostic odds ratio. sROC, summary receiver operating characteristic; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Association between miR-132-3p and clinicopathological features of CCA
No significant association between miR-132-3p levels and survival was observed either in the miRNA-sequencing data from TCGA or GEO GSE53870 data (Fig. 6). TCGA data exhibited a similar tendency, with increased miR-132-3p expression detected in cancer tissues (6.9586±0.52035) compared with in non-cancer tissues (6.3613±0.51683; P=0.004; Fig. 7A and B). Notably, the expression of miR-132-3p was significantly different in each pathological stage and grade of CCA. The expression levels of miR-132-3p in the early stage of CCA (I–II) were markedly lower than those observed in patients with advanced stage (III–IVB) (6.8754±0.5279 vs. 7.3034±0.3267; P=0.003) (Fig. 7C and D). Consistently, miR-132-3p expression in low-grade CCA (G1-G2) was 6.7581±0.5297, whereas in patients with high-grade CCA (G3-G4) it was 7.1191±0.4651 (P=0.037; Fig. 7E and F; Table II). We have attempted to collect more data concerning the relationships between miR-132-3p level and the progression of CCA; however, no sufficient data were available from the literature or GEO/ArrayExpress/SRA datasets.
Figure 6.
Survival analysis of miR-132-3p in CCA based on TCGA data and Gene Expression Omnibus GSE53870 datasets. Survival curves based on the (A) median and (B) mean expression levels of miR-132-3p in TCGA dataset. Survival curves based on the (C) median and (D) mean expression levels of miR-132-3p in the GSE53870 dataset. CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-3p; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Figure 7.
Association between miR-132-3p expression and pathological stage in CCA, and diagnostic value of miR-132-3p expression based on miRNA-sequencing data from TCGA. (A) Scatterplots of CCA and non-tumor tissues. (B) ROC curve analysis of CCA and non-tumor tissues. (C) Scatterplots of pathological stage. (D) ROC curve analysis of pathological stage. (E) Scatterplots of grade. (F) ROC curve analysis of grade. CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-3p; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
Table II.
Relationship between miR-132-3p expression and clinicopathological features in patients with CCA based on The Cancer Genome Atlas data.
| Clinicopathological feature | n | miR-132-3p expression log2 (total_TPM +1), mean ± standard deviation | t | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue | −3.084 | 0.004 | ||
| CCA | 36 | 6.9586±0.5204 | ||
| Non-tumor | 9 | 6.3613±0.5168 | ||
| Sex | −0.356 | 0.724 | ||
| Male | 16 | 6.9236±0.5276 | ||
| Female | 20 | 6.9866±0.1177 | ||
| Age, years | −1.504 | 0.142 | ||
| <60 | 12 | 7.1398±0.4039 | ||
| ≥60 | 24 | 6.8680±0.5553 | ||
| Smoking status | −0.054 | 0.958 | ||
| No | 22 | 6.9617±0.6113 | ||
| Yes | 12 | 6.9719±0.3962 | ||
| T stage | −1.462 | 0.153 | ||
| T1 | 19 | 6.8406±0.3793 | ||
| T2-T3 | 17 | 7.0905±0.6289 | ||
| N stage | −1.411 | 0.167 | ||
| N0 | 26 | 6.8838±0.5470 | ||
| N1-NX | 10 | 7.1532±0.4042 | ||
| M stage | −0.738 | 0.465 | ||
| M0 | 28 | 6.9242±0.5332 | ||
| M1-MX | 8 | 7.0792±0.4856 | ||
| Pathological stage | −2.039 | 0.003 | ||
| I–II | 29 | 6.8754±0.5279 | ||
| III–IVB | 7 | 7.3034±0.3267 | ||
| Grade | −2.176 | 0.037 | ||
| G1-G2 | 16 | 6.7581±0.5297 | ||
| G3-G4 | 20 | 7.1191±0.4651 |
CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-3p.
GO and WikiPathway analysis of miR-132-3p in CCA
In total, 3,309 differentially expressed genes in CCA were identified, including 1,619 upregulated and 1,690 downregulated genes. Since miR-132-3p is highly expressed in CCA, downregulated genes are more likely to be direct targets of miR-132-3p. Due to the absence of data on the protein levels of the predicted genes, the current study focused on genes influenced by miR-132-3p at the mRNA level. In total, 555 overlapped genes were obtained, including downregulated and predicted genes (Fig. 8). The outcome of WikiPathway analysis revealed that the targets of miR-132-3p were mainly enriched in the ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’, which is a cancer-associated pathway, and a total of 14 target genes were enriched in this pathway (Figs. 9 and 10A). In terms of GO annotation, the target genes of miR-132-3p were most significantly enriched in ‘organic acid metabolic process’, ‘mitochondrion’ and ‘cofactor binding’ (Figs. 10B and 11; Table III).
Figure 8.
Venn diagram based on the results of 12 online prediction databases and differentially expressed genes in TCGA. A total of 555 overlapped genes were subjected to further analysis. DEGS, differentially expressed genes; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Figure 9.
Protein-protein interaction network based on 14 genes involved in the ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’.
Figure 10.
Bar charts of GO annotation and WikiPathway analysis of target genes of microRNA-132-3p. (A) WikiPathway analysis. (B) GO annotation analysis. GO, Gene Ontology.
Figure 11.
(A) Biological processes, (B) cellular components and (C) molecular functions were visualized using the BiNGO plugin in Cytoscape.
Table III.
Pathways related to microRNA-132-3p in cholangiocarcinoma.
| Geneset | Description | Count | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| WikiPathway | |||
| WP143 | Fatty Acid β Oxidation | 5 | 0.002 |
| WP3932 | Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway | 14 | 0.043 |
| WP3972 | PDGFR-β pathway | 3 | 0.046 |
| Biological process | |||
| GO:0006082 | Organic acid metabolic process | 96 | <0.001 |
| GO:0016054 | Organic acid catabolic process | 41 | <0.001 |
| GO:0019752 | Carboxylic acid metabolic process | 92 | <0.001 |
| GO:0032787 | Monocarboxylic acid metabolic process | 62 | <0.001 |
| GO:0043436 | Oxoacid metabolic process | 95 | <0.001 |
| GO:0044282 | Small molecule catabolic process | 48 | <0.001 |
| GO:0046395 | Carboxylic acid catabolic process | 41 | <0.001 |
| GO:0055114 | Oxidation-reduction process | 79 | <0.001 |
| GO:0044712 | Single-organism catabolic process | 72 | <0.001 |
| GO:0006629 | Lipid metabolic process | 89 | <0.001 |
| Cellular component | |||
| GO:0005739 | Mitochondrion | 105 | <0.001 |
| GO:0044429 | Mitochondrial part | 70 | <0.001 |
| GO:0005777 | Peroxisome | 25 | <0.001 |
| GO:0042579 | Microbody | 25 | <0.001 |
| GO:0005759 | Mitochondrial matrix | 37 | <0.001 |
| GO:0044438 | Microbody part | 17 | <0.001 |
| GO:0044439 | Peroxisomal part | 17 | <0.001 |
| GO:0005782 | Peroxisomal matrix | 10 | <0.001 |
| GO:0031907 | Microbody lumen | 10 | <0.001 |
| GO:0031966 | Mitochondrial membrane | 38 | <0.001 |
| Molecular function | |||
| GO:0048037 | Cofactor binding | 42 | <0.001 |
| GO:0050662 | Coenzyme binding | 33 | <0.001 |
| GO:0016491 | Oxidoreductase activity | 59 | <0.001 |
| GO:0016903 | Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors | 13 | <0.001 |
| GO:0000062 | Fatty-acyl-CoA binding | 10 | <0.001 |
| GO:0004879 | RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding | 11 | <0.001 |
| GO:0098531 | Transcription factor activity, directligand regulated sequence-specific DNA binding | 11 | <0.001 |
| GO:0016614 | Oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors | 17 | <0.001 |
| GO:0016620 | Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor | 9 | <0.001 |
| GO:0008514 | Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity | 19 | <0.001 |
GO, Gene Ontology.
PPI network and validation of hub genes
The PPI network constructed in the present study is shown in Fig. 12. Genes that were enriched in the ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’ were selected as hub genes for further analysis. In total, 14 hub genes were selected, including CHRM2, FOXO1, GHR, HGF, IFNAR1, IGF1, IL6R, IRS1, ITGA9, PIK3R1, PPP2R1B, RAF1, TNN and SLC2A2. Of these, 13 genes (CHRM2, FOXO1, GHR, HGF, IGF1, IL6R, IRS1, ITGA9, PIK3R1, PPP2R1B, RAF1, TNN and SLC2A) were downregulated in CCA tissues compared with non-tumor tissues based on the TCGA and GTEx mRNA expression data (Fig. 13). These 14 hub genes were further validated at the protein expression level in The Human Protein Atlas. The results indicated that the expression levels of 10 hub genes were markedly reduced in CCA tissues compared with in normal tissues, whereas three hub genes (FOXO1, IFNAR1 and PPP2R1B) were upregulated or not differentially expressed in CCA tissues. However, the protein expression levels of IL6R in CCA tissues were not available in The Human Protein Atlas (Fig. 14). Furthermore, since the sample size was not sufficient to perform further statistical analyses, additional samples were required for verification of the present findings in future studies. In the present study, only genes with low expression levels were considered potential targets of miR-132-3p in CCA. Upon evaluating the binding site of miR-132-3p in the hub genes, it was observed that miR-132-3p binds to the 3′-UTR of six hub target genes (GHR, HGF, IGF1, IRS1, ITGA9 and PIK3R1), whereas four genes (CHRM2, RAF1, TNN and SLC2A2) are not considered targets of miR-132-3p due to lacking the binding site for miR-132-3p in their 3′-UTR (Table IV). Therefore, these six hub genes with low expression levels were selected for further analysis. The ROC of these six hub genes revealed that all could serve as biomarkers to distinguish CCA tissues from normal tissues with high sensitivity and specificity (Fig. 15). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the survival analysis of these genes (Fig. 16).
Figure 12.
Protein-protein interaction of target genes. The network was performed with a medium confidence (combined score >0.4) and disconnected nodes were deleted.
Figure 13.
Validation of 14 hub genes at the mRNA level based on The Cancer Genome Atlas data. (A) CHRM2, (B) FOXO1, (C) GHR, (D) HGF, (E) IFNAR1, (F) IGF1, (G) IL6R, (H) IRS1, (I) ITGA9, (J) PIK3R1, (K) PPP2R1B, (L) RAF1, (M) TNN and (N) SLC2A2.
Figure 14.
Validation of 10 hub genes at the protein level based on The Human Protein Atlas data. (A) CHRM2, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181072-CHRM2/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181072-CHRM2/tissue/gallbladder. (B) GHR, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112964-GHR/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112964-GHR/tissue/gallbladder. (C) HGF, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000019991-HGF/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000019991-HGF/tissue/gallbladder. (D) IGF1, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000017427-IGF1/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000017427-IGF1/tissue/gallbladder. (E) IRS1, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169047-IRS1/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169047-IRS1/tissue/gallbladder. (F) ITGA9, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000144668-ITGA9/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000144668-ITGA9/tissue/gallbladder. (G) PIK3R1, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000145675-PIK3R1/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000145675-PIK3R1/tissue/gallbladder. (H) RAF1, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132155-RAF1/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132155-RAF1/tissue/gallbladder. (I) TNN, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000120332-TNN/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000120332-TNN/tissue/gallbladder. (J) SLC2A2, available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163581-SLC2A2/pathology/tissue/liver+cancer; https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163581-SLC2A2/tissue/gallbladder.
Table IV.
Binding sites for miR-132-3p of six target genes.
| Target | miR-132-3p target region (3′-untranslated region) | Seed match | Context score percentile | Conserved branch length | Pct |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GHR | 234–240 | 7mer-m8 | 95 | 5.527 | 0.54 |
| HGF | 3,387-3,393 | 7mer-m8 | 92 | 1.625 | <0.1 |
| IGF1 | 6,684-6,690 | 7mer-1A | 44 | 0.775 | <0.1 |
| IRS1 | 1,875-1,881 | 7mer-m8 | 65 | 2.010 | <0.1 |
| ITGA9 | 292–298 | 7mer-1A | 44 | 5.855 | 0.29 |
| PIK3R1 | 1,083-1,089 | 7mer-m8 | 82 | 0.154 | <0.1 |
miR-132-3p, microRNA-132-2p; Pct, probability of conserved targeting.
Figure 15.
ROC curves of six selected genes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas. (A) GHR, (B) HGF, (C) IGF1, (D) IRS1, (E) ITGA9 and (F) PIK3R1. AUC, area under the curve; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 16.
Survival curve analysis of six selected genes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas. (A) GHR, (B) HGF, (C) IGF1, (D) IRS1, (E) ITGA9 and (F) PIK3R1.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, the expression levels and potential target genes of miR-132-3p in CCA have not been investigated to date. The present study, by combining RT-qPCR, miRNA-microarray and RNA-sequencing data, demonstrated that miR-132-3p was significantly upregulated in 321 CCA tissues compared with in 253 non-tumor controls. Furthermore, higher levels of miR-132-3p were significantly associated with CCA initiation and progression, which may be in part due to multiple target genes and signaling pathways.
miR-132-3p has been reported to be differentially expressed in numerous diseases. Notably, it is highly expressed in sural nerve biopsies from patients with neuropathy exhibiting neuropathic pain compared with those without pain (41), as well as in glioma tissues (42) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues (18). Conversely, miR-132-3p downregulation has been reported in the gray matter of Alzheimer's disease samples (43), mesothelioma (44) and gastric cancer tissues (19). Downregulated miR-132-3p may be a promising novel diagnostic biomarker for malignant mesothelioma with a sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 61%, respectively (35). Therefore, miR-132-3p may serve distinct roles in different diseases. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to detect overexpression of miR-132-3p in CCA tissues compared with in non-cancerous tissues, indicating that miR-132-3p may participate in the tumorigenesis of CCA. This phenomenon is similar to what has been documented in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Besides its function in the carcinogenesis of various types of cancer, miR-132-3p is associated with the development of tumors. A previous study reported that the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1599795 in CD80 3′-UTR contributed to the occurrence of gastric cancer through disrupting the regulatory role of miR-132-3p, miR-212-3p and miR-361-5p in CD80 expression (45). Notably, in the current study, miR-132-3p upregulation was revealed to contribute to the progression of CCA, as it was closely associated with clinical stage and tumor differentiation. Therefore, miR-132-3p overexpression may lead to the occurrence of CCA and may accelerate disease progression.
The clinical role of a miRNA depends on its specific targets. Regarding the target candidates of miR-132-3p, only a few genes have been identified thus far. In breast cancer, miR-132-3p contributes to the post-transcriptional regulation of BCRP/ABCG2 (8,17). In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, overexpressed miR-132-3p may regulate executioner caspase-7 and contribute to malignant progression (18). In human osteosarcoma, miR-132-3p is regulated by the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) taurine up-regulated 1, and may promote proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines (46). In colorectal cancer, miR-132-3p can be targeted by the lncRNA X inactive specific transcript (47). To the best of our knowledge, no target gene of miR-132-3p in CCA has been studied to date. According to the outcome of bioinformatics analysis, the present study revealed that the potential target genes of miR-132-3p in CCA were principally enriched in ‘Fatty Acid β Oxidation’, ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’ and ‘PDGFR-β pathway’, based on WikiPathway cancer analysis. Of these, the current study mainly focused on the ‘Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway’, which has been reported to be associated with CCA. Focal adhesion has been reported to be involved in CCA progression and metastasis (20,21,26,27,48–51), whereas the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway serves an essential role in regulating cell survival and proliferation in unresectable and liver metastases of pancreatic cancer; notably, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (52). According to previous studies, multiple molecules or drugs serve vital roles in CCA via the mTOR signaling pathway, including Fyn (53), compound C (54), sorafenib (55) and c-Myc (56). In terms of GO annotation, the overlapped genes were principally enriched in ‘organic acid metabolic process’, ‘mitochondrion’ and ‘coenzyme binding’, which indicates that the targets of miR-132-3p may participate in multiple steps of the metabolism of tumor cells.
According to previously published studies, the six hub target genes identified in the current study are closely associated with numerous types of cancer. GHR has been verified to be involved in triple-negative breast cancer (57) and prostate cancer (58). HGF may participate in the regulation of neuropilin-1, and may be involved in the growth and metastasis of CCA cells (50). In addition, activation of HGF-c-MET signaling is involved in cell invasiveness and induces metastasis of biliary tract cancer (59). IGF1, which is involved in the regulation of Yes-associated protein, is associated with the progression of CCA (60). IRS1 may be a target of miR-664 and serves a role in suppressing cell proliferation and invasion in breast cancer (61). Furthermore, IRS1 may also be targeted by miR-497, thus inhibiting the tumor growth of colorectal cancer (62). A previous study reported that upregulation of ITGA9 in response to a decrease in miR-125b levels in metastatic melanoma is responsible for melanoma tumor cell migration and invasion (63). In addition, ITGA9 is associated with other types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (64), breast cancer (65) and colorectal cancer (66). PIK3R1 is a target of miR-29b and miR-221, which may enhance chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in HuH28 human CCA cells (67). According to the current findings, these hub genes may be the target genes of miR-132-3p in CCA and may exert different functions; this requires further verification in future studies.
The present study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size used for RT-qPCR testing was relatively small, which may decrease the accuracy of the conclusions. Secondly, the role of miR-132-3p in progression and survival requires further study. Thirdly, the potential target genes of miRNA-132-3p were only initially verified by their expression levels; therefore, further in vitro or in vivo experiments are necessary.
In conclusion, upregulation of miR-132-3p may serve a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and progression of CCA by targeting different pathways. Further studies are required to support the current findings.
Table I.
Information of all studies with miR-132-3p expression data.
| Patients | Control | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Year | Country | Platform | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | t | P-value | (Refs.) |
| GSE85589 | 2016 | South Korea | GPL19117 | 101 | 0.7245 | 0.29268 | 19 | 0.7639 | 0.22898 | 0.555 | 0.58 | – |
| GSE60978 | 2015 | Norway | GPL15159 | 8 | 8.1602 | 0.36503 | 6 | 7.3325 | 1.2594 | −1.783 | 0.1 | (68) |
| GSE59856 | 2015 | Japan | GPL18941 | 98 | 2.6523 | 0.22236 | 150 | 2.6411 | 0.17843 | −0.436 | 0.663 | (69) |
| GSE57555 | 2015 | Japan | GPL18044 | 11 | −0.0022 | 0.07204 | 11 | −0.0143 | 0.07242 | −0.393 | 0.698 | (70) |
| GSE53992 | 2014 | USA | GPL18159 | 16 | −3.6742 | 0.8184 | 28 | −5.214 | 2.1984 | −2.686 | 0.01 | (71) |
| GSE53870 | 2015 | China | GPL18118 | 63 | 9.2162 | 0.20197 | 9 | 10.2856 | 0.93524 | 3.419 | 0.009 | – |
| GSE47764 | 2013 | China | GPL11487 | 3 | 5.9577 | 0.27337 | 3 | 4.7176 | 0.13126 | −7.083 | 0.002 | (72) |
| GSE32957 | 2012 | USA | GPL14732 | 23 | 5.7495 | 0.90686 | 5 | 3.9843 | 0.7151 | −4.065 | <0.001 | (73) |
| TCGA | – | – | – | 36 | 6.9586 | 0.52035 | 9 | 6.3613 | 0.51683 | −3.084 | 0.004 | – |
| RT-qPCR | 2019 | China | – | 25 | 2.4634 | 1.59019 | 22 | 1.0190 | 0.83004 | −3.969 | <0.001 | – |
RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The study was supported by the Promoting Project of Basic Capacity for Young and Middle-aged University Teachers in Guangxi (grant no. 2017KY0111), Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (grant no. YCBZ2017045) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31760319).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the TCGA (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), the GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and the SRA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/) data portals. The RT-qPCR data from the present study can be acquired from the correspondence author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
HYW performed RT-qPCR, analyzed and interpreted data, and drafted the manuscript. SX, AGL, MDW, ZBC, YXL, YH, MJL, QPH and SLP analyzed data from microarrays and miRNA RNA-sequencing, and participated in all data processing, RT-qPCR and paper draft writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, China. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients participating in the study.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the TCGA (http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), the GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and the SRA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/) data portals. The RT-qPCR data from the present study can be acquired from the correspondence author on reasonable request.