Sustained Very Low Disease Activity and Remission in Psoriatic Arthritis Patients

Abstract

Introduction

Sustained remission should be considered the main therapeutic target in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Very low disease activity (VLDA) and a DAPSA score ≤ 4 are the most commonly used criteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rate of sustained remission in a group of PsA patients followed in a real-life setting.

Methods

All PsA patients satisfying CASPAR criteria were followed prospectively every 3–6 months, in a context of clinical practice by January 2013. Sustained remission was defined when patients achieved a DAPSA score ≤ 4 and/or VLDA for at least 12 months. The exclusion criterion was the presence of a condition of VLDA or DAPSA ≤ 4 at the baseline assessment. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to evaluate the survival of patients.

Results

A total of 147 PsA patients were evaluated for the study. Of these, 80 performed at least 12 consecutive months of follow-up. The average duration of follow-up was 24 months (range, 12–60 months). At the last follow-up, 22 patients were on csDMARDs treatment while 58 patients were on bDMARDs. Of the 80 patients, 14 (17.5%) achieved a sustained VLDA while 24 (30%) achieved sustained remission according to the DAPSA criteria. The mean duration of remission in patients achieving VLDA and DAPSA ≤ 4 was 17 months for both criteria. High baseline levels of CRP, shorter disease duration, and less pain at baseline were found to be predictors of sustained VLDA and DAPSA remission.

Conclusions

In our study, based on clinical practice, a sustained VLDA was achieved in 17.5% and a sustained remission according to the DAPSA criteria in 30% of patients with PsA.

Introduction

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a prevalence of about 13.8–30% among patients with psoriasis and with an incidence of 22.59 cases/100,000/year [1]. Peripheral joint involvement and the presence of enthesitis lead to cartilage and bone damage with functional impairment and reduced quality of life [2]. Furthermore, the possible presence of severe skin involvement, extra-articular manifestations, and comorbidities reinforces the need for the use of effective drugs to control disease activity and improve the overall outcome [3]. In PsA patients, a state of remission or low disease activity was identified as the target of therapy, and recently different criteria were proposed and validated. The Disease Activity index for PSoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) [4] and the Minimal Disease Activity (MDA) criteria [5] were included in the recent treat-to-target recommendations [6]: the DAPSA is considered as a unidimensional index focused on articular involvement while the MDA explores different disease domains including function. The importance of disease control with the lowest grade of disease activity is justified by the fact that achieving sustained MDA (defined as MDA for over 12 months at consecutive clinic visits) reduces radiographic joint damage progression over a 3-year period [7]. In a more recent study, the same authors proposed a more stringent definition of remission (very low disease activity, VLDA) in which all 7/7 criteria previously defined had to be satisfied [8]. Although different observational studies showed the efficacy and effectiveness of different treatment strategies in the induction of a status of MDA and remission, only a few reports are available on the rate of PsA patients achieving sustained remission, using these more stringent criteria, in a real-life setting.

In this scenario, the aim of this study was to identify sustained VLDA and sustained remission (DAPSA score ≤ 4) in a retrospective group of PsA patients treated in a real-life setting. A secondary aim was to evaluate predictive factors for sustained VLDA or remission.

Methods

In this retrospective analysis of longitudinal cohort, patients were selected from the database of the Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Health Science–University of Molise. All patients fulfilled the ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria [9].

The study protocol was in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and written consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Molise (protocol n. 0001-09-2017).

Data Collection

All PsA patients in our database from January 2013 were potentially considered eligible for the study.

Exclusion criteria were as follows:

1. Patient’s age < 18 years.

2. A baseline DAPSA ≤ 4 or a condition of VLDA at first baseline visit.

3. Patients with < 12 months follow-up.

Patient data collection included a medical history, physical examination, current use of medications, and laboratory assessment. Demographics and disease characteristics including age, gender, disease duration, and pattern of articular manifestation were taken into account. The clinical assessment encompassed the number of tender joints (of the 68 assessed joints) and swollen joints (total of 66 joints), enthesitis, and dactylitis. Enthesitis was measured using the Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI) [10], and dactylitis as present/absent. Skin assessment included the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score and the body surface area (BSA) [11]. The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) [12] was used to assess function. Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and pain assessment on visual analogue scale (VAS) were performed by all patients. Physician’s global evaluation of disease activity on a VAS scale was also recorded [13]. C reactive protein (CRP) was also collected.

Only patients who completed the required follow-up period were extracted from the database. VLDA was identified according to Coates et al. and was satisfied when all seven criteria were met [8]. DAPSA score was identified according to Nell-Duxneur et al. and was calculated by adding the number of tender and swollen joints, VAS pain, PtGA, and CRP (mg/dl). DAPSA score ≤ 4 identified remission [4]. Sustained VLDA and sustained DAPSA remission was defined as the presence of these conditions for over 12 months at consecutive clinic visits [7].

Statistical Analysis

Categorical variables were analyzed by χ² test with Yates’ correction or Fisher’s exact test. Percentages were used when necessary. The significance of the differences was determined using the Mann–Whitney test for unpaired samples and Wilcoxon’s test for paired samples. Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves were plotted to determine the rates of VLDA and DAPSA remission. In KM survival curves calculation, we entered time until the subject was “censored” or the “event” occurred. The probability of achieving sustained VLDA and/or DAPSA remission was explored using an odds ratio (OR—lower and upper 95% CI) of outcome relative to the main variables.

The results were expressed as median (25th–75th percentile) for non-normally distributed data or mean (SD) for normally distributed data. P values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Of the 147 PsA patients present in our database, 80 had a follow-up of > 12 months and were considered eligible for the analysis. Table 1 shows the baseline patients’ clinical characteristics.

Table 1.

The main demographic and clinical features of PsA patients (n = 80), at baseline

Male/female	49/31
Age, years (SD)	55 (16.07)
Disease duration, years (median/25th–75th percentile)	5 (2–9)
Articular manifestations (%)
Axial	10.8
Peripheral arthritis	81.6
Enthesitis	24.4
Dactylitis	20.4
Extra-articular manifestations (%)
Uveitis	4
Psoriasis	95.2
IBD	2.7
BMI (mean/SD)	27.3/4.5
DAPSA (mean/SD)	14.6/10.3
CRP, mg/dl (mean/SD)	0.63/0.95
CRP < 5 mg/l, n (%)	35 (44.8)
PtGA (mean/SD)	52.2/24
VAS pain (mean/SD)	52/25.7
VAS physician (mean/SD)	44.1/23.5
HAQ (mean/SD)	0.70/0.63
PASI (median/25th–75th percentile)	1.6/0.9–7.4
PASI ≤ 3 (%)	70
PASI > 3 and ≤ 10 (%)	17.5
PASI > 10 (%)	12.5
LEI (mean/SD)	0/0–1
Treatment
csDMARDs, n (%)	26 (32.5)
Anti-TNF, n (%)	30 (37.5)
Anti_IL-12/23, n (%)	7 (8.7)
Anti-IL-17, n (%)	14 (17.5)
Apremilast	3 (3.8)

The mean duration of follow-up in our group was 24 months (range, 12–60 months). Of the 80 patients selected, at the last follow-up, 22 were on csDMARDs treatment while 58 were on bDMARDs (40 in bDMARDs monotherapy and 18 in association with csDMARDs). Of these patients, during the follow-up, 20 (25%) and 28 (35%) achieved a condition of VLDA and DAPSA remission for at least one time, while 14 (17.5%) achieved a sustained VLDA and 24 (30%) a sustained DAPSA remission (Fig. 1). The mean duration of remission in patients achieving VLDA and DAPSA ≤ 4 was 17 months for both criteria. Figure 2 shows the Kaplan–Meier curve for VLDA and DAPSA remission during the follow-up.

Fig. 1.

Rate of PsA patients (n = 80) achieving VLDA and DAPSA remission for at least one time and for a sustained (> 12 months) period

Fig. 2.

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for VLDA and DAPSA remission during the follow-up in our group of PsA patients

In our group of patients, male sex (only for DAPSA remission), shorter disease duration, less pain at baseline and the presence of higher baseline values of CRP were found to be predictors of sustained VLDA and DAPSA remission (Table 2).

Table 2.

ORs (95% CI) of achieving sustained VLDA and DAPSA remission according to the baseline variable values

	VLDA		DAPSA remission
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Gender  Male vs. female	1.02 (0.31–3.3)	n.s.	3.23 (1.1–9.4)	< 0.05
Age  ≤ 50 years vs.  > 50 years	1.69 (0.54–5.11)	n.s.	1.74 (0.56–5.23)	n.s.
Disease duration  ≤ 2 years vs.  > 2 years	4.95 (1.44–16.9)	< 0.01	3.17 (1.02–9.8)	< 0.05
Enthesitis  Absence vs.  presence	1.3 (0.37–4.5)	n.s.	0.61 (0.34–1.14)	n.s.
BMI  < 30 vs.  ≥ 30	1.86 (0.54–6.4)	n.s.	1.75 (0.52–6.2)	n.s.
HAQ  ≤ 0.5 vs.  VAS > 0.5	2.6 (0.75–8.9)	n.s.	1.9 (0.63–5.7)	n.s.
CRP  ≤ 0.5 vs.  VAS > 0.5	0.22 (0.06–0.74)	< 0.05	0.31 (0.1–0.95)	n.s.
PtGA  VAS ≤ 50 vs.  VAS > 50	1.15 (0.33–3.93)	n.s.	2.83 (0.87–9.16)	n.s.
Pain  VAS ≤ 50 vs.  VAS > 50	3.75 (1.1–12.8)	< 0.05	5.25 (011.5–18.4)	< 0.05
PASI  < 1 vs.  ≥ 1	1.02 (0.32–3.2)	n.s.	1.12 (0.4–4.2)	n.s.
DMARDs  Concomitant use vs.  anti-TNF monotherapy	0.39 (0.14–1.09)	n.s.	0.89 (0.77–1.23)	n.s.

Discussion

Remission or low disease activity is the treatment goal in chronic inflammatory arthritis and sustained low disease activity proved to be effective in reducing radiographic progression of PsA. Previous studies reported that a state of “remission” (defined using non-validated criteria) could be achieved by 17.6–25% of PsA patients treated with synthetic DMARDs [14, 15] and, about 30–60% of patients treated with biologic drugs in both clinical trials and observational studies can achieve a condition of MDA [16–21]. However, stringent definitions of remission such as VLDA and DAPSA are more difficult to reach. Moreover, residual disease activity can be found in patients achieving low disease activity or MDA [22, 23] suggesting that stringent definitions of remission are required to obtain comprehensive disease control. Finally, due to fluctuation of disease activity, remission may be lost during follow-up. Thus, sustained remission could represent a more reliable index of optimal disease control and even a predictor of no progression of the disease [7]. In our study, 25–35% of PsA patients achieved VLDA and DAPSA remission for at least one time during the follow-up. Furthermore, 17.5 and 30% reached a sustained remission. Given these data, sustained VLDA seems to be more difficult to achieve, since, as a multi-dimensional index, it comprises domains other than joints (skin, enthesis, function).

In our study, our results showed that the probability to obtain a status of sustained VLDA or DAPSA remission is linked to a shorter disease duration, high levels of baseline CRP, and less pain. This is in keeping with previous studies reporting these factors as good predictors of outcome [16, 24].

Finally, the study had some limitations: first, the retrospective design that could allow some bias and second, the relatively small number of patients with a long follow-up. Nevertheless, the study may contribute to better understanding this intriguing topic.

Conclusions

In conclusion, despite the relatively small number of patients, the present study showed that sustained VLDA or DAPSA remission status might be achieved by PsA patients.