Physical and Emotional Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Data from RA Matters, a Web-Based Survey of Patients and Healthcare Professionals

Abstract

Introduction

This survey assessed the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the lives of patients based on the perceptions of both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional survey of patients with RA. Data were collected from patients and HCPs who manage RA using a structured, closed-ended questionnaire in their local language. Respondents for the survey were recruited from survey panels of verified unique responses. The survey focused on the impact of disease on four domains: daily activities, relationships, work and aspirations.

Results

Overall, 1231 adult patients with RA and 270 rheumatologists or other HCPs were surveyed between November 2016 and February 2017. Almost one in three patients believed that the impact of RA is not well understood by people without the disease. Fifty-eight percent [95% confidence interval (CI) 55–61%] of patients felt frustrated when they were unable to undertake or complete daily activities because of their disease. Fifty-seven percent (95% CI 54–60%) of patients wished to be able to accept their life with RA. Forty-three percent (95% CI 40–46%) of patients hoped that the physical impact of RA will be better understood in future. Forty percent (95% CI 37–43%) of patients were forced to take long-term leave/retirement or experienced slow career progression since being diagnosed with RA. Twenty-three percent (95% CI 21–25%) of patients had difficulties in taking care of personal grooming, whereas 8% (95% CI 6–10%) of patients reported that RA ruined their life. Similar responses were observed among HCPs.

Conclusion

Patients and HCPs feel that the physical and emotional impact of RA is not well understood by people without the disease. In RA treatment decisions, patients’ personal goals and patient-reported outcomes should be taken into consideration along with clinical targets.

Funding

Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN, USA).

Electronic Supplementary Material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s40744-019-00179-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Key Summary Points

Why carry out this study?

Despite major advances in the management of the disease, not much is known about the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on patients’ private and social lives.

The objectives of this survey were

To understand the impact of RA on the lives of patients based on the perceptions of both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs)

To characterize the effect of the disease on relationships, work and daily activities

To describe potential differences between the perceptions of patients and those of HCPs regarding the effects of RA

What was learned from the study?

Both patients and HCPs felt that the physical and emotional impact of RA is not well understood by people without the disease. Pain, fatigue and physical function remain primary barriers for patients to live a normal life.

Despite major advancements in the treatment of RA, the disease continues to significantly affect many aspects of patients’ lives, including relationships, career progression, daily activities and ability to work.

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that has a well-documented negative impact on patients’ health-related quality of life (QOL) [1, 2].

RA affects approximately 2.5 million patients in Europe and Canada, and 20–50 new cases are diagnosed annually per 100,000 population [3–6]. RA can lead to permanent disability and is associated with major losses in workforce participation [7].

Although conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologic DMARDs have revolutionised the management of RA, the physical and psychological burden on patients remains relevant [8, 9]. Most surveys conducted among patients with RA have highlighted the burden of illness, QOL, mental health, emotional well-being, employment and patient–physician interactions.

The objective of this survey was to understand the impact of RA on the lives of patients based on the perceptions of both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs), in particular the effect of the disease on interpersonal relationships, ability to work, career progression, ability to stay active and aspirations for their future. The survey also aimed to assess potential differences between the perceptions of patients and HCPs regarding the effects of RA.

Methods

Design and Survey Flow

KRC Research, a global public opinion research consultancy, was commissioned by Eli Lilly and Company to conduct an online survey of patients with a self-reported diagnosis of RA and rheumatologists or HCPs (including nurses, pharmacists and other medical specialties) who manage RA, between November 2016 and February 2017 from selected European countries and Canada (Table 1) [10]. Patients and HCPs were not required to be directly paired. The survey used closed-ended questions with nominal and interval scales and was administered online via social media, RAMatters.eu and RAMatters.ca websites.

Table 1.

Respondent distribution by country

Country	Patients (n)	HCPs (n)	Total (n)
Canada	279	20	299
France	166	65	231
Germany	302	35	337
Italy	185	70	255
Netherlands	0	20	20
Sweden	0	19	19
UK	299	41	340
Total	1231	270	1501

All respondents are residents of their respective countries

Respondents were screened using a screener questionnaire and, to qualify, had to be diagnosed with RA by a rheumatologist or be an HCP with experience in the management of RA. The survey focused on the impact of disease on four domains: daily activities, relationships, work and aspirations. The domains were identified on the basis of a previous survey among patients in Europe (see S1 in the electronic supplementary material for details). Data were collected utilising a mixed method sampling plan, which included voluntary, previously identified respondents from professionally managed survey respondent panels, as well as respondents recruited through an open online survey. To increase the reproducibility of the data, this report focuses on the results generated from the panel respondents only. Patients and HCPs were provided with nearly identical surveys (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Survey flow

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

The research was carried out in compliance with national laws protecting respondents’ personal data and with the European Society for Opinion and Market Research, the European Pharmaceutical Marketing Research Association and the British Healthcare Business Intelligence Association.

For this survey, ethics committee approval was not required, in line with the standards and guidelines set by Market Research Industry Associations. At the beginning of the survey, respondents were asked to explicitly give consent to participate in the survey. No clinical data were collected in this survey.

Statistical Methods

Descriptive analyses were conducted to describe the patient sample with regard to their demographic responses. Categorical data were summarised using both frequency and percentages of patients. Percentages were calculated using the number of observations with non-missing values in the denominator (unless otherwise noted). Results are presented with their Wald 95% confidence intervals (CIs), based on the normal approximation.

Results

Demographics

On the basis of the analysis of the panel data, 1231 patient respondents from Canada, France, Germany and the UK, and 270 rheumatologist or HCP respondents from the Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK were enrolled in this survey. The highest number of HCPs who responded was from Italy while the highest number of patients who responded was from Germany and the UK (Table 1). Patient and HCP demographics were similar in those countries with both respondents (Tables 2, 3). A majority of patients overall and in each country were female.

Table 2.

Patient demographics

	Total	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	UK
Age, years (%)
< 40	22	22	28	21	31	15
40–59	48	47	45	48	55	47
60+	30	31	28	31	14	38
Gender (%)
Male	42	37	43	41	46	46
Female	58	63	57	59	54	54
Marital status (%)
In a relationship, not married	15	18	15	15	13	14
Married	54	48	52	56	66	52
Single, never married	15	17	20	11	15	15
Divorced	8	9	8	11	2	10
Separated	3	5	2	2	–	3
Widowed	4	4	2	5	4	5
Has children (%)
Yes	74	74	77	73	78	72
No	26	26	23	27	22	28
Employment status (%)
Working full-time	42	39	46	40	57	35
Working part-time	16	15	13	22	13	14
Volunteer	1	1	1	1	2	2
Student	1	1	1	1	2	–
Homemaker	9	9	11	7	8	11
Unemployed	8	10	6	5	10	9
Retired	23	25	22	24	9	29
Are you/do you? (%)
Associated with an advocacy or support group of patients living with RA (e.g. NRAS)	7	5	11	7	12	6
Online communities or forums for patients living with RA (e.g. NRAS where you chat and consult with other patients with RA over the internet)	10	5	11	10	12	12
Both of the above	5	6	4	2	7	5
Neither of the above	78	84	74	81	69	78

NRAS National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society, RA rheumatoid arthritis

Table 3.

Healthcare professional demographics

	Total	Canada	France	Germany	Italy	Netherlands	Sweden	UK
Gender (%)
Male	61	40	46	86	71	50	53	63
Female	39	60	54	14	29	50	47	37

Survey Results

Survey results are reported in detail in Table 4.

Table 4.

Effect of RA on different aspects of patients’ lives

	Patients n (%) [95% CI]	HCP n (%) [95% CI]
Effect of RA on relationships
How well do you think people in your/your patient’s life understand the emotional impact that RA has?	437 (35) [32–38]	34 (13) [9–17]
Patients in a relationship	323 (38) [35–41]	29 (13) [9–17]
Single, divorced or widowed patients	114 (30) [27–33]	5 (14) [3–25]
Patients with children	348 (38) [35–41]	27 (12) [8–16]
Patients without children	348 (28) [25–31]	7 (20) [7–33]
How well do you think people in your/your patient’s life understand the physical impact that RA has?	481 (39) [36–42]	55 (21) [16–26]
Patients in a relationship	350 (41) [38–44]	45 (20) [15–25]
Single, divorced or widowed patients	131 (35) [32–38]	10 (28) [13–43]
Patients with children	382 (42) [39–45]	44 (19) [14–24]
Patients without children	99 (31) [28–34]	11 (31) [16–46]
Which of the following aspects of your/your patient’s relationships have been affected by your RA?
Your sex life and intimacy	585 (48) [45–51]	196 (75) [70–80]
Inclusion in family or social events	541 (44) [41–47]	176 (68) [62–74]
Effect of RA on work
Patients who have been forced to go on long-term leave/retire	217 (18) [16–20%]	–
Your/your patient’s career progression seems to have slowed down since diagnosed with RA	285 (23) [21–25]	165 (62) [56–68]
Do you feel that you/your patients receive adequate support from colleagues at work in the following areas
Accommodation and support for the physical effects of RA	230 (31) [28–34]	92 (35) [29–41]
Accommodation and support for the emotional effects of RA	264 (36) [33–39]	74 (28) [23–33]
Aspects of having RA which provide the biggest challenges for carrying out your/your patient’s work?
Difficulty using your hands	534 (44) [41–47]	143 (54) [48–60]
Inability to work due to pain	525 (43) [40–46]	138 (52) [46–58]
Unpredictability of how you feel	408 (34) [31–37]	72 (27) [22–32]
Effect of RA on activities
Which of the following activities do you/your patients consider difficult to undertake or engage in as a result of RA?
Exercising	714 (58) [55–61]	156 (59) [53–65]
Personal grooming	279 (23) [21–25]	86 (33) [27–39]
Which aspects of your/your patients’ RA create the biggest barriers to undertaking these activities?
Pain	745 (61) [58–64]	133 (50) [44–56]
Aching/stiff joints	632 (52) [49–55]	150 (56) [50–62]
Fatigue	451 (37) [34–40]	119 (45) [39–51]
How do you/your patients feel about not being able to undertake or complete these activities as a result of RA?
Frustrated	712 (58) [55–61]	188 (71) [66–76]
Anxious	399 (32) [29–35]	127 (48) [42–54]
Like a failure	309 (25) [23–27]	100 (38) [32–44]
Effect of RA on aspirations
Looking forward, which of the statements below is most accurate to how you/your patients would like to feel about your RA?
RA hinders my life, but I accept it and do what I can	702 (57) [54–60]	173 (65) [59–71]
Patients whose emotional impact was understood	74 (17) [13–21]	20 (59) [42–76]
Patients whose emotional impact was not understood	40 (10) [7–13]	93 (68) [60–76]
My RA has ruined my life and I won’t ever forgive it	41 (8) [6–10]	22 (8) [5–11]
In the future, you/your patients wish that people in life better understand the physical impact that RA has	530 (43) [40–46]	119 (45) [39–51]
How important is it to you/your patients to undertake the following without trouble?
Everyday home activities	932 (76) [74–78]	210 (79) [74–84]
Taking a holiday	848 (70) [67–73]	173 (66) [60–72]

CI confidence interval, HCP healthcare professional, RA rheumatoid arthritis

Effect of RA on Relationships

Of the 1231 patients who participated, 35% (95% CI 32–38%) and 39% (95% CI 36–42%) of patients reported that people without RA understand the emotional and physical impact of the disease, respectively. Twenty-one percent (95% CI 17–25%) of patients who felt their condition is understood reported that their relationships with their spouse or partner have been negatively impacted.

Among 1231 patients, 38% (95% CI 35–41%) more patients in a relationship or with children felt that the emotional impact of RA is understood by others as compared with 30% (95% CI 27–33%) of single, divorced or widowed patients, and 28% (95% CI 25–31%) of patients without children (p < 0.05), respectively. Forty-eight (95% CI 45–51%) percentage of patients reported the strongest negative impact on sex life and intimacy and 44% (95% CI 41–47%) of patients reported inclusion in family and social events to be negatively affected. HCP responses are reported in Table 4.

Effect of RA on Work

Forty percent (95% CI 37–43%) of patients reported long-term leave/retirement or hampered career progression since being diagnosed with RA. Eighteen percent (95% CI 16–20%) of patients reported to have been forced to leave their job or retire because of RA, while another 23% (95% CI 21–25%) have experienced a slow career progression.

More than one-third of patients reported not receiving adequate physical (31%; 95% CI 28–34%) or emotional (36%; 95% CI 33–39%) accommodation from their colleagues.

Patients cited difficulty using hands (44%; 95% CI 41–47%), inability to work due to pain (43%; 95% CI 40–46%) and unpredictability about how they will feel (34%; 95% CI 31–37%) as the biggest barriers to carrying out their work.

Responses from the HCPs further emphasised these findings. Up to 62% of HCPs reported that their patients’ career progression has slowed down since they were diagnosed with RA.

Effect of RA on Activities

Fifty-eight percent (95% CI 55–61%) of patients reported exercising to be difficult. Furthermore, almost one quarter (23%; 95% CI 21–25%) found personal grooming to be difficult.

Physical difficulties such as pain (61%; 95% CI 58–64%), aching/stiff joints (52%; 95% CI 49–55%) and fatigue (37%; 95% CI 34–40%) were primary barriers to activities for patients with RA. Fifty-eight percent (95% CI 55–61%) of patients felt “frustrated”, followed by “feeling anxious” (32%; 95% CI 29–35%) or “like a failure” (25%; 95% CI 23–27%), when they were unable to undertake or complete activities because of the disease. Patients aged 40 years or above were more likely to report feelings of frustration than the younger ones. HCP responses are reported in Table 4.

Effect of RA on Aspirations

Fifty-seven percent (95% CI 54–60%) of patients reported that they would like to be able to accept their life with RA and to cope with it in the future. Patients who felt that the emotional impact of their disease was better understood showed greater acceptance of the disease [17% vs 10%, respectively (95% CI 13–21% vs 7–13%)]. Eight percent (95% CI 6–10%) of respondents reported that RA has ruined their life.

Forty-three percent (95% CI 40–46%) of the patients wished for a better understanding of the physical impact of RA on their lives from others. Of those aged 60 years or above, 37% (95% CI 32–42%) wished for non-patients to understand that they are trying their hardest to manage the disease.

More than three quarters placed most importance on being able to complete everyday activities (76%; 95% CI 74–78%). Being able to take a vacation was considered as an important activity by 70% of the patients. HCP responses are reported in Table 4.

Discussion

Thanks to the major advances introduced in the past two decades, RA treatment outcomes have markedly improved over time. Despite this, it has been reported that the overall patient perception of well-being has decreased with regard to pain, fatigue, physical function and QOL [11, 12]. In real life, the implementation of treat to target may be hampered by lack of resources and time constraints [13]. This could lead the rheumatologists to emphasise objective, standardised disease activity parameters over patients’ perspectives, aspirations and personal goals. Results from this survey increase awareness on the impact of RA on patients’ lives among those without the disease.

Results from this survey showed that both the physical and emotional impacts of RA on relationships are often not well understood by those without the disease. The more the patients felt understood by others, the better they can cope with the disease burden. Patients in relationships or with children felt that their disease was better understood when compared to those who are single, divorced or widowed. Important relationships with spouses or partners, children, family, friends and colleagues were generally negatively affected. Patients reported the strongest negative impacts on sex life and intimacy. Inclusion in family and social events was also negatively affected.

Regarding work ability, patients who felt the least understood from others reported greater inability to work due to fatigue, pain and unpredictability of how they feel. This is in line with the findings from a study that reported how patients with RA had to accept major adjustments in their career to maintain their jobs [14].

Patients’ aspirations are primarily centred on the need for having understanding from others about the physical and emotional impact of the disease. Notably, patients underscored how RA negatively impacted the most important relationships, with 1 in 10 patients feeling that RA has ruined their life. The physical effects of RA, such as pain, stiffness and fatigue, have been reported as primary barriers to patients’ daily activities. The inability to conduct these activities led to feelings of frustration and possible guilt in patients.

In line with recently published literature [15], our findings emphasise the need for identification and evaluation of outcomes that matter to patients, and that may help to achieve their personal goals. This survey also showed that lack of understanding of RA by those not affected by the disease remains a major barrier to improving patients QOL. Pitsilka et al. reported that the quality of social support that patients with RA received correlated directly with their QOL, which remained statistically significantly improved irrespective of the disease severity [16].

Generally, similar observations were noted between patients and HCP responses. However, the battery of questions on disease effect on relationships and aspirations recorded the highest degree of variability between the two groups. Because of the nature of the survey, that did not include any formal statistical comparisons between the two groups and taking into account other limitations as well, we did not provide any interpretations for these findings.

The strength of this survey lies in the large sample of participants which, to our knowledge, place it among the largest surveys ever conducted on RA. However, there are major limitations too. RA Matters was designed and executed as a social media campaign. To ensure the largest possible number of participants, a mixed method sampling plan was utilized, with part of the sample coming from a panel with verified unique respondents recruited by KRC Research, and part of the sample coming from open online links that were shared by different patient advocacy groups through their social network web pages. However, including data from the online open links in the analysis would have significantly limited the reproducibility of the results. For this reason, we focused the statistical analysis on the responses coming from the verified unique respondents panel sample only. Because of such an approach, no patient response was available for the analysis in reference to three countries (Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands). In addition, no response from the panel was available for HCPs from Spain. For all these reasons, the sample may not be a true representative of the overall patient population with RA. Multifactorial different participation percentage, e.g. due to higher participation from countries with more active patient advocacy groups, was not taken into account in the analyses. Cultural inter-country perspectives (ethnicity, race) related to some aspects such as relationships and work, as well as objective domains such as disease activity and duration, pain, fatigue and physical function, were not captured in the survey. In addition, socio-economic, geographical and healthcare- or work-related considerations may have influenced the answers. Finally, both the stage of disease and comorbidities were not assessed in the study and these may have an impact on the responses too.

Conclusion

Despite major advancements in the treatment of RA, the disease continues to significantly impact many aspects of patients’ lives, including relationships, career progression, daily activities and ability to work. At the same time, both patients and HCPs feel that the physical and emotional impact of RA is not fully understood by those without the disease. Pain, stiffness and fatigue remain primary barriers and an unmet need for patients with RA. In RA treatment decisions, patients’ personal goals and results of patient-reported outcomes measurement should be taken into consideration alongside clinical targets.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.