Abstract
This data article is related to the research article “The environmental impacts and the carbon intensity of geothermal energy: A case study on the Hellisheiði plant”. The article reports numerical values of the results of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study, which are reported only graphically and in an aggregated form in the main article. Data include normalised impacts, unaggregated environmental impacts of each life-cycle phase and activity in the foreground system, and results of Monte Carlo simulations. The article also includes data on the carbon intensity of other geothermal studies and alternative energy technologies, which were used for comparison in the associated research article.
Keywords: Life cycle assessment, Carbon intensity, Environmental impacts, Geothermal energy
Specifications Table
| Subject | Environmental Engineering |
| Specific subject area | Life Cycle Assessment and geothermal energy |
| Type of data | Table |
| How data were acquired | Data extracted from Gabi software and obtained from literature. |
| Data format | Raw (i.e. unaggregated) and processed (aggregated). |
| Parameters for data collection | Data for the Hellisheiði geothermal plant was generated by Gabi software; carbon intensities obtained from reliable literature sources. |
| Description of data collection | Material flows and life cycle inventory data for the Hellisheiði geothermal plant were collated from literature and LCA databases. Carbon intensities of geothermal energy and other energy technologies were obtained from literature. |
| Data source location | Iceland for the Hellisheiði geothermal plant, and worldwide for carbon intensities of geothermal energy and other energy technologies. |
| Data accessibility | With the article |
| Related research article | Paulillo, A. Striolo, P. Lettieri, The environmental impacts and the carbon intensity of geothermal energy: A case study on the Hellisheiði plant, Environ. Int. (2019) |
Value of the Data
|
1. Data
This article reports the complete, raw (unaggregated) and aggregated, life-cycle environmental impacts associated with the Hellisheiði geothermal plant in a double flash configuration, which are reported only in part and in graphical form in Paulillo et al. [1]. The study is based on the comprehensive life-cycle inventory developed by Karlsdóttir et al. [2]. Table 1 report the normalised environmental impacts per person in Europe calculated according to the ILCD (International reference Life Cycle Data system) method [3]. Table 2, Table 3, Table 4a, Table 4b, Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8a, Table 8b, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15 report the contributions of materials and activities in the background system to each life-cycle phase and activity in the foreground system (the product system is reported in Ref. [1]). The environmental impacts reported in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4a, Table 4b, Table 5a, Table 5b, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8a, Table 8b, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15 refer to a functional unit of 303 MJ electric and 133 MJ thermal, which correspond to the output from 1 s of operation of the plant.
Table 1.
Normalised impacts of the hellisheiði ellisheidi geothermal plant.
| Category | Unit | Normalisation factors [3,15] | Normalised impacts |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 4.73E+01 | 2.75E-05 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 9.22E+03 | 1.84E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 8.74E+03 | 8.91E-04 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.48E+00 | 8.63E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 1.69E+01 | 2.40E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 1.76E+02 | 2.27E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 3.69E-05 | 2.69E-03 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 5.33E-04 | 3.41E-04 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | N/A | – |
| Ozone depletion | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.16E-02 | 6.64E-07 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 3.80E+00 | 6.65E-05 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 3.17E+01 | 3.86E-05 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 8.14E+01 | 1.42E-05 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.01E-01 | 8.36E-05 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 2.16E+05 | 9.61E-06 |
Table 2.
Environmental impacts of the four main life cycle phases of the Hellisheiði geothermal plant.
| Category | Unit | Construction | Operation | Maintenance | End of life | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 1.09E-03 | 0.00E+00 | 1.90E-04 | 1.65E-05 | 1.30E-03 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.40E-01 | 1.53E+00 | 2.25E-02 | 2.45E-03 | 1.70E + 00 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 3.57E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 6.56E-01 | 3.57E+00 | 7.79E + 00 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.05E-04 | 0.00E+00 | 2.27E-05 | 3.26E-07 | 1.28E-04 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 3.29E-04 | 0.00E+00 | 6.85E-05 | 7.41E-06 | 4.05E-04 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 3.25E-03 | 0.00E+00 | 6.80E-04 | 6.68E-05 | 4.00E-03 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 8.16E-08 | 0.00E+00 | 1.74E-08 | 1.29E-10 | 9.92E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 1.51E-07 | 0.00E+00 | 2.91E-08 | 2.27E-09 | 1.82E-07 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.34E-01 | 0.00E+00 | 4.38E-02 | 1.61E-02 | 2.93E-01 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.18E-08 | 0.00E+00 | 2.21E-09 | 3.74E-10 | 1.43E-08 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 2.12E-04 | 0.00E+00 | 3.70E-05 | 3.70E-06 | 2.53E-04 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 9.87E-04 | 2.23E-05 | 1.97E-04 | 1.85E-05 | 1.22E-03 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.04E-03 | 0.00E+00 | 1.03E-04 | 1.07E-05 | 1.15E-03 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 7.60E-06 | 0.00E+00 | 7.76E-07 | 6.34E-08 | 8.44E-06 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.80E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 2.51E-01 | 2.36E-02 | 2.08E + 00 |
Table 3.
Environmental impacts of the construction phase.
| Category | Unit | Wells | Cogeneration plant | Collection pipelines | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 6.19E-04 | 3.38E-04 | 1.37E-04 | 1.09E-03 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 6.83E-02 | 4.99E-02 | 2.23E-02 | 1.40E-01 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 1.64E+00 | 1.31E+00 | 6.17E-01 | 3.57E + 00 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 5.36E-05 | 3.61E-05 | 1.50E-05 | 1.05E-04 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 2.46E-04 | 5.88E-05 | 2.42E-05 | 3.29E-04 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 2.41E-03 | 5.71E-04 | 2.70E-04 | 3.25E-03 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 4.43E-08 | 2.09E-08 | 1.64E-08 | 8.16E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 7.25E-08 | 5.40E-08 | 2.42E-08 | 1.51E-07 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 1.35E-01 | 6.87E-02 | 2.98E-02 | 2.34E-01 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 7.47E-09 | 3.10E-09 | 1.18E-09 | 1.18E-08 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.17E-04 | 6.53E-05 | 3.01E-05 | 2.12E-04 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 6.81E-04 | 2.12E-04 | 9.43E-05 | 9.87E-04 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 5.48E-04 | 3.65E-04 | 1.25E-04 | 1.04E-03 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 2.13E-06 | 4.50E-06 | 9.68E-07 | 7.60E-06 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 6.91E-01 | 7.49E-01 | 3.64E-01 | 1.80E + 00 |
Table 4a.
Environmental impacts of construction of the geothermal wells.
| Category | Unit | Diesel | Steel | Cement | Water | Aluminium | Bentonite | Lignosulfunite | Drilling waste disposal | Waste water treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 4.06E-04 | 1.72E-04 | 1.17E-05 | 3.10E-06 | 1.03E-05 | 1.75E-06 | 9.16E-07 | 3.20E-06 | 7.62E-06 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 2.84E-02 | 3.08E-02 | 4.96E-03 | 4.86E-04 | 1.53E-03 | 1.99E-04 | 9.02E-05 | 4.12E-04 | 9.05E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 1.65E-02 | 1.19E+00 | 7.03E-03 | 7.00E-03 | 1.72E-02 | 2.44E-03 | 1.71E-03 | 3.73E-01 | 1.70E-02 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 6.03E-07 | 2.74E-05 | 4.30E-07 | 3.49E-07 | 5.14E-07 | 4.34E-08 | 4.82E-08 | 2.26E-05 | 1.51E-06 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 1.79E-04 | 3.20E-05 | 3.07E-06 | 4.98E-07 | 1.42E-06 | 4.84E-07 | 1.86E-07 | 1.09E-06 | 2.76E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 1.96E-03 | 3.45E-04 | 3.58E-05 | 5.98E-06 | 1.44E-05 | 5.95E-06 | 1.90E-06 | 1.20E-05 | 2.12E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 1.65E-10 | 3.45E-08 | 6.12E-11 | 2.19E-10 | 3.21E-10 | 1.07E-11 | 9.13E-12 | 8.80E-09 | 2.26E-10 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 9.50E-10 | 4.71E-08 | 4.06E-10 | 3.07E-10 | 3.68E-10 | 5.56E-11 | 6.33E-11 | 1.92E-08 | 3.95E-09 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 7.01E-02 | 3.84E-02 | 2.45E-03 | 6.04E-04 | 8.89E-04 | 5.63E-03 | 6.11E-04 | 9.45E-03 | 5.70E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 5.20E-09 | 1.78E-09 | 1.55E-10 | 4.63E-11 | 4.35E-11 | 2.73E-11 | 1.00E-11 | 1.15E-10 | 4.65E-11 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 6.34E-05 | 4.88E-05 | 8.79E-07 | 4.17E-07 | 1.61E-06 | 1.85E-07 | 1.41E-07 | 3.59E-07 | 6.38E-07 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 5.13E-04 | 1.42E-04 | 8.84E-06 | 1.51E-06 | 4.37E-06 | 1.47E-06 | 5.44E-07 | 3.47E-06 | 3.00E-06 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 2.00E-05 | 2.32E-04 | 1.22E-05 | 2.59E-04 | 1.01E-05 | 1.16E-06 | 1.21E-06 | 2.36E-06 | 7.60E-06 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.45E-07 | 1.68E-06 | 3.59E-08 | 5.03E-08 | 2.30E-08 | 1.97E-08 | 8.69E-08 | 4.27E-08 | 2.95E-08 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.03E-01 | 4.66E-01 | 2.39E-02 | 2.30E-02 | 4.67E-02 | 2.48E-03 | 2.38E-03 | 4.79E-03 | 1.41E-02 |
Table 4b.
Environmental Impacts Of Construction Of The Geothermal Wells Cont'd
| Category | Unit | Othersa | Total | ||||
| Excavation | Perlite | Silica sand | Stainless steel | Concrete | |||
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 1.13E-06 | 7.12E-08 | 7.17E-07 | 3.40E-08 | 1.03E-06 | 6.19E-04 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.09E-04 | 4.75E-06 | 8.95E-05 | 5.11E-06 | 2.80E-04 | 6.83E-02 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 2.13E-04 | 2.36E-05 | 4.21E-04 | 1.25E-04 | 9.70E-04 | 1.64E + 00 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 7.49E-09 | 1.06E-09 | 2.11E-08 | 1.98E-09 | 3.60E-08 | 5.36E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 4.83E-07 | 1.81E-08 | 1.32E-07 | 5.56E-09 | 2.75E-07 | 2.46E-04 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 5.29E-06 | 2.12E-07 | 1.44E-06 | 5.98E-08 | 3.07E-06 | 2.41E-03 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 5.26E-12 | 3.68E-13 | 3.94E-12 | 3.99E-12 | 7.69E-12 | 4.43E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 8.62E-12 | 9.01E-13 | 1.78E-11 | 3.70E-12 | 4.29E-11 | 7.25E-08 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.59E-04 | -3.80E-05 | 3.88E-04 | 8.60E-06 | 6.26E-04 | 1.35E-01 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.92E-11 | 6.10E-13 | 6.91E-12 | 2.45E-13 | 1.64E-11 | 7.47E-09 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.43E-07 | 6.21E-09 | 6.85E-08 | 1.39E-08 | 1.17E-07 | 1.17E-04 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.46E-06 | 5.39E-08 | 4.14E-07 | 1.89E-08 | 8.34E-07 | 6.81E-04 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.56E-07 | 2.23E-08 | 6.60E-07 | 2.89E-08 | 1.31E-06 | 5.48E-04 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 8.28E-10 | 3.89E-09 | 3.20E-09 | 7.12E-10 | 7.86E-09 | 2.13E-06 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 5.43E-04 | 8.14E-05 | 1.98E-03 | 1.23E-04 | 2.02E-03 | 6.91E-01 |
a
Others refer to the charts in the associated research article [1] where these activities were aggregated.
Table 5a.
Environmental impacts of construction of the cogeneration plant.
| Category | Unit | Copper | Asphalt | Reinforcing steel | Aluminium | Stainless steel | Concrete | Steel | Glass fibre reinforced plastic | Lubricating oil | Titanium |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 7.45E-05 | 1.15E-05 | 8.39E-05 | 1.12E-05 | 3.35E-05 | 2.83E-05 | 2.87E-05 | 2.77E-05 | 2.33E-06 | 2.63E-05 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 7.23E-04 | 1.38E-03 | 1.59E-02 | 1.71E-03 | 5.04E-03 | 7.67E-03 | 4.99E-03 | 6.16E-03 | 3.10E-04 | 4.65E-03 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 5.88E-01 | 5.06E-03 | 2.79E-01 | 1.87E-02 | 1.23E-01 | 2.66E-02 | 2.12E-01 | 1.74E-02 | 2.23E-03 | 3.71E-02 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.47E-05 | 3.80E-07 | 9.46E-06 | 5.82E-07 | 1.95E-06 | 9.88E-07 | 4.82E-06 | 5.75E-07 | 9.81E-08 | 2.33E-06 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 5.97E-06 | 1.49E-06 | 1.55E-05 | 1.57E-06 | 5.49E-06 | 7.54E-06 | 5.39E-06 | 8.48E-06 | 3.16E-07 | 4.39E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 4.50E-05 | 1.56E-05 | 1.67E-04 | 1.59E-05 | 5.89E-05 | 8.42E-05 | 5.80E-05 | 4.64E-05 | 3.37E-06 | 4.55E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 9.36E-10 | 5.18E-11 | 8.88E-09 | 3.38E-10 | 3.94E-09 | 2.11E-10 | 5.96E-09 | 2.32E-10 | 1.61E-11 | 2.44E-10 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 2.79E-08 | 2.24E-10 | 1.04E-08 | 4.03E-10 | 3.65E-09 | 1.18E-09 | 8.64E-09 | 3.04E-10 | 9.27E-11 | 1.02E-09 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.78E-03 | 5.00E-03 | 1.77E-02 | 1.00E-03 | 8.47E-03 | 1.72E-02 | 6.49E-03 | 1.82E-03 | 1.94E-03 | 4.46E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 4.13E-11 | 2.76E-10 | 9.33E-10 | 5.16E-11 | 2.41E-10 | 4.51E-10 | 2.78E-10 | 1.13E-10 | 1.41E-10 | 4.71E-10 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 6.40E-06 | 1.14E-06 | 2.07E-05 | 1.81E-06 | 1.37E-05 | 3.22E-06 | 8.34E-06 | 2.57E-06 | 2.91E-07 | 5.97E-06 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.27E-05 | 5.82E-06 | 7.74E-05 | 4.92E-06 | 1.86E-05 | 2.29E-05 | 2.31E-05 | 1.55E-05 | 5.88E-06 | 1.53E-05 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 8.86E-06 | 6.01E-06 | 1.02E-04 | 1.20E-05 | 2.85E-05 | 3.58E-05 | 2.79E-05 | 7.51E-05 | 2.66E-06 | 5.55E-05 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.34E-06 | 1.61E-08 | 4.69E-07 | 2.45E-08 | 7.03E-07 | 2.15E-07 | 3.06E-07 | 4.75E-08 | 5.38E-08 | 1.31E-06 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 2.04E-02 | 3.93E-02 | 1.71E-01 | 5.23E-02 | 1.22E-01 | 5.55E-02 | 7.21E-02 | 3.55E-02 | 7.97E-03 | 1.66E-01 |
Table 5b.
Environmental Impacts Of Construction Of The Cogeneration Plant Cont'd
| Category | Unit | Othersa |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excavation | Mineral wool | Polyethylene | PVC | Total | ||
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 4.41E-06 | 3.87E-06 | 1.21E-06 | 7.28E-07 | 3.38E-04 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 4.26E-04 | 4.17E-04 | 2.90E-04 | 2.01E-04 | 4.99E-02 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 8.32E-04 | 2.55E-03 | 5.86E-04 | 8.47E-04 | 1.31E + 00 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 2.93E-08 | 1.46E-07 | 5.48E-09 | 7.50E-09 | 3.61E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 1.89E-06 | 3.80E-07 | 2.10E-07 | 1.92E-07 | 5.88E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 2.07E-05 | 6.32E-06 | 2.29E-06 | 1.98E-06 | 5.71E-04 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 2.05E-11 | 2.05E-11 | 9.50E-12 | 1.27E-11 | 2.09E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 3.37E-11 | 9.78E-11 | 7.22E-12 | 2.92E-11 | 5.40E-08 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 1.01E-03 | 7.26E-04 | 4.45E-05 | 5.68E-05 | 6.87E-02 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 7.48E-11 | 2.48E-11 | 2.08E-12 | 2.59E-12 | 3.10E-09 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 5.58E-07 | 4.80E-07 | 7.20E-08 | 4.20E-08 | 6.53E-05 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 5.70E-06 | 1.87E-06 | 1.33E-06 | 1.00E-06 | 2.12E-04 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 6.09E-07 | 2.30E-06 | 7.88E-07 | 7.36E-06 | 3.65E-04 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 3.24E-09 | 7.77E-09 | 1.03E-09 | 1.37E-09 | 4.50E-06 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 2.12E-03 | 4.62E-03 | 1.50E-04 | 1.68E-04 | 7.49E-01 |
a
Others refer to the charts in the associated research article [1] where these activities were aggregated.
Table 6.
Environmental impacts of construction of the collection pipelines.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium | Excavation | Steel | Mineral wool | Concrete | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 2.95E-05 | 3.81E-06 | 7.36E-05 | 2.01E-05 | 9.65E-06 | 1.37E-04 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 4.39E-03 | 3.68E-04 | 1.28E-02 | 2.17E-03 | 2.62E-03 | 2.23E-02 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 4.92E-02 | 7.19E-04 | 5.45E-01 | 1.32E-02 | 9.10E-03 | 6.17E-01 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.47E-06 | 2.53E-08 | 1.24E-05 | 7.61E-07 | 3.38E-07 | 1.50E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 4.06E-06 | 1.63E-06 | 1.39E-05 | 1.98E-06 | 2.58E-06 | 2.42E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 4.12E-05 | 1.79E-05 | 1.49E-04 | 3.28E-05 | 2.88E-05 | 2.70E-04 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 9.18E-10 | 1.77E-11 | 1.53E-08 | 1.06E-10 | 7.21E-11 | 1.64E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 1.05E-09 | 2.91E-11 | 2.22E-08 | 5.08E-10 | 4.02E-10 | 2.42E-08 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.54E-03 | 8.75E-04 | 1.67E-02 | 3.78E-03 | 5.87E-03 | 2.98E-02 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.24E-10 | 6.46E-11 | 7.13E-10 | 1.29E-10 | 1.54E-10 | 1.18E-09 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 4.61E-06 | 4.82E-07 | 2.14E-05 | 2.49E-06 | 1.10E-06 | 3.01E-05 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.25E-05 | 4.92E-06 | 5.94E-05 | 9.68E-06 | 7.81E-06 | 9.43E-05 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 2.89E-05 | 5.26E-07 | 7.15E-05 | 1.19E-05 | 1.22E-05 | 1.25E-04 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 6.58E-08 | 2.80E-09 | 7.85E-07 | 4.04E-08 | 7.37E-08 | 9.68E-07 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.34E-01 | 1.83E-03 | 1.85E-01 | 2.40E-02 | 1.90E-02 | 3.64E-01 |
Table 7.
Environmental impacts of the maintenance phase.
| Category | Unit | Make-up wells | Additional collection pipelines | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 1.53E-04 | 3.42E-05 | 1.87E-04 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.66E-02 | 5.59E-03 | 2.22E-02 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 4.04E-01 | 1.54E-01 | 5.58E-01 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.29E-05 | 3.75E-06 | 1.67E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 5.53E-05 | 6.02E-06 | 6.13E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 6.05E-04 | 6.74E-05 | 6.72E-04 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 1.11E-08 | 4.10E-09 | 1.52E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 1.72E-08 | 6.05E-09 | 2.33E-08 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 3.26E-02 | 7.44E-03 | 4.00E-02 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.87E-09 | 2.96E-10 | 2.17E-09 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 2.92E-05 | 7.53E-06 | 3.67E-05 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.72E-04 | 2.35E-05 | 1.95E-04 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 6.93E-05 | 3.13E-05 | 1.01E-04 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 5.17E-07 | 2.42E-07 | 7.58E-07 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.55E-01 | 9.09E-02 | 2.46E-01 |
Table 8a.
Environmental impacts of construction of the make-up wells.
| Category | Unit | Diesel | Steel | Cement | Water | Aluminium | Bentonite | Lignosulfunite | Drilling waste disposal | Waste water treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 1.04E-04 | 4.37E-05 | 2.91E-06 | 7.44E-08 | 4.36E-07 | 2.29E-07 | 8.00E-07 | 8.00E-07 | 1.90E-06 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 7.24E-03 | 7.84E-03 | 1.24E-03 | 8.86E-06 | 4.98E-05 | 2.25E-05 | 1.03E-04 | 1.03E-04 | 2.26E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 4.22E-03 | 3.03E-01 | 1.76E-03 | 3.03E-04 | 6.11E-04 | 4.27E-04 | 9.33E-02 | 9.33E-02 | 4.25E-03 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.54E-07 | 6.99E-06 | 1.07E-07 | 1.65E-09 | 1.09E-08 | 1.21E-08 | 5.65E-06 | 5.65E-06 | 3.76E-07 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 4.57E-05 | 8.17E-06 | 7.66E-07 | 2.73E-08 | 1.21E-07 | 4.64E-08 | 2.73E-07 | 2.73E-07 | 6.89E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 5.00E-04 | 8.79E-05 | 8.94E-06 | 3.01E-07 | 1.49E-06 | 4.75E-07 | 3.00E-06 | 3.00E-06 | 5.29E-06 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 4.23E-11 | 8.81E-09 | 1.53E-11 | 6.01E-13 | 2.68E-12 | 2.28E-12 | 2.20E-09 | 2.20E-09 | 5.64E-11 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 2.43E-10 | 1.20E-08 | 1.01E-10 | 1.33E-11 | 1.39E-11 | 1.58E-11 | 4.81E-09 | 4.81E-09 | 9.87E-10 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 1.79E-02 | 9.79E-03 | 6.12E-04 | 7.37E-05 | 1.41E-03 | 1.53E-04 | 2.36E-03 | 2.36E-03 | 1.42E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.33E-09 | 4.55E-10 | 3.86E-11 | 1.74E-12 | 6.81E-12 | 2.51E-12 | 2.88E-11 | 2.88E-11 | 1.16E-11 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.62E-05 | 1.25E-05 | 2.20E-07 | 2.07E-08 | 4.63E-08 | 3.53E-08 | 8.97E-08 | 8.97E-08 | 1.59E-07 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.31E-04 | 3.62E-05 | 2.21E-06 | 8.30E-08 | 3.66E-07 | 1.36E-07 | 8.66E-07 | 8.66E-07 | 7.50E-07 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 5.10E-06 | 5.94E-05 | 3.04E-06 | 4.53E-08 | 2.90E-07 | 3.01E-07 | 5.91E-07 | 5.91E-07 | 1.90E-06 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 3.70E-08 | 4.29E-07 | 8.97E-09 | 3.04E-10 | 4.91E-09 | 2.17E-08 | 1.07E-08 | 1.07E-08 | 7.38E-09 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 2.64E-02 | 1.19E-01 | 5.96E-03 | 1.19E-04 | 6.20E-04 | 5.96E-04 | 1.20E-03 | 1.20E-03 | 3.52E-03 |
Table 8b.
Environmental Impacts Of Construction Of The Make-Up Wells Cont'd.
| Category | Unit | Excavation | Perlite | Silica sand | Stainless steel | Concrete | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 2.82E-07 | 1.78E-08 | 1.79E-07 | 8.48E-09 | 2.57E-07 | 1.56E-04 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 2.73E-05 | 1.19E-06 | 2.24E-05 | 1.28E-06 | 6.99E-05 | 1.70E-02 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 5.32E-05 | 5.90E-06 | 1.05E-04 | 3.13E-05 | 2.42E-04 | 5.02E-01 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.87E-09 | 2.66E-10 | 5.28E-09 | 4.95E-10 | 9.00E-09 | 1.90E-05 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 1.21E-07 | 4.53E-09 | 3.30E-08 | 1.39E-09 | 6.87E-08 | 6.25E-05 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 1.32E-06 | 5.30E-08 | 3.59E-07 | 1.49E-08 | 7.67E-07 | 6.13E-04 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 1.31E-12 | 9.20E-14 | 9.83E-13 | 9.97E-13 | 1.92E-12 | 1.33E-08 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 2.15E-12 | 2.25E-13 | 4.44E-12 | 9.25E-13 | 1.07E-11 | 2.30E-08 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 6.48E-05 | -9.50E-06 | 9.70E-05 | 2.15E-06 | 1.56E-04 | 3.64E-02 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 4.78E-12 | 1.52E-13 | 1.73E-12 | 6.11E-14 | 4.11E-12 | 1.92E-09 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 3.57E-08 | 1.55E-09 | 1.71E-08 | 3.47E-09 | 2.94E-08 | 2.95E-05 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 3.64E-07 | 1.35E-08 | 1.04E-07 | 4.72E-09 | 2.08E-07 | 1.73E-04 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 3.89E-08 | 5.57E-09 | 1.65E-07 | 7.23E-09 | 3.26E-07 | 7.18E-05 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 2.07E-10 | 9.72E-10 | 7.99E-10 | 1.78E-10 | 1.96E-09 | 5.35E-07 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.36E-04 | 2.03E-05 | 4.94E-04 | 3.08E-05 | 5.06E-04 | 1.60E-01 |
Table 9.
Environmental impacts of construction of the additional collection pipelines for the make-up wells.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium | Excavation | Steel | Mineral wool | Concrete | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 7.38E-06 | 9.51E-07 | 1.84E-05 | 5.02E-06 | 2.41E-06 | 3.42E-05 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.10E-03 | 9.21E-05 | 3.20E-03 | 5.42E-04 | 6.55E-04 | 5.59E-03 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 1.23E-02 | 1.80E-04 | 1.36E-01 | 3.31E-03 | 2.27E-03 | 1.54E-01 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 3.68E-07 | 6.32E-09 | 3.10E-06 | 1.90E-07 | 8.44E-08 | 3.75E-06 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 1.01E-06 | 4.07E-07 | 3.46E-06 | 4.94E-07 | 6.44E-07 | 6.02E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 1.03E-05 | 4.46E-06 | 3.72E-05 | 8.21E-06 | 7.19E-06 | 6.74E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 2.29E-10 | 4.43E-12 | 3.82E-09 | 2.66E-11 | 1.80E-11 | 4.10E-09 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 2.64E-10 | 7.27E-12 | 5.55E-09 | 1.27E-10 | 1.01E-10 | 6.05E-09 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 6.36E-04 | 2.19E-04 | 4.17E-03 | 9.44E-04 | 1.47E-03 | 7.44E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 3.11E-11 | 1.62E-11 | 1.78E-10 | 3.23E-11 | 3.85E-11 | 2.96E-10 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.15E-06 | 1.20E-07 | 5.36E-06 | 6.22E-07 | 2.75E-07 | 7.53E-06 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 3.13E-06 | 1.23E-06 | 1.48E-05 | 2.42E-06 | 1.95E-06 | 2.35E-05 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 7.21E-06 | 1.31E-07 | 1.79E-05 | 2.98E-06 | 3.06E-06 | 3.13E-05 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.64E-08 | 6.99E-10 | 1.96E-07 | 1.01E-08 | 1.84E-08 | 2.42E-07 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 3.34E-02 | 4.58E-04 | 4.63E-02 | 5.99E-03 | 4.74E-03 | 9.09E-02 |
Table 10.
Environmental impacts of the end-of-life phase.
| Category | Unit | Wells | CHP plant | Collection pipelines | Make-up wells | Additional collection pipelines | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 1.14E-06 | 1.08E-05 | 3.43E-06 | 2.89E-07 | 8.58E-07 | 1.65E-05 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 2.86E-04 | 1.59E-03 | 4.07E-04 | 7.26E-05 | 1.02E-04 | 2.45E-03 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 6.77E-03 | 3.50E+00 | 4.86E-02 | 1.69E-03 | 1.22E-02 | 3.57E + 00 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 3.53E-08 | 1.91E-07 | 7.28E-08 | 8.97E-09 | 1.82E-08 | 3.26E-07 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 3.39E-07 | 5.44E-06 | 1.23E-06 | 8.57E-08 | 3.10E-07 | 7.41E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 3.83E-06 | 4.50E-05 | 1.36E-05 | 9.71E-07 | 3.41E-06 | 6.68E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 8.81E-12 | 7.80E-11 | 3.19E-11 | 2.23E-12 | 7.97E-12 | 1.29E-10 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 8.79E-11 | 1.49E-09 | 5.37E-10 | 2.21E-11 | 1.35E-10 | 2.27E-09 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 1.03E-03 | 9.09E-03 | 4.56E-03 | 2.59E-04 | 1.14E-03 | 1.61E-02 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.07E-11 | 2.41E-10 | 8.63E-11 | 5.23E-12 | 2.15E-11 | 3.74E-10 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.65E-07 | 2.43E-06 | 8.48E-07 | 4.15E-08 | 2.12E-07 | 3.70E-06 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.02E-06 | 1.24E-05 | 3.79E-06 | 2.58E-07 | 9.48E-07 | 1.85E-05 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.51E-06 | 6.15E-06 | 2.16E-06 | 3.83E-07 | 5.39E-07 | 1.07E-05 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 7.25E-09 | 3.61E-08 | 1.46E-08 | 1.84E-09 | 3.64E-09 | 6.34E-08 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 2.22E-03 | 1.41E-02 | 5.37E-03 | 5.63E-04 | 1.34E-03 | 2.36E-02 |
Table 11.
Environmental impacts of dismantling and closure of the geothermal wells.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium disposal | Steel disposal | Concrete (not reinforced) disposal | Cement for closure | Gravel for closure | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 9.29E-09 | 7.01E-08 | 2.98E-07 | 4.89E-07 | 2.77E-07 | 1.14E-06 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.41E-06 | 8.24E-06 | 3.55E-05 | 2.05E-04 | 3.59E-05 | 2.86E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 1.43E-04 | 4.85E-03 | 1.21E-03 | 3.06E-04 | 2.60E-04 | 6.77E-03 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 2.47E-10 | 1.19E-09 | 6.61E-09 | 1.84E-08 | 8.89E-09 | 3.53E-08 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 2.91E-09 | 2.35E-08 | 1.09E-07 | 1.28E-07 | 7.56E-08 | 3.39E-07 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 3.20E-08 | 2.58E-07 | 1.20E-06 | 1.49E-06 | 8.49E-07 | 3.83E-06 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 1.52E-13 | 1.13E-12 | 2.41E-12 | 2.62E-12 | 2.50E-12 | 8.81E-12 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 3.77E-12 | 3.48E-12 | 5.33E-11 | 1.73E-11 | 1.00E-11 | 8.79E-11 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 1.09E-05 | 1.92E-04 | 2.95E-04 | 1.05E-04 | 4.25E-04 | 1.03E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.69E-13 | 2.27E-12 | 6.97E-12 | 6.51E-12 | 4.69E-12 | 2.07E-11 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.65E-09 | 7.76E-09 | 8.27E-08 | 3.75E-08 | 3.51E-08 | 1.65E-07 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.00E-08 | 7.39E-08 | 3.32E-07 | 3.69E-07 | 2.36E-07 | 1.02E-06 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 6.96E-09 | 4.91E-08 | 1.82E-07 | 5.15E-07 | 7.56E-07 | 1.51E-06 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 6.61E-11 | 3.57E-10 | 1.22E-09 | 1.58E-09 | 4.03E-09 | 7.25E-09 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 1.36E-05 | 9.85E-05 | 4.78E-04 | 1.03E-03 | 6.08E-04 | 2.22E-03 |
Table 12.
Environmental impacts of end-of-life of the cogeneration plant.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium disposal | Copper disposal | Concrete (not reinforced) disposal | Mineral wool disposal | Asphalt disposal | Reinforcing steel disposal | Polyethylene disposal | PVC disposal | Inert waste disposal | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 2.49E-08 | 1.01E-08 | 7.14E-06 | 1.50E-08 | 5.43E-07 | 2.92E-06 | 3.98E-08 | 8.73E-08 | 8.88E-09 | 1.08E-05 | |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 3.78E-06 | 1.54E-06 | 8.50E-04 | 1.51E-06 | 8.88E-05 | 2.86E-04 | 2.43E-04 | 1.10E-04 | 1.14E-06 | 1.59E-03 | |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 3.85E-04 | 3.44E+00 | 2.91E-02 | 4.77E-06 | 2.85E-03 | 3.36E-03 | 1.56E-02 | 2.26E-03 | 2.63E-04 | 3.50E + 00 | |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 6.62E-10 | 2.70E-10 | 1.58E-07 | 1.84E-10 | 1.00E-08 | 1.65E-08 | 4.70E-10 | 4.22E-09 | 2.91E-10 | 1.91E-07 | |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 7.80E-09 | 3.16E-09 | 2.61E-06 | 4.98E-09 | 1.40E-06 | 1.24E-06 | 1.03E-07 | 6.61E-08 | 2.95E-09 | 5.44E-06 | |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 8.57E-08 | 3.47E-08 | 2.88E-05 | 5.46E-08 | 1.89E-06 | 1.36E-05 | 1.89E-07 | 2.26E-07 | 3.23E-08 | 4.50E-05 | |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 4.09E-13 | 1.65E-13 | 5.77E-11 | 5.98E-14 | 4.43E-12 | 8.98E-12 | 1.63E-12 | 4.38E-12 | 2.51E-13 | 7.80E-11 | |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 1.01E-11 | 5.41E-11 | 1.28E-09 | 1.90E-13 | 1.92E-11 | 2.11E-11 | 7.07E-11 | 1.98E-11 | 1.21E-11 | 1.49E-09 | |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.91E-05 | 1.18E-05 | 7.08E-03 | 5.30E-05 | 8.08E-04 | 1.04E-03 | 1.50E-05 | 3.89E-05 | 1.22E-05 | 9.09E-03 | |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 7.20E-13 | 2.93E-13 | 1.67E-10 | 5.12E-13 | 1.50E-11 | 5.27E-11 | 4.94E-13 | 3.46E-12 | 2.53E-13 | 2.41E-10 | |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 4.43E-09 | 1.80E-09 | 1.98E-06 | 1.72E-09 | 6.62E-08 | 3.62E-07 | 2.09E-09 | 1.09E-08 | 1.05E-09 | 2.43E-06 | |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 2.69E-08 | 1.09E-08 | 7.96E-06 | 1.58E-08 | 5.55E-07 | 3.75E-06 | 4.88E-08 | 6.29E-08 | 9.22E-09 | 1.24E-05 | |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.87E-08 | 7.58E-09 | 4.35E-06 | 1.11E-08 | 4.09E-07 | 4.35E-07 | 2.47E-08 | 8.84E-07 | 6.80E-09 | 6.15E-06 | |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.77E-10 | 7.21E-11 | 2.91E-08 | 4.59E-11 | 2.27E-09 | 3.32E-09 | 9.99E-11 | 9.76E-10 | 4.84E-11 | 3.61E-08 | |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 3.65E-05 | 1.48E-05 | 1.14E-02 | 1.81E-05 | 8.15E-04 | 1.53E-03 | 2.54E-05 | 2.61E-04 | 1.48E-05 | 1.41E-02 | |
Table 13.
Environmental impacts of end-of-life of the collection pipelines.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium disposal | Steel disposal | Concrete disposal | Mineral wool disposal | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 2.66E-08 | 5.32E-07 | 2.79E-06 | 8.48E-08 | 3.43E-06 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 4.03E-06 | 6.26E-05 | 3.32E-04 | 8.55E-06 | 4.07E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 4.10E-04 | 3.68E-02 | 1.14E-02 | 2.70E-05 | 4.86E-02 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 7.05E-10 | 9.05E-09 | 6.20E-08 | 1.04E-09 | 7.28E-08 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 8.31E-09 | 1.78E-07 | 1.02E-06 | 2.82E-08 | 1.23E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 9.14E-08 | 1.95E-06 | 1.13E-05 | 3.08E-07 | 1.36E-05 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 4.36E-13 | 8.55E-12 | 2.26E-11 | 3.39E-13 | 3.19E-11 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 1.08E-11 | 2.64E-11 | 4.99E-10 | 1.07E-12 | 5.37E-10 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 3.10E-05 | 1.46E-03 | 2.77E-03 | 3.00E-04 | 4.56E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 7.68E-13 | 1.73E-11 | 6.53E-11 | 2.89E-12 | 8.63E-11 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 4.71E-09 | 5.89E-08 | 7.75E-07 | 9.68E-09 | 8.48E-07 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 2.87E-08 | 5.61E-07 | 3.11E-06 | 8.96E-08 | 3.79E-06 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.99E-08 | 3.73E-07 | 1.70E-06 | 6.29E-08 | 2.16E-06 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.89E-10 | 2.71E-09 | 1.14E-08 | 2.60E-10 | 1.46E-08 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 3.89E-05 | 7.48E-04 | 4.48E-03 | 1.02E-04 | 5.37E-03 |
Table 14.
Environmental impacts of closure of the make-up wells.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium disposal | Steel disposal | Concrete (not reinforced) disposal | Cement | Gravel | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 2.32E-09 | 1.75E-08 | 7.44E-08 | 1.24E-07 | 7.05E-08 | 2.19E-06 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 3.52E-07 | 2.06E-06 | 8.86E-06 | 5.22E-05 | 9.14E-06 | 2.99E-04 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 3.58E-05 | 1.21E-03 | 3.03E-04 | 7.80E-05 | 6.62E-05 | 5.94E-03 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 6.16E-11 | 2.98E-10 | 1.65E-09 | 4.69E-09 | 2.27E-09 | 3.85E-07 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 7.27E-10 | 5.86E-09 | 2.73E-08 | 3.26E-08 | 1.92E-08 | 6.98E-06 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 7.99E-09 | 6.43E-08 | 3.01E-07 | 3.81E-07 | 2.17E-07 | 6.26E-06 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 3.81E-14 | 2.81E-13 | 6.01E-13 | 6.67E-13 | 6.39E-13 | 5.86E-11 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 9.42E-13 | 8.69E-13 | 1.33E-11 | 4.41E-12 | 2.54E-12 | 1.01E-09 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 2.71E-06 | 4.80E-05 | 7.37E-05 | 2.67E-05 | 1.08E-04 | 1.68E-03 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 6.72E-14 | 5.68E-13 | 1.74E-12 | 1.66E-12 | 1.20E-12 | 1.68E-11 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 4.12E-10 | 1.94E-09 | 2.07E-08 | 9.55E-09 | 8.93E-09 | 2.01E-07 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 2.51E-09 | 1.85E-08 | 8.30E-08 | 9.40E-08 | 6.00E-08 | 1.01E-06 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 1.74E-09 | 1.23E-08 | 4.53E-08 | 1.31E-07 | 1.92E-07 | 2.28E-06 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 1.65E-11 | 8.91E-11 | 3.04E-10 | 4.01E-10 | 1.03E-09 | 9.22E-09 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 3.40E-06 | 2.46E-05 | 1.19E-04 | 2.61E-04 | 1.55E-04 | 4.08E-03 |
Table 15.
Environmental impacts of end-of-life of the additional collection pipelines for the make-up wells.
| Category | Unit | Aluminium disposal | Steel disposal | Concrete disposal | Mineral wool disposal | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acidification | mole of H+ eq. | 6.64E-09 | 1.33E-07 | 6.97E-07 | 2.12E-08 | 2.89E-07 |
| Climate change | kg CO2 | 1.01E-06 | 1.56E-05 | 8.31E-05 | 2.14E-06 | 7.26E-05 |
| Ecotoxicity - freshwater | CTUe | 1.03E-04 | 9.21E-03 | 2.85E-03 | 6.75E-06 | 1.69E-03 |
| Eutrophication - freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.76E-10 | 2.26E-09 | 1.55E-08 | 2.60E-10 | 8.97E-09 |
| Eutrophication - marine | kg N eq. | 2.08E-09 | 4.45E-08 | 2.56E-07 | 7.04E-09 | 8.57E-08 |
| Eutrophication - terrestrial | mole of N Eq. | 2.28E-08 | 4.89E-07 | 2.82E-06 | 7.71E-08 | 9.71E-07 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | CTUh | 1.09E-13 | 2.14E-12 | 5.64E-12 | 8.47E-14 | 2.23E-12 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | CTUh | 2.69E-12 | 6.60E-12 | 1.25E-10 | 2.68E-13 | 2.21E-11 |
| Land use | kg C deficit eq. | 7.75E-06 | 3.64E-04 | 6.91E-04 | 7.50E-05 | 2.59E-04 |
| Ozone depletion, | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.92E-13 | 4.31E-12 | 1.63E-11 | 7.23E-13 | 5.23E-12 |
| Particulate matter | kg PM2.5 eq. | 1.18E-09 | 1.47E-08 | 1.94E-07 | 2.42E-09 | 4.15E-08 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. | 7.17E-09 | 1.40E-07 | 7.78E-07 | 2.24E-08 | 2.58E-07 |
| Resource depletion - water | m3 eq. | 4.97E-09 | 9.32E-08 | 4.25E-07 | 1.57E-08 | 3.83E-07 |
| Resource depletion - others | kg Sb eq. | 4.72E-11 | 6.77E-10 | 2.85E-09 | 6.49E-11 | 1.84E-09 |
| Ionising radiations | Bq U235 air-equiv. | 9.73E-06 | 1.87E-04 | 1.12E-03 | 2.55E-05 | 5.63E-04 |
This article also reports carbon intensities of geothermal energy and other energy technologies. Table 16 report the carbon intensities of Hellisheiði according to different configurations (i.e. single and double flash, and electricity-only production and co-generation of electricity and heat). Table 17, Table 18 report the carbon intensities of geothermal plants estimated by other LCA studies [[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]] and of alternative energy technologies as reported by the IPCC [14]. The carbon intensity is defined as the life-cycle emission of greenhouse gases expressed in terms of CO2 equivalents (i.e. in terms of their potential to contribute to global warming) per kWh of electricity produced.
Table 16.
Results of Monte Carlo simulations for single (Sf) and double (df) flash Configurations, and for combined heat and power (chp), according to energy, exergy or price-based allocation, and power only Configurations.
| 10% | 25% | Median | 75% | 90% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single flash | CHP | Energy | 12.89 | 15.53 | 18.40 | 21.48 | 24.34 |
| Exergy | 13.26 | 15.98 | 18.93 | 22.10 | 25.05 | ||
| Price | 18.49 | 22.28 | 26.39 | 30.82 | 34.93 | ||
| Power only | 18.84 | 22.51 | 26.82 | 31.13 | 35.44 | ||
| Double flash | CHP | Energy | 10.97 | 13.23 | 15.76 | 18.39 | 21.01 |
| Exergy | 11.47 | 13.83 | 16.48 | 19.22 | 21.97 | ||
| Price | 16.46 | 19.84 | 23.64 | 27.58 | 31.52 | ||
| Power only | 16.63 | 19.90 | 23.73 | 27.71 | 31.27 | ||
Table 17.
Carbon intensity of other geothermal energy plants.
| Technology | Source | gCO2 eq. |
|---|---|---|
| Dry steam | Buonocore et al., 2015 | 248 |
| Single Flash | Bravi and Basosi, 2014 | 776 |
| Double flash | Hondo, 2005 | 15 |
| Double flash | Atilgan and Azapagic, 2016 | 63 |
| Double flash | Marchand et al., 2015 | 47 |
| Binary | Martin Gamboa et al., 2015 | 2 |
| Binary | Frick et al., 2010 | 52 |
| Binary | Lacirignola and Blanc, 2013 | 37 |
| Binary | Pratiwi et al., 2018 | 25 |
| Binary | Rule et al., 2009 | 5.6 |
Notes:1 Scenario A1, 2 Base case (Scenario 6), 3 Scenario S2.
Table 18.
Carbon Intensity Of Selected Energy Sources From Ipcc [14].
| Min | Median | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coal (PC) | 740 | 820 | 910 |
| Gas (combined cycle) | 410 | 490 | 650 |
| Geothermal | 6 | 38 | 79 |
| Hydropower | 1 | 24 | 2200 |
| Nuclear | 3.7 | 12 | 110 |
| Solar (PV) | 18 | 48 | 180 |
| Wind (onshore) | 7 | 11 | 56 |
2. Experimental design, materials, and methods
The environmental impacts of Hellisheiði were generated with Gabi sustainability software, version 8, using the life-cycle inventory developed by Karlsdóttir et al. [2] for the foreground system and the Ecoinvent database version 3.4 [16] for all background activities; the ILCD impact method [17] enhanced with the radiological impact category for ionising radiations developed by Paulillo [15] was used to translate the inventory into environmental impacts. Numerical values of impacts generated by the LCA software have been only slightly amended to improve readability and clarity.
Monte Carlo simulations were performed for single- and double-flash configurations and for the case of electricity-only production and co-generation of heat and power. The Monte Carlo simulations were performed in Gabi with a number of iterations equal to 10,000.
The data on carbon intensities of geothermal energy and other energy technologies were collated from literature and are reported unchanged here.
Acknowledgment
This work is part of the S4CE collaborative project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 764810.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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