Table 8.
Polymerization of monomers in DESs.
| Composition, Molar Ratio | Monomer | Agent | Time (h); Conversion (%) |
Note | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetamide/Urea, 2:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 14.5; 9.6 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Acetamide/Urea, 2:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 6; 32.5 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Urea/Caprolactam, 1:3 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 14.5; 13.3 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Urea/Caprolactam, 1:3 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 6; 36.3 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 3.5; 18.1 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 5; 77.4 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 4.5; 78.8 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 =50:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 1.5; 76.5 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 =50:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 7.5; 46.4 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 =100:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 2; 58.6 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 100:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 3.5; 18.1 |
[MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:0; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ Acetamide, 1:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 2; 28.5 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 3:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Acetamide/ NH4SCN, 3:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 18; 25.2 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0 = 200:1:1; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Acetamide/ NH4SCN, 3:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 14; 42.0 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0 = 100:1:1; MMA/DES (v/v) = 100:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Urea/NH4SCN, 3:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 7; 13.0 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0 = 200:1:1; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Urea/NH4SCN, 3:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 14; 37.0 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0 = 200:1:1; MMA/DES (v/v) = 100:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Acetamide/NH4SCN, 3:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 1.85; 84.7 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Urea/NH4SCN, 3:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 1.67; 86.0 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ NH4SCN, 3:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 4.75; 74.3 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Acetamide/KSCN, 3:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 3.50; 70.2 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Caprolactam/ KSCN, 3:1 |
Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 3.67; 80.5 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1 | [80] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 4.0; 70.6 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Choline chloride/ Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 46.0; 14.4 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Choline chloride/Glycerol, 1:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 21.0; 21.5 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1 | [80] |
| Choline chloride/Malonic acid, 1:1 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 46.0; 20.7 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Tetrabutylammonium bromide/ Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 8.5; 61.1 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| Tetrabutylammonium bromide/ Glycerol, 1:2 | Methyl methacrylate | FeBr2 | 5.0; 80.6 | [MMA]0/[FeBr2]0/[EBPA]0/[Na2CO3]0 = 200:1:1:2; MMA/DES (v/v) = 200:1, 60 °C | [80] |
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.1:1.5 | ε-caprolactane | Benzyl alcohol (0.15 mmol) | 2; 99 (Yield) | [81] | |
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.1:1.5 | ε-caprolactane | Benzyl alcohol (0.3 mmol) | 2; 99 | [81] | |
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.05:0.75 | ε-caprolactane | Benzyl alcohol (0.15 mmol) | 2; 99 | [81] | |
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.05:0.75 | ε-caprolactane | Benzyl alcohol (0.3 mmol) | 2; 99 | [81] | |
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.1:1.5 | ε-caprolactane | 2; 98 | [81] | ||
| 1,5,7-Triaza-bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene/Methanesulfonic acid, 0.5:1.5 | ε-caprolactane | 2; 98 | [81] | ||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Choline chloride, 3:1 | Citric acid | [82] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Tetraethylammonium bromide, 3:1 | Citric acid | [82] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, 3:1 | Citric acid | [82] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Methyltriphenyl-phosphonium bromide, 3:1; 3:0.75 | Citric acid | [82] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Lidocaine, 1:1 | Citric acid | [83] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Lidocaine, 2:1 | Citric acid | [83] | |||
| 1,8-Octanediol/ Lidocaine, 3:1 | Citric acid | [83] | |||
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxy-ethylacrylate | SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 28-47 min; 16-73 | [HEA]0/[HEBiB]0/[Na2S2O4]0/[CuBr2]0/[Me6TREN]0=DP/0.5/0.1/0.125; [HEA]0/[reline] = 2/1 (v/v); T = 30 °C (DP (100–1000), CuBr2 (1000–100 ppm) | [84] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxy-ethylacrylate | SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 2.7; 44 | [monomer]0/[HEBiB]0/[Cu (0)]0/[CuBr2]0/[ligand]0 = DP/Cu(0) wire/ [CuBr2] 0/[ligand]0; Cu(0) wire: l = 5 cm and d = 1 mm; solvent: reline; T = 30 °C; [CuBr2]0/ [TPMA]0 = 0.1/0.3; [monomer]0/[reline] = 2/1 (v/v); DP = 200 |
[84] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate | 7.8; 34 | [monomer]0/[HEBiB]0/[Cu (0)]0/[CuBr2]0/[ligand]0 = DP/Cu(0) wire/ [CuBr2]0/[ligand]0; Cu(0) wire: l = 5 cm and d = 1 mm; solvent: reline; T = 30 °C; [CuBr2]0/[TPMA]0 = 0.1/0.3; [monomer]0/[reline] = 2/1 (v/v); DP = 200 |
[84] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | AMPTMA: 3-acryl-amidopropyl-triethylammonium chloride | 0.7; 83 | monomer]0/[HEBiB]0/[Cu (0)]0/[CuBr2]0/[ligand]0 = DP/Cu(0) wire/ [CuBr2]0/[ligand]0; Cu(0) wire: l = 5 cm and d = 1 mm; solvent: reline; T = 30 °C; [CuBr2]0/[Me6TREN]0 = 0.5/1.5; [AMPTMA]0/[reline] = 1/1 (v/v); DP = 100 |
[84] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | AMPTMA: 3-acrylamidopropyl-triethylammonium chloride (75 wt% aq.) | 3.1; 87 | monomer]0/[HEBiB]0/[Cu(0)]0/[CuBr2]0/[ligand]0 = DP/Cu(0) wire/ [CuBr2]0/[ligand]0; Cu(0) wire: l = 5 cm and d = 1 mm; solvent: reline; T = 30 °C; [CuBr2]0/[Me6TREN]0 = 0.5/1.5; [AMPTMA 75 wt% aq]0 = 1.45 M; DP = 150 | [84] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate |
SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 6.5; 81 | FR(Na2S2O4) = 50 nmol/min; [HEA]0/[HEBiB]0 = 200; [HEA]0/[reline]0 = 2/1 (v/v); [CuBr2]0/[TPMA]0 = 0.1/0.3 | [84] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate |
SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 5.0; 77 | FR(Na2S2O4) = 50 nmol/min; [HEA]0/[HEBiB]0 = 200; [HEA]0/[reline]0 = 2/1 (v/v); [CuBr2]0/[TPMA]0 = 0.1/0.6 | [84] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate |
SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 5.8; 53 | FR(Na2S2O4) = 50 nmol/min; [HEA]0/[HEBiB]0 = 200; [HEA]0/[reline]0 = 2/1 (v/v); [CuBr2]0/[TPMA]0 = 0.3/0.9 | [84] |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | HEA: 2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate |
SARA agent (Na2S2O4) | 4.5; 46 | FR(Na2S2O4) = 50 nmol/min; [HEA]0/[HEBiB]0 = 200; [HEA]0/[reline]0 = 2/1 (v/v); [CuBr2]0/[TPMA]0 = 0.3/1.8 | [84] |
| Choline chloride/ Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Methylene blue | Electropolymerization | [85,86] | ||
| Betaine/ Mannose, 5:2 |
Catechin | -; 36–83 | Laccase catalysed polymerization | [87] | |
| Choline chloride/Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Catechin | -; 68–92 | Laccase catalysed polymerization | [87] | |
| Choline chloride/Glycerol, 1.2 | Catechin | -; 72 | Laccase catalysed polymerization | [87] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | Acrylamide | catalytic system horseradish peroxidase /H2O2/2,4-pentanedione | -; >90 | Enzyme-mediated free radical polymerization | [88] |
| Choline chloride/Glycerol, 1:2 | Acrylamide | catalytic system horseradish peroxidase /H2O2/2,4-pentanedione | -; >99 | Enzyme-mediated free radical polymerization | [88] |
| Choline chloride/Fructose, 2:1 | 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate | Indomethacin (in ethanol) | Self-polymerization | [78] | |
| Choline chloride/Orcinol, 1:1.5 | 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate | Self-polymerization | [79] | ||
| Choline chloride/Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA). | 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone photoinitiator | Photopolymerization | [77] | |
| Choline chloride/Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Acrylic acid | Azobisisobutyronitrile and 1-vinylimidazole | Chemical polymerization on the surface of silica particles | [89] | |
| Choline chloride/Ethylene glycol, 1:2 | Butyl methacrylate | Cosolvent: 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoro-borate | Synthesis of macroporous poly(HIPEs)–high internal phase emulsions | [90] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | Methylmethacrylate; Stearyl methacrylate; Lauryl acrylate | Different crosslinker: Ethylene glycol dimethyl-acrylate, butanediol diacrylate for acrylates | Synthesis of macroporous poly(HIPEs) | [91] | |
| Choline chloride/Urea, 1:2 | Styrene | [92] | |||
| Choline chloride/Glycerol, 1:2 | Styrene | [92] |