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. 2019 Nov 1;24(21):3964. doi: 10.3390/molecules24213964

Table 2.

The state of flame retardancy performance of epoxy resins containing nonphosphorus flame retardants in terms of FRI (* the name and percentage of incorporated flame retardant is given after each epoxy resin). The notes a to h on the bottom of the table are representative of composite systems containing woven or nonwoven fibers.

Epoxy Resins and Incorporated Non Phosphorus FR * wt.% TTI (s) pHRR (kW.m−2) THR (MJ·m−2) FRI LOI UL94 Ref.
0 11 781 142 — 21.8 [169]
(2,4,6-tris(4-boronic-2-thiophene)-1,3,5-triazine (3TT-3BA) 20 17 454 108 3.49 31.2 V-0 [169]
0 32 827 116 — 21.8 NR [28]
graphene nanosheet (GN) 3 35 560 113 1.65 26.7 NR [28]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [29]
multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) 0.8 40 473 97 2.27 21.2 NR [29]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [30]
Organically modified montmorillonite (DK4:two longchain alkyl ammonium modified montmorillonite) (OMMT) 7 40 576 98 1.85 23.7 NR [30]
0 32 781 107 — 21.8 NR [31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH) 1 35 543 121 1.39 21.9 NR [31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH) 5 35 521 104 1.68 23.6 V-0 [31]
organomodified magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (OLDH) 10 49 391 106 3.08 22.1 V-0 [31]
0 71 1146 56 — 21.2 NR [170]
magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) 2 63 865 49 1.34 23.8 NR [170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework8 (ZIF8) 2 58 886 41 1.44 23.3 NR [170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework8 decorated magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxide (ZIF8@MgAl-LDH) 2 54 562 39 2.22 24.7 V-1 [170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework67 (ZIF67) 2 62 817 42 1.63 23.6 NR [170]
zeolitic imidazolate framework67 decorated MgAl-layered double hydroxide (ZIF67@MgAl-LDH) 2 56 432 34 3.44 25.5 V-1 [170]
0 61 1208 77.3 — 22.5 NR [52]
triazine-based flame retardant (TAT) 20 42 1030 75.8 0.82 24.1 NR [52]
35 1065 80.3 — 22.9 NR [171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB) 1 23 686 68.1 1.20 26.1 V-1 [171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB) 5 22 427 64.1 1.96 28.3 V-1 [171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB) 10 20 324 59.3 2.54 29.4 V-1 [171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB) 15 22 309 58.3 2.98 30.4 V-0 [171]
2,4,6-tris-(4-boronphenoxy)-(1,3,5)-triazine (TNB) 20 22 305 58 3.03 31.2 V-0 [171]
53 1121 102 — 20 NR [55]
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) 21 47 1007 86 1.17 22 NR [55]
45 1091 83 — 22.8 NR [56]
magnesium hydroxide (MH) 3 38 751 80 1.27 25.2 NR [56]
60 873 88.5 — 22.5 NR [63]
2,4,6-triphenoxy-1,3,5-triazine (TN) 3.42 25 943 78.4 0.43 29 NR [63]
58 1208 80.6 — 22.5 NR [66]
expandable graphite (EG) 20 49 225 63.3 5.77 31 NR [66]
57 1557 94.5 — 24.5 NR [67]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride (TMT) 8 52 1395 88.4 1.08 27 NR [67]
61 1208 80.6 — 22.5 NR [68]
nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide & cyanuric chloride (TMT) 7 61 858 73.5 1.54 25.5 NR [68]
56 1420 140 — 26 NR [77]
organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) 1 39 1540 116 0.77 29.3 NR [77]
69 966 93.9 — 22.5 NR [78]
triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) 10 61 1306 123 0.50 23.6 NR [78]
52 995 93.3 — 22.5 NR [81]
Triphenoxy-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) 14 48 964 88.7 1.00 24.5 NR [81]
67 950 98 — 24.1 NR [172]
Halloysite nanotube (HNT) 5 65 1170 93 0.83 26.1 NR [172]
Halloysite nanotube (HNT) 10 65 1002 95 0.94 25.4 NR [172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube (HNT@PDA) 5 65 1088 104 0.79 25.6 NR [172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube (HNT@PDA) 10 67 881 91 1.16 25.6 NR [172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube and ultrafine Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles (HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3) 5 61 695 90 1.35 33.9 V-1 [172]
biomimetic polydopamine nanocoating functionalized Halloysite nanotube and ultrafine Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles (HNT@PDA@Fe(OH)3) 10 58 698 88 1.31 33.8 NR [172]
50 860 133 — 23 NR [94]
Montmorillonite (MMT) 6 49 792 100 1.41 26 NR [94]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [102]
octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPS) 5 60 712 103 1.74 31.1 NR [102]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [103]
Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) 4.1 55 626 112 1.66 27.2 NR [103]
Polyphenyl silsesquioxane (PPSQ) 4.1 50 925 116 0.99 27.1 NR [103]
45 855 112 — 25 NR [104]
Octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) 4.1 55 626 112 1.66 27.2 NR [104]
Octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (OAPS) 4.6 57 635 110 1.73 27 NR [104]
50 860 112 — 23 NR [106]
Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPS) 4.1 55 626 112 1.51 25 NR [106]
57 459 55.2 — 19.5 NR [173]
aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) 40 68 231 41.2 3.17 23.6 NR [173]
Colemanite (C) 40 58 158 34.3 4.75 23.6 NR [173]
Ulexite (U) 40 62 171 38.2 4.21 22.6 NR [173]
boric acid (BA) 40 76 132 32.1 7.97 28.5 V-0 [173]
boric oxide (BO) 40 68 82 20.6 17.89 24.2 NR [173]
melamine borate (MB) 30 78 107 26.9 12.05 24.5 V-0 [173]
guanidinium nonaborate (GB) 30 65 105 26.8 10.27 23.6 NR [173]
64 821 94 — 23.2 NR [115]
polyhedral oligomeric octadiphenylsulfonylsilsesquioxane (ODPSS) 5 59 417 74 2.30 24.3 NR [115]
60 920 90.5 — 22.7 NR [116]
Magnesium-Aluminum layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al LDH) 4 53 835 89.6 0.98 24.3 NR [116]
108 1634 78 — 19.8 NR [174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T8POSS) 10 99 774 56 2.69 20.7 NR [174]
triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) 10 86 1190 67 1.27 19.9 NR [174]
0 51 1914 81.9 — 22 NR [121]
reduced graphene oxide (RGO) 1 47 1356 67.6 1.57 23.5 NR [121]
21 1910 84.4 — 22.1 NR [120]
halloysite nano-tube (HNT) 2 20 1591 90.7 1.06 19.5 NR [120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) 2 21 803 87.5 2.29 21.6 NR [120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) 4 22 861 85.4 2.29 20. 6 NR [120]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) 6 20 791 82.9 2.34 19.7 NR [120]
epoxy novolac resin 0 51 682 110 — — NR [124]
Boehmite (AlO(OH)) 30 69 535 88 2.15 — V-1 [124]
0 50 992 91 — — NR [125]
activated carbon spheres (ACS) 2 56 898 91 1.23 — — [125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2 hybrid (ACS@SnO2) 2 50 761 98 1.21 — — [125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (ACS@SnO2@NiO) 2 56 839 92 1.31 — NR [125]
0 50 986 91 — — NR [125]
activated carbon spheres@SnO2@NiO hybrid (ACS@SnO2@NiO) 5 51 823 88 1.26 — NR [125]
63 1321 157 — — NR [129]
octapropylglycidylether polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OGPOSS) 15 60 1026 145 1.32 — NR [129]
0 19 1325 95.7 — 19.2 HB [33]
Expandable graphite (EG) 15 34 1015 85.3 2.61 25.4 HB [33]
100 733 141 — 21 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 10 101 315 139 2.38 25 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 15 89 268 132 2.60 24 HB [130]
47 891 151 — 21 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 10 44 408 136 2.27 25 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 15 46 346 134 2.84 24 HB [130]
22 1196 147 — 21 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 10 20 565 137 2.06 25 HB [130]
Silicate glass (CP) 15 19 585 129 2.01 24 HB [130]
0 58 1126 100 — 26.1 — [132]
strontium hydroxystannate nanorod (SrSn(OH)6) 3 55 889 92.6 1.30 28.4 — [132]
0 73 1054 39.1 — 22.4 — [175]
silica nanoparticles (SiO2) 2 65 727 34.4 1.46 26 — [175]
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanocrystals (ZIF8) 2 60 431 25.3 3.10 26.9 — [175]
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 coated with SiO2 (ZIF8@SiO2) 2 68 254 23.9 6.32 28.1 — [175]
0 69 1150 54.7 — 22 — [176]
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 2 65 854 41.7 1.66 25.7 — [176]
titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) 2 58 815 39.5 1.64 25.5 — [176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT) 1 63 859 43.7 1.53 25.1 — [176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT) 2 60 701 37.1 2.10 26.8 — [176]
molybdenum disulfide decorated titanium dioxide nanotube (MoS2-TNT) 3 61 627 32.1 2.76 28.1 — [176]
45 1193 76 — 23.8 — [177]
Sepiolite (Sep) 2 49 1288 78 0.98 29.8 — [177]
Sepiolite (Sep) 4 61 963 101 1.26 30.1 — [177]
Fe3O4-doped sepiolite (Fe3o4–Sep) 2 42 1093 83 0.93 33.8 — [177]
Fe3O4-doped sepiolite (Fe3o4–Sep) 4 45 883 89 1.15 36.7 — [177]
45 1193 76 — 23.8 — [178]
oxidized graphene nanoplatelets (GNO) 1 49 1204 81 1.01 25.2 — [178]
oxidized graphene nanoplatelets (GNO) 3 47 1244 72 1.05 25.6 — [178]
Cu-doped graphene (GN-Cu) 1 45 825 66 1.66 25.8 — [178]
Cu-doped graphene (GN-Cu) 3 47 786 64 1.88 26.4 — [178]
0 54 1068 76 — 21 — [147]
Boehmite (AlO(OH)) 20 49 870 65 1.30 — — [147]
54 1068 75.8 — — HB [127]
Boehmite (AlO(OH)) 20 49 870 65.5 1.28 — HB [127]
amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) 20 41 907 57.6 1.17 — HB [127]
Bisphenol-A 0 22 1680 79 — — — [179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2) 0.5 25 1701 77 1.15 — — [179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2) 1 24 1480 73 1.34 — — [179]
α-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (α-MnO2) 2 23 1400 67 1.47 — — [179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2) 0.5 25 1617 74 1.26 — — [179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2) 1 26 1547 74 1.37 — — [179]
δ-Manganese dioxide nanosheets (δ-MnO2) 2 27 1358 64 1.87 — — [179]
0 60 2187 124 — — — [140]
molybdenum disulfide nanoflower (MoS2) 2 49 1457 98 1.55 — — [140]
0 47.7 1308 86.8 — — — [180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS) 7.2 44.3 880 83.6 1.43 — — [180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS) 21.8 36.3 585 97.7 1.51 — — [180]
Aminopropylisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AI-POSS) 54 32.2 616 65.3 1.90 — — [180]
0 5 986 113 — — — [181]
Expandable graphite (EG) 9 10 152 110 13.33 — — [181]
halloysite nanotube (HNT) 9 5 969 110 1.04 — — [181]
0 117 1184 95.3 — — — [182]
Boron Nitride with D50 = 2 μm (BN 2 μm) 45 175 767 71.5 3.07 — — [182]
Boehmite with D50 = 2 μm (BT 2 μm) 45 140 674 72.2 2.77 — — [182]
0 22 1650 80 — — — [183]
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 2 27 1443 71 1.58 — — [183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS) 0.5 24 1487 56 1.72 — — [183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS) 1 25 1275 49 2.40 — — [183]
Manganese dioxide@zinc hydroxystannate binary hybrid (MnO2@ZHS) 2 23 989 61 2.28 — — [183]
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F epoxy 0 66 1197 82.7 — — — [184]
ionic liquid flame retardant (ILFR) 5 55 753 62.5 1.75 — — [184]
boron nitride nanosheets (BN) 5 70 813 68.2 1.89 — — [184]
ionic liquid flame retardant functionalized boron nitride nanosheets (ILFR-fBN) 5 104 689 51.5 4.39 — — [184]
63 1397 81.3 — — — [143]
thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (SH-mSiO2) 2 65 1117 77.8 1.34 — — [143]
52 972 99 — — — [185]
short carbon fiber (SCF) 0.5 69 793 92 1.75 — — [185]
short carbon fiber (SCF) 0.7 80 723 88 2.32 — — [185]
short carbon fiber (SCF) 1 62 840 89 1.53 — — [185]
short carbon fiber (SCF) 1.5 98 793 101 2.26 — — [185]
24 1002 104 — — — [146]
halloysite nanotube (HNT) 20 43 790 75.2 3.14 — — [146]
38 1542 76.2 — — — [186]
nanomer I.28E organoclay (m-Clay) 2.5 58 1298 56.6 2.44 — — [186]
Deoxyribonucleic Acid modified clay (d-Clay) 2.5 55 1220 52.4 2.66 — — [186]
22 1032 49.2 — — — [187]
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) 3 27 968 49.6 1.29 — — [187]
β-Iron oxyhydroxide (β-FeOOH) 3 25 857 48 1.40 — — [187]
Layered double hydroxide nanosheet-wrapped β-Iron oxyhydroxide rod hybrid (LDH-β-FeOOH) 3 20 736 44.8 1.40 — — [187]
47 1083 45.7 — — — [188]
amorphous hydrous TiO2 solid spheres (AHTSS) 0.5 52 1125 46 1.05 — — [188]
amorphous hydrous TiO2 solid spheres (AHTSS) 2 53 951 43.6 1.34 — — [188]
urchin-like mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres (UMTHS) 0.5 52 827 43.3 1.52 — — [188]
urchin-like mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres (UMTHS-2) 2 52 706 38.5 2.01 — — [188]
65 1592 39.7 — — — [189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2) 0.5 71 1243 35.9 1.54 — — [189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2) 1 74 1107 28.6 2.27 — — [189]
chitosan-modified molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CS-MoS2) 2 75 902 33.9 2.38 — — [189]
molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (MoS2) 2 72 1178 40.1 1.48 — — [189]
74 1915 108 — — — [148]
silica nanospheres (SiO2) 1 74 1777 95.6 1.21 — — [148]
38 943 60.3 — — — [150]
carbon nanotube (CNT) 1 26 673 53.8 1.07 — — [150]
chemical treatment carbon nanotube (CCNT) 1 32 837 57.4 0.99 — — [150]
thermal treatment carbon nanotube (TCNT) 1 25 585 56.6 1.13 — — [150]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) 5 35 578 58.4 1.55 — — [150]
Hydrogenated fatty acid modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH) 5 38 453 66.5 1.88 — — [150]
Montmorillonite (MMT) 5 38 717 58.6 1.35 — — [150]
Quaternary ammonium salt modified montmorillonite (OMMT) 5 33 823 61.7 0.97 — — [150]
aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) 5 35 617 59.2 1.43 — — [150]
65 993 141 — — — [190]
Expanded graphite (EG) 5 68 1188 125 0.98 — — [190]
Expanded graphite (EG) 10 80 1487 113 1.02 — — [190]
Expanded graphite (EG) 15 102 1911 124 0.92 — — [190]
Expanded graphite (EG) 23 116 1992 102 1.23 — — [190]
Expanded graphite (EG) 50 132 1800 81 1.95 — — [190]
141 932 74.3 — — — [191,192]
Bentonite (BT) 3 150 1094 74 0.91 — — [191,192]
Bentonite (BT) 5 158 1192 88.1 0.73 — — [191,192]
6-(4-butylphenyl)21,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine modified bentonite (BFTDA-BT) 3 140 966 74.1 0.96 — — [191,192]
6-(4-butylphenyl)21,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine modified bentonite (BFTDA-BT) 5 145 998 82.2 0.86 — — [191,192]
11-amino-N-(pyridine-2yl)undecanamide modified bentonite (APUA-BT) 3 138 772 74.7 1.17 — — [191,192]
11-amino-N-(pyridine-2yl)undecanamide modified bentonite (APUA-BT) 5 139 814 74.2 1.13 — — [191,192]
68 1730 113 — — — [193]
graphene nanosheets (GN) 2 86 980 65.1 3.87 — — [193]
Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (Ni–Fe LDH) 2 80 1070 58.9 3.65 — — [193]
49 1261 114 — — — [194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT) 2 42 1207 103 0.99 — — [194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT) 4 48 1095 94 1.36 — — [194]
octaammonium polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified montmorillonite (OAPOSS-MMT) 6 50 982 88 1.69 — — [194]
31 1933 146 — — — [195]
Sodium magadiite (Na-magadiite) 3 39 1283 116 2.38 — — [195]
Sodium magadiite reaction with silane coupling agent (S-Na-magadiite) 3 38 1641 120 1.75 — — [195]
protonated magadiite reaction with silane coupling agent (S-H-magadiite) 3 38 1416 114 2.14 — — [195]
organo-modified magadiite (OM-magadiite) 3 29 1332 105 1.88 — — [195]
silane grafting organo modified magadiite (S-OM-magadiite) 3 34 1273 103 2.36 — — [195]
— 32 2572 184 — — — [154]
tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBA) 17 17 1390 92 1.96 — — [154]
90 1653 130 — — — [196]
graphene sheet (GN) 2 84 1156 108 1.60 — — [196]
Ce-doped MnO2 (Ce–MnO2) 2 79 920 96.7 2.11 — — [196]
Ce-doped MnO2 decorated graphene sheets (Ce–MnO2–GN) 2 100 765 83.8 3.72 — — [196]
89 1473 87.8 — — — [197]
mesoporous silica (m-SiO2) 2 107 1191 96.5 1.35 — — [197]
Co−Al layered double hydroxide (Co−Al LDH) 2 103 1188 84.3 1.49 — — [197]
mesoporous silica@Co−Al layered double hydroxide (m-SiO2@Co−Al LDH) 2 110 894 56 3.19 — — [197]
65 1653 130 — — — [198]
Zinc sulfide (ZnS) 2 88 1213 119 2.00 — — [198]
graphene sheet (GN) 2 70 1141 108 1.88 — — [198]
Zinc sulfide decorated Graphene sheets (ZnS-GN) 2 87 879 94.2 3.47 — — [198]
55 1298 97.6 — — — [199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra) 2 55 1370 101 0.91 — — [199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra) 5 65 1157 99.5 1.30 — — [199]
hydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep idra) 10 65 1072 95.7 1.45 — — [199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra) 2 55 1129 97 1.157 — — [199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra) 5 65 1114 107 1.26 — — [199]
dehydrated pre-treated sepiolite (sep anidra) 10 65 958 108 1.45 — — [199]
94 1097 119 — — — [158]
expandable graphite (EG) 5 111 463 142 2.34 — — [158]
54 1327 99.1 — — — [159]
chitosan modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (CTS-Fe-OMMT) 3 55 1168 91.4 1.25 — — [159]
cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide modified montmorillonite intercalation iron compounds (CTAB-Fe-OMMT) 3 47 975 89.2 1.31 — — [159]
80.4 1111 140 — — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.05 72.8 1161 93.6 1.29 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.1 68.8 992 93.6 1.43 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.5 74 926 96.9 1.59 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish)) 1 71.9 875 92.6 1.72 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (A-MWCNT(Polish)) 5 78.3 1141 98.9 1.34 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.05 78.7 1080 101 1.40 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.1 72.6 1250 100 1.12 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.5 80.2 1163 98.8 1.35 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (C-MWCNT(Polish)) 1 81.2 945 102 1.63 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (C-MWCNT(Belgian)) 0.05 76.2 919 96.3 1.66 — — [200]
carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (C-MWCNT(Belgian)) 0.5 67.4 1110 99 1.19 — — [200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.05 83.9 1240 104 1.26 — — [200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.1 73.8 1162 99 1.24 — — [200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish)) 0.5 76 1095 99.5 1.35 — — [200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish)) 1 67.3 1192 97.8 1.12 — — [200]
carboxyammonium multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Polish company (CA-MWCNT(Polish)) 5 69.7 1198 100 1.12 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian)) 0.05 77.4 1314 98.3 1.16 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian)) 0.1 80.2 1225 98.6 1.28 — — [200]
aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes supplied by the Belgian company (A-MWCNT(Belgian)) 0.5 56.6 1005 62.4 1.75 — — [200]
66 934 95 — — — [201]
graphene oxide (GNO) 1 76 811 133 0.94 — — [201]
41 1222 159 — — — [160]
onium ion modified nanoclay (I.30E) 3 32 1274 154 0.77 — — [160]
0 101 1348 87.1 — — — [202]
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 2 96 1076 75.7 1.37 — — [202]
graphene (GN) 2 92 965 70.1 1.58 — — [202]
molybdenum disulfide modified graphene (MoS2-GN) 2 90 730 65.1 2.20 — — [202]
0 47 1630 82.3 — — — [161]
graphene oxide(GNO) 1 41 1426 76.8 1.06 — — [161]
epoxy resin modified with (3-isocyanatopropyl)-triethoxysilane 0 93 1331 63.8 — — — [203]
hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride (BNO) 1 113 860 56.3 2.13 — — [203]
hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride (BNO) 3 117 765 55.5 2.51 — — [203]
— 42 385 21.8 — 27.5 — [163,164]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) a 4.7 41 329 19.4 1.28 28.1 — [163,164]
phenol–formaldehyde fibers (Ky) a 4.7 51 367 28.8 0.96 27.7 — [163,164]
44 818 28.8 — — — [204]
Nanoclay (clay) b 1 32 558 26.4 1.16 — — [204]
Nanoclay (clay) b 3 32 570 25.5 1.18 — — [204]
Nanoclay (clay) b 5 32 533 24.8 1.29 — — [204]
28 349 20.4 — — — [150]
layered double hydroxide (LDH) c 5 22 343 21.9 0.74 — — [150]
Hydrogenated fatty acid modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH) c 5 21 310 23 0.74 — — [150]
carbon nanotube (CNT) c 1 27 396 22.7 0.76 — — [150]
chemical treatment carbon nanotube (CCNT) c 1 26 411 21.7 0.74 — — [150]
thermal treatment carbon nanotube (TCNT) c 1 27 471 22.2 0.65 — — [150]
aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) c 5 22 417 22.6 0.59 — — [150]
0 33 520 29.4 — — — [205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d 1 28 518 37.4 0.67 — — [205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d 7.5 30 550 28.4 0.89 — — [205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d 15 30 392 31.2 1.13 — — [205]
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) d 25 35 476 41.7 0.81 — — [205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d 1 28 456 37.3 0.76 — — [205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d 7.5 28 585 35.3 0.62 — — [205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d 15 26 451 32.8 0.81 — — [205]
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) d 25 32 396 31.6 1.18 — — [205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d 1 26 572 35.9 0.58 — — [205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d 7.5 32 427 42.7 0.81 — — [205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d 15 27 458 36.3 0.75 — — [205]
Zinc borate (ZB) d 25 37 352 30.6 1.59 — — [205]
46 568 23.2 — — — [206]
Single-walled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (SWCNT-BP) e 1.06 50 526 24.5 1.11 — — [206]
multiwalled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (MWCNT-BP) e 1.34 64 258 13.2 5.38 — — [206]
carbon nanofiber (CNF) e 1.57 59 508 24.8 1.34 — — [206]
0 39 456 38 — — — [167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f 5 46 451 37.2 1.21 — — [167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f 10 58 434 36.3 1.63 — — [167]
cellulosic fibre containing polysilicic acid (Vis) f 15 55 321 31.1 2.44 — — [167]
46 568 23.2 — — — [207]
Single-walled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (SWCNT-BP) g 1.06 50 526 24.5 1.11 — — [207]
multiwalled carbon nanotube Buckypaper (MWCNT-BP) g 1.34 64 258 13.2 5.38 — — [207]
125 857 50 — — — [174]
Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T8POSS) h 5 121 420 32 3.08 — — [174]
triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) h 5 108 620 47 1.27 — — [174]

a Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced film of multifunctional epoxy resin; b Matrix: six layers of biaxial E-glass fabric reinforced epoxy; c Matrix: carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin; d Matrix: eight plies of carbon fiber reinforced system HexFlow RTM6 (matrix) and HexForce G0939 (fabric); e Matrix: six layers of IM-7 carbon fiber fabrics reinforced epoxy; f Matrix: eight layers of woven E-glass reinforced epoxy; g Matrix: six layers of IM-7 carbon fiber fabrics reinforced epoxy; h Matrix: eight layers of woven glass Fiber Reinforced epoxy.