Abstract
Event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER‐fMRI) methods are allowing a new spectrum of task designs to be explored with brain imaging techniques. Individual trial events can be presented rapidly, in randomly intermixed order, and the hemodynamic responses associated with individual trial events appreciated. The basis of ER‐fMRI is that the hemodynamic response tracks neuronal activity on the order of seconds and, in many situations, summates over trials in a manner well predicted by a linear model—even for trials spaced as briefly as 2 sec apart. These properties are discussed, as well as certain basic characteristics of the hemodynamic response in the context of ER‐fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapping 6:373–377, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Keywords: single trial, neuroimaging, MRI, fMRI, imaging
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (237.1 KB).
References
- Blamire AM, Ogawa S, Ugurbil K, Rothman D, McCarthy G, Ellerman JM, Hyder F, Rattner Z, Shulman RG (1992): Dynamic mapping of the human visual cortex by high‐speed magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11069–11073. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boynton GM, Engel SA, Glover GH, Heeger DJ (1996): Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1. J Neurosci 16: 4207–4221. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckner RL, Bandettini PA, O'Craven KM, Savoy RL, Petersen SE, Raichle ME, Rosen BR (1996): Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 14878–14883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckner RL, Goodman J, Burock M, Rotte M, Koutstaal M, Schacter DL, Rosen B, Dale AM (1998a): Functional‐anatomic correlates of object priming in humans revealed by rapid presentation eventrelated fMRI. Neuron 20: 285–296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckner RL, Koutstaal W, Schacter DL, Dale AM, Rotte MR, Rosen BR (1998b): Functional‐anatomic study of episodic retrieval: II. Selective averaging of event‐related fMRI trials to test the retrieval success hypothesis. Neuro Image 7: 163–175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clark VP, Maisog JM, Haxby JV (1998): An fMRI study of face perception and memory using random stimulus sequences. J Neurophysiol 79: 3257–3265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Courtney SM, Ungerleider LG, Keil K, Haxby JV (1997): Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386: 608–611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dale AM, Buckner RL (1997): Selective averaging of rapidly presented individual trials using fMRI. Hum Brain Mapping 5: 329–340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friston KJ, Josephs O, Rees G, Turner R (1997): Nonlinear eventrelated responses in fMRI. Magn Reson Med 39: 41–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee AT, Glover GH, Meyer CH (1995): Discrimination of large venous vessels in time‐course spiral blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent magnetic‐resonance functional neuroimaging. Magn Reson Med 33: 745–754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCarthy G, Luby M, Gore J, Goldman‐Rakic P (1997): Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI. J Neurophysiol 77: 1630–1634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosen BR, Buckner RL, Dale AM (1998): Event related fMRI: Past, present, and future. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 773–780. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schacter DL, Buckner RL, Koutstaal W, Dale AM, Rosen BR (1997): Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recognition: An event‐related fMRI study. NeuroImage 6: 259–269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]