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. 2019 Nov 22;14(11):e0225511. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225511

Expression profile of sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

Hye Sung Kim 1,#, Young Sil Kim 1,#, Chul Lee 2, Myung Soo Shin 3, Jae Wang Kim 4, Bo Gun Jang 1,*
Editor: Amanda Ewart Toland5
PMCID: PMC6874381  PMID: 31756206

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer, characterized by aberrant activation of the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway resulting from mutations in the patched 1 (PTCH1) or smoothened (SMO) genes. In the present study, to uncover the expression profile of HH signaling-related molecules, we thoroughly examined the mRNA and protein expression levels of six molecules including GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH, and SMO in BCC and various other cutaneous tumors. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that BCC showed remarkably enhanced mRNA expression of all HH molecules, except SMO compared to other skin tumors. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that only GLI1 protein was specifically upregulated in BCC, while the other HH-related proteins did not show any significant differences between the tumors. Notably, other skin malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and malignant melanoma showed no GLI1 expression and there was no difference in GLI1 expression between the BCC subtypes. In addition, GLI1 and GLI2 expression were strongly associated with the hair follicle stem cell markers, LGR4 and LGR5, which are known target genes of the Wnt pathway. Our results suggest that GLI1 has the potential to be a diagnostically useful marker for differentiating BCC from other skin malignancies and an interaction between the HH and Wnt signaling pathways may be involved in the development of BCCs.

Introduction

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer, and approximately 750, 000 BCCs are diagnosed each year in the United States alone [1]. BCCs are largely caused by exposure to ultraviolet light and develop on the sun-exposed areas of skin. They are classically slow-growing and locally invasive cancers that are considered to arise from hair follicles [2, 3]. The majority of BCCs occur sporadically, however, basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS, also known as Gorlin syndrome) is a rare heritable disease, in which the patients have a marked susceptibility to developing BCCs. Family-based linkage studies identified patched 1 (PTCH1) as the causative mutant gene, indicating that aberrant hedgehog (HH) signaling activity is responsible for the development of BCCs [4, 5]. Since the discovery of PTCH1 mutation, it has been demonstrated that most spontaneous BCCs are associated with mutations in the components of the HH signaling pathway such as PTCH1, Smoothened (SMO), and suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) leading to constitutive activation of the HH signaling [1, 5, 6]. In addition, the growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of the HH signaling pathway occurred frequently in a wide variety of cancers [7].

In the canonical HH pathway, sonic hedgehog (SHH) functions as an initiator and PTCH1 is a 12-transmembrane receptor for SHH that has a regulatory effect on the pathway [8]. In the absence of SHH, PTCH1 binds to SMO and inhibits the downstream signaling cascade, whereas the binding of SHH to PTCH1 relieves SMO inhibition, resulting in activation of the downstream zinc-finger glioma transcription factor (GLI) family of transcription factors, GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 [1]. GLI1 appears to exclusively act as a transcriptional activator, whereas GLI2 and GLI3 can display both activator and repressor functions [9]. In the absence of upstream signal, GLI3, and to a lesser degree GLI2, are proteolytically cleaved and play a role of transcriptional repressors [10]. The nuclear localization of GLI1 is considered to be characteristic of the activated HH signaling pathway [11]. Although several reports have specifically shown GLI1 expression in human BCCs [12–14], no study has thoroughly examined the expression of multiple HH-related molecules in a variety of human skin neoplasms. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of six HH pathway molecules (GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SMO, and SHH) in BCCs and other benign and malignant skin tumors by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Although the precise cellular origin of BCC has been controversial, recent studies have demonstrated that BCC-like tumors can arise from multiple hair follicle (HF) stem cell populations [15–17]. Since several distinct stem cell markers of HF have been identified by lineage-tracing experiments, we also assessed the correlation of HH molecules with the established markers including LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1.

Materials and methods

Subjects

A total of 152 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human skin tissues (normal skin, n = 5; skin tumors, n = 168) were collected from punch or excisional biopsy specimens at the Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju from 2011 to 2015. Skin tumors are basal cell carcinomas (BCCs; n = 84), trichoepitheliomas (TEs; n = 17), pilomatricomas (PMCs; n = 13), eccrine poromas (EPs; n = 11), spiradenomas (SPAs; n = 9), hidradenomas (HDAs; n = 10), squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs; n = 9), sebaceous carcinomas (SBCs; n = 7), and melanomas (MNs; n = 8). All hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were thoroughly re-examined by two dermatopathologists (BGJ and CL), and only clear cases with typical histologic features were included for the study. Additionally, surgically resected specimens (18 BCCs, 7 TEs, 8 PMCs, 9 EPs, 8 SPAs, 10 HDAs, 9 SCCs, 7 SBCs, 8 MNs, and 5 normal skin tissues) were chosen for RNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jeju National University Hospital (2017-06-005). Informed consent was waved due to the retrospective nature of this study and all the data were analyzed anonymously.

Tissue microarray construction

We constructed ten tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 84 BCCs, 17 TEs, 13 PMCs, 11 EPs, 9 SPAs, 10 HDAs, 9 SCCs, 7 SBCs, 8 MNs and 5 normal skins. In brief, a representative tumor area (4 mm in diameter) was extracted from each FFPE tumor tissue (donor blocks) and arranged in a new recipient paraffin block (tissue microarray block) using a trephine apparatus (SuperBioChips Laboratories, Seoul, Korea).

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 4-μm TMA sections using a Ventana BenchMark XT Staining systems (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The primary antibodies used are as follows: anti-GLI1 (Cell signaling, #3538), anti-GLI2 (Abcam, ab26056), anti-PTCH1 (Abcam, ab53715), anti-PTCH2 (Abcam, ab238338), anti-SHH (Abcam, ab53281), and anti-SMO (Abcam, ab236465). GLI1 and GLI2 were evaluated for cytoplasmic and nuclear stain, while PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH, and SMO were evaluated for cytoplasmic stain. IHC was scored from 0 to 3 according to the stain intensity because a majority of cases showed a diffuse staining pattern.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR

Each tumor area was manually dissected from FFPE tissue section (4-μm thick) from a representative paraffin block. Total RNA was extracted with an RNeasy FFPE Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) with a slight modification as previously described [18]. The cDNA was synthesized from 1–2 μg of RNA with random hexamer primers using the GoScript reverse transcription system (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, USA). Real-time PCR was performed with a StepOne Plus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using the Premix Ex Taq (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The cycling conditions are as follows: initial denaturation for 30 s at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 1 s and 60°C for 5 s. The following TaqMan gene expression assays were used: Hs01551772_m1 (LGR4), Hs00173664_m1 (LGR5), Hs00663887_m1 (LGR6), Hs01006146_m1 (LRIG1), Hs00171790_m1 (GLI1), Hs01119974_m1 (GLI2), Hs00181117_m1 (PTCH1), Hs00184804_m1 (PTCH2), Hs01123832_m1 (SHH), Hs01090242_m1 (SMO) and Hs0275899_g1 (GAPDH). GAPDH served as the endogenous control.

RNA in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) for LGR5 was performed using the RNAscope FFPE assay kit (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) as described previously [18]. In brief, 4-μm thick FFPE tissue sections were baked at 60°C for 1 hour, followed by protease digestion, and subject to hybridization with LGR5 for 2 hours. An HRP-based signal amplification system was hybridized to the probe before color development with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. The housekeeping gene, ubiquitin C and the bacterial gene, DapB served as a positive and negative controls, respectively. Brown punctate dots in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm were considered positive.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed with Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Comparisons between the groups of real-time PCR data were tested using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The significance of the correlations between LGR 4, LGR5, LGR6 and HH signaling-related genes was assessed with the Pearson correlation test. The correlations between IHC score and BCC subtypes were tested by Pearson chi-square test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Real-time PCR analysis for hedgehog signaling-related genes in various skin tumors

To measure the transcription levels of HH-related molecules in human skin tumors, the FFPE samples were collected as follows: normal skin (n = 5), BCC (n = 18), TE (n = 7), PMC (n = 8), EP (n = 9), HDA (n = 10), SPA (n = 8), SCC (n = 9), SBC (n = 7), and MN (n = 8). Real-time PCR results demonstrated that all HH-related molecules, except SMO, were remarkably elevated in BCC compared to normal skin and most other skin tumors (Fig 1). TE also showed higher expression of GLI1, GLI2, and SHH than normal skin, however, the expression levels of PTCH1and PTCH2 were as low as normal skin tissues (Fig 1C and 1D). SHH expression was slightly higher in several tumors including BCC, TE, EP, and SPA (Fig 1E). Interestingly, SMO levels were significantly increased only in PMC (Fig 1F). When comparing each HH-related molecule in BCC, GLI1 was the most highly expressed, while SMO was the least expressed (Fig 1G).

Fig 1. Relative mRNA levels of Hedgehog signaling-related molecules in various skin tumors.

Fig 1

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Expression of GLI1 (A), GLI2 (B), PTCH1 (C), PTCH2 (D), SHH (E), and SMO (F) in normal skin tissue (n = 5), basal cell carcinoma (BCC; n = 18), trichoepithelioma (TE; n = 7), pilomatricoma (PMC; n = 8), eccrine poroma (EP; n = 9), hidradenoma (HAD; n = 10), spiradenoma (SPA; n = 8), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 9), sebaceous carcinoma (SBC; n = 7), and malignant melanoma (MN; n = 8). (G) Relative expression of Hedgehog signaling molecules in BCCs (n= 18). Bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Immunohistochemical analysis of Hedgehog signaling-related molecules in skin tumors

Next, we performed IHC to examine the protein expression of HH-related molecules using tissue microarrays from a variety of skin tumors as follows: BCC (n = 84), TE (n = 17), PMC (n = 13), EP (n = 11), HDA (n = 10), SPA (n = 9), SCC (n = 19), SBC (n = 9), and MN (n = 8). The mean IHC scores demonstrated that GLI1 exhibited the most differential expression between skin tumors (Fig 2A), whereas the GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH, and SMO proteins showed less or no significant difference in expression (Fig 2B–2F). GLI1 is specifically expressed in the bulb areas of hair follicles (Fig 3A), but not in the sweat glands (Fig 3B) or sebaceous glands (Fig 3C). Most BCCs expressed GLI protein, which tended to be notably stronger in the palisading cells of the tumor nests (Fig 3D). TEs also showed GLI expression but not as much as BCCs (Fig 3E). Tumors other than BCC and TE did not express GLI1 (Fig 3F–3L).

Fig 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of hedgehog-signaling related molecules in various skin tumors.

Fig 2

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Expression of GLI1 (A), GLI2 (B), PTCH1 (C), PTCH2 (D), SHH (E), and SMO (F) in basal cell carcinoma (BCC; n = 84), trichoepithelioma (TE; n = 17), pilomatricoma (PMC; n = 13), eccrine poroma (EP; n = 11), hidradenoma (HAD; n = 10), spiradenoma (SPA; n = 9), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 19), sebaceous carcinoma (SBC; n = 9), and malignant melanoma (MN; n = 8). Bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Fig 3. Immunohistochemical staining for GLI1 in normal skin and various skin tumors.

Fig 3

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Representative images of GLI expression in hair follicle (A), sweat gland (B), sebaceous gland (C), basal cell carcinoma (D), trichoepithelioma (E), pilomatricoma (F), eccrine poroma (G), hidradenoma (H), spiradenoma (I), squamous cell carcinoma (J), sebaceous carcinoma (K), and malignant melanoma (L). A, B: ×400 magnification, C-L: ×200 magnification.

Expression profile of hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

In BCCs, GLI 1 was most highly expressed among the HH-related proteins, which was consistent with the mRNA expression levels (Fig 4A). Representative images are shown in Fig 4B. Since BCCs are classified into four subtypes: nodular, micronodular, superficial, and infiltrative (or desmoplastic), we examined whether there is a difference in GLI1 expression according to subtypes. However, all subtypes of BCCs showed similar levels of HH-related molecules including GLI1 (Fig 5).

Fig 4. Expression of hedgehog (HH)-signaling related molecules in basal cell carcinomas.

Fig 4

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(A) A graph showing the immunohistochemistry scores of HH-related proteins in basal cell carcinoma (n = 81). (B) Representative images of H&E and immunohistochemical staining for GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH, and SMO in a basal cell carcinoma. B: ×100 magnification. ***P < 0.001.

Fig 5. GLI1 expression in each subtype of basal cell carcinoma.

Fig 5

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(A) Representative H&E and GLI1 images of nodular, micronodular, superficial and infiltrative basal cell carcinoma. Nodular, micronodular, superficial and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas: ×40 magnification, Infiltrative: ×100 magnification. (B) No differences were observed in the expression of GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, and SHH between each subtype of basal cell carcinoma including nodular (n = 55), micronodular (n = 5), superficial (n = 5) and infiltrative (n = 16) types.

Correlation of GLI1 expression with epidermal stem cell markers

Several molecules including LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, Keratin 15, Sox9, CD34, Blimp1 and LRIG1 have been identified as stem cell markers of the epidermis and hair follicles [19] and HH signaling is involved in the regulation of discrete populations of stem and progenitor cells in various organs including skin [20]. Thus, we explored the correlation of HH-related molecules except SMO with some of the stem cell markers; LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1. Interestingly, GLI1 expression showed a strong positive correlation with LGR4 (r2 = 0.62, P < 0.001), LGR5 (r2 = 0.60, P < 0.001), but not with LGR6 (r2 = 0.21, P = 0.05) and LRIG1 (r2 = 0.07, P = 0.27) (Fig 6A). Representative images of a BCC expressing both LGR5 mRNA and GLI1 protein are shown in Fig 6B. GLI2 and PTCH1 also had a positive correlation with LGR4 and LGR5, while PTCH2 and SHH showed a correlation only with LGR5 (Fig 7).

Fig 6. Correlations of GLI1 expression with other stem cell markers in basal cell carcinomas.

Fig 6

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(A) Scatter plots with regression lines showing the correlations between GLI1 and stem cell marker mRNA expression in basal cell carcinomas (n = 18). (B) Representative case of basal cell carcinoma expressing both LGR5 mRNA and GLI1 protein (RNA in situ hybridization for LGR5 and immunohistochemistry for GLI1). B: ×100 magnification.

Fig 7. Correlation of GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, and SHH with epidermal stem cell markers in basal cell carcinoma.

Fig 7

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Scatter plots with regression lines showing the correlations of GLI2 (A), PTCH1 (B), PTCH2 (C), and SHH (D) with stem cell markers including LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1.

Discussion

In this study, we first measured the mRNA levels of six HH pathway molecules to investigate the transcriptional activity of the HH signaling pathway in various cutaneous tumors. As expected, out of the nine skin tumors examined, only BCCs exhibited substantially elevated levels of all the HH-related molecules, except SMO. This finding is consistent with previous studies reporting that HH signaling can activate genes involved in positive and negative feedback such as GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, and PTCH2 [21–23]. Although TEs also expressed slightly increased levels of GLI1, GLI2, PTCH2, and SHH, it was significantly lower than BCCs. Interestingly, SMO transcription was not altered in BCCs, whereas Martinez et al. recently showed an increased mRNA expression of SMO in BCCs from 20 nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) patients mainly caused by PTCH1 gene mutations [24]. This discrepancy is probably due to the different study groups because our study only includes sporadic BCCs that have different genetic profiles from those of NBCCS patients even though both BCCs share a common signaling abnormality.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of the HH-related molecules demonstrated that only GLI1 protein had the same expression pattern as its mRNA in skin tumors. Real-time PCR analysis showed that GLI2, PTCH1, and PTCH2 expression were specifically elevated in BCCs and TEs, however, IHC analysis showed that there were no significant differences in their protein expression levels between the skin tumors. This finding was not surprising since mRNA and protein expression is often discordant due to several biological reasons, such as post-transcriptional modification and different degradation rates. For example, the lower GLI2 protein expression may be in part associated with the high turnover rate considering the fact that GLI2 can be proteolytically processed into the truncated-repressor form in the absence of HH ligands. Additionally, the discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels could be in part due to the low sensitivity and specificity of antibodies used in the present study. Indeed, only GLI1 antibody, C68H3, was previously demonstrated to be reliable for IHC [14], and was further confirmed in our studies by GLI1 expression observed in normal skin tissues, in which C68H3 antibody exhibited exclusive and specific expression in hair follicles (Fig 3).

GLI1 expression was highest among the HH-related molecules in BCCs at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, GLI1 was only detected in BCCs and TEs, whereas it was not observed in other benign and malignant skin tumors. It has been well-established that BCCs and TEs, which share similar histologic features, have upregulated GLI1 expression due to aberrant HH signaling, which plays a decisive role in the development of both tumors [25]. In addition, it was notable that only BCCs were found to express GLI among the malignant skin tumors, suggesting GLI1 as a candidate diagnostic marker in differentiating BCC from other skin malignancies. In particular, GLI1 may be useful to differentiate BCCs from basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, another basaloid tumor that is rare but diagnostically challenging.

Multiple stem cell markers have been identified in the mouse skin and hair follicles including LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, LRIG1, SOX9 and Keratin 15 [26–28]. We previously demonstrated that LGR5 and LGR6 expression was upregulated in BCCs [29], and here we examined whether HH signaling-related molecules were associated with those stem cell markers. Interestingly, GLI1 and GLI2 have strong correlations with stem cell markers, particularly LGR4 and LGR5 (Figs 6 and 7). This finding seems to be consistent with a previous study reporting that GLI1-expressing stem cells co-express LGR5 [30]. In this study, we showed that GLI1-expressing cells reside in the hair bulb area, which largely overlapped with the LGR5-expressing area. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the cells expressing LGR5, as well as GLI1, in the bulb area might be the origin of cells giving rise to BCC. Since LGR4 and LGR5 are the target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway, our results also suggest a possible interplay between the HH and Wnt signaling pathways. It has been demonstrated that the Wnt-HH signaling axis is essential for maintaining the hair cycle and activation of canonical Wnt signaling induces SHH expression [31].

In summary, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression profile of six HH signaling-related molecules in a variety of cutaneous benign and malignant neoplasms. Our results demonstrated that BCC shows dramatically increased mRNA levels of GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, and SHH. Among these 5 molecules, only GLI1 showed elevated protein expression in BCCs, suggesting a possible role as a diagnostic marker for differentiating BCCs from other skin malignancies. Furthermore, GLI1 was strongly associated with hair follicle stem cell markers, LGR4 and LGR5, suggesting a link between HH and Wnt signaling in BCC carcinogenesis.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Hye Jung Lee and Seung Hi Jeong for their technical support.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper.

Funding Statement

This study was supported by a research grant from Jeju National University Hospital in 2017. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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  • 31.Silva-Vargas V, Celso CL, Giangreco A, Ofstad T, Prowse DM, Braun KM, et al. β-catenin and Hedgehog signal strength can specify number and location of hair follicles in adult epidermis without recruitment of bulge stem cells. Developmental cell. 2005;9(1):121–31. 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.04.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Decision Letter 0

Amanda Ewart Toland

9 Oct 2019

PONE-D-19-24006

Expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr Jang,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.  Many of the points to be addressed are in the attached comments.

1.  The authors should include in their interpretation of results and in the discussion consideration that GLI1 and GLI2 can be full-length or cleaved which impacts their function.  Details on where in the protein antibodies bind (and implications for protein function) should be included.  (A reminder that full length westerns need to be included in the supplemental materials).

2.  More discussion on how their results fit into previous findings of increased SMO levels in BCC, differences in approaches or why there may be differences should be considered. (See reviewer's comments).

3.  Address reviewer 1's queries about correlations between stem cell markers and HH-related molecules.

4.  Fix the graphs and figures per reviewer 1's suggestions.

5. In the methods and results clarify the details on number of samples that were used for each analysis. 

6. Respond to the additional points raised by the reviewer.

7. Proofread the manuscript carefully and fix the typographical errors that were identified by the reviewer.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Nov 23 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

  • A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

  • A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

  • An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Amanda Ewart Toland, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The manuscript reveals compelling evidence about mRNA expression levels of Hedgehog pathway components (GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH and SMO) in different skin tumors and the expression profile observed was compared to stem cells markers (LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1) content. Also, protein expression and subcellular localization was studied by IHC technique. In this setting, Gli1 was found overexpressed in BCC at mRNA and protein levels. The manuscript reveal evidence that support the conclusions but some points need to be solved to be published. Please, answer the questions (provided in the attach file) in a "point by point" manner.

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

Attachment

Submitted filename: PONE-D-19-24006 revision comments.docx

Click here for additional data file. (15.8KB, docx)
PLoS One. 2019 Nov 22;14(11):e0225511. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225511.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

18 Oct 2019

We highly appreciate the reviewer’s careful evaluation of our manuscript and constructive comments. We agree with the reviewer and tried our best to revise our manuscript in order to address all the concerns raised.

The manuscript reveals compelling evidence about mRNA expression levels of Hedgehog pathway components (GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, PTCH2, SHH and SMO) in different skin tumors and the expression profile observed was compared to stem cells markers (LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1) content. Also, protein expression and subcellular localization was studied by IHC technique. In this setting, Gli1 was found overexpressed in BCC at mRNA and protein levels.

- In fact, some discrepancy was shown between both RNA and protein expression pattern in the other HH components. This is particularly important in GLI1 and GLI2, since both proteins can be found as activator (full-length) as well as repressor (proteolytically cleaved) forms. The authors have to take this consideration when interpret and discuss your IHC results.

: The dual role of GLI2 and GLI3 as activator and repressor is included in the Introduction (In page3, line 20-23), and its significance in IHC result has been discussed in Discussion (In page9, line 7-9).

In page3, line 20-23: “GLI1 appears to exclusively act as a transcriptional activator, whereas GLI2 and GLI3 can display both activator and repressor functions (9). In the absence of upstream signal, GLI3, and to a lesser degree GLI2, are proteolytically cleaved and play a role of transcriptional repressors (10).”

In page9, line 7-9: “For example, the lower GLI2 protein expression may be in part associated with the high turnover rate considering the fact that GLI2 can be proteolytically processed into the truncated-repressor form in the absence of HH ligands.”

� Additionally, the authors not found increased SMO mRNA level in BCC, when have been recently reported increases in this messenger in BCCs from Gorlin syndrome, even after adjustment by germinal and somatic mutation carrier status (Martinez MF; Cells, 2019). This is also interesting to include when this particular issue is discussed.

: As suggested, the discrepancy in SMO expression in BCC between studies has been discussed and included in the revised manuscript (In page 8, line 20-25).

“Interestingly, SMO transcription was not altered in BCCs, whereas Martinez et al. recently showed an increased mRNA expression of SMO in BCCs from 20 nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) patients mainly caused by PTCH1 gene mutations (24). This discrepancy is probably due to the different study groups because our study only includes sporadic BCCs that have different genetic profiles from those of NBCCS patients even though both BCCs share a common signaling abnormality.”

� The correlation analysis between HH-related molecules and stem cells markers results challenging to this reviewer:

� . In result text (page 8, lines 2-5), the correlation scores and P values for GLI1 probably correspond to the GLI2 (see Figure 6A and 7). Please, check the data and correct both values and its interpretation.

� : The error in the result text has been fixed as pointed out.

�

� . Why the correlation of SMO and SHH mRNA levels with LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1 are missing? This issue need to be solved to understand overall relationship between HH pathway and stem cells markers.

� : The correlation of SHH mRNA with stem cell markers has been included in the Figure 7 and result and figure 7 legend has been fixed. However, the SMO mRNA levels are too low to analyze the correlation.

� Some bars in the graphs, such as the EP in Figure 2E and the GLI IHC of Figure 5B, have no dispersion. Check carefully the data presentation throughout the manuscript.

: There is no error bar in the IHC scores of EP because all values are same as 3.

� The figure 6B are confusing about the methodology used:

• . If the authors try to show the in situ hybridization of GLI1 and LRG5, no mention concerning GLI1 in methods were found.

• . If the authors try to show IHC of GLI1 and LRG5 proteins, the entire legend of figure 6 need to be rewritten to clearly state which variable is represented in each case.

: LGR5 staining was performed by RNA in situ hybridization because there is no reliable antibody to LGR5 for immunohistochemical anaylsis with FFPE specimens, whereas GLI1 expression was detected by IHC. As suggested, the legend of figure 6 was rewritten to clarify the methodology.

“Fig. 6 Correlations of GLI1 expression with other stem cell markers in basal cell carcinomas. (A) Scatter plots with regression lines showing the correlations between GLI1 and stem cell marker mRNA expression. (B) Representative case of basal cell carcinoma expressing both LGR5 mRNA and GLI1 protein (RNA in situ hybridization for LGR5 and immunohistochemistry for GLI1).”

� Would important to add a comment in Introduction about the reason/s to study the stem cell markers and its relationship with HH pathway.

: As suggested, the reason to study the relationship between HH pathway and stem cell markers has been included in the Introduction. (Page4, line 2-5)

Page4, line 2-6: “Although the precise cellular origin of BCC has been controversial, recent studies have demonstrated that BCC-like tumors can arise from multiple hair follicle (HF) stem cell populations (15-17). Since several distinct stem cell markers of HF have been identified by lineage-tracing experiments, we also assessed the correlation of HH molecules with the established markers including LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, and LRIG1.”

� The amount of samples studied are confusing. In the first paragraph of subjects section of Materials and methods stated “…152 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human skin tissues (normal skin, n = 5; skin tumors, n = 147)…” but in the next sentence and in Tissue microarray construction declared 168 skin tumors. Is important to correct and uniform the number of samples studied. In addition, since the clinicopathological features of patients are not analyzed, its mention in the text is unnecessary.

: The tumor number has been changed from 147 to 168 and the sentence of clinicopathological features has been removed.

� The number of samples of each subtype of BCC have to be included in figure 5B.

: As suggested, the number of samples have been included.

� The final sentence of Discussion point out the relationship between HH and Wnt signaling in BCCs, but this affirmation are not supported by the results. Then, would more appropriate a suggestion of link between both pathways.

: As suggested, the sentence of “indicating a functional relationship between~” has been replaced by “suggesting a link between~”

Minor changes:

- Second paragraph of Introduction, line 2: “…12transmembrane receptor for SHH that has a regulatory effect on the pathway (8). in the absence of…” replace by “…12 transmembrane receptor for SHH that has a regulatory effect on the pathway (8). In the absence of…”

- In page 5, line 4 replace Anti-PTCH2 by anti-PCTH2.

- In page 6, last paragraph, include HDA samples in “SHH expression was slightly higher in several tumors including BCC, TE, EP, and SPA (Fig. 1E)”

- In page 7, close de parenthesis in “…PMC (n = 13)…”

- In page 8, line 5, replace PTC2 by PTCH2.

: All minor errors have been fixed in the revised manuscript.

Decision Letter 1

Amanda Ewart Toland

5 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-24006R1

Expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr Jang,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

1.  Address the writing for page 8, lines 7-8 as specified in reviewer 1's attachment.

2.  Ensure that when a gene/RNA is being referred to that the name is in italics (e.g. for in RNA in situs).  Protein names are not italicized.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Dec 20 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

  • A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

  • A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

  • An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Amanda Ewart Toland, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The revised version of the manuscript has been carefully checked and the author’s responses are satisfactory and greatly improve the overall quality of the paper. In this version, only one issue has to be corrected (please, see the attached file).

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Reviewer response to PONE-D-19-24006R1.docx

Click here for additional data file. (11.9KB, docx)
PLoS One. 2019 Nov 22;14(11):e0225511. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225511.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

5 Nov 2019

We appreciate the careful evaluation of our manuscript and revised our manuscript to address the issue raised by reviewer and editor.

1. The revised version of the manuscript has been carefully checked and the author’s responses are satisfactory and greatly improve the overall quality of the paper. In the view of this version, only one issue has to be corrected:

In page 8, lanes 7-8, “… GLI1 expression showed a strong positive correlation with LGR4 (r2=0.62, P < 0.001), LGR5 (r2=0.60, P < 0.001), and LGR6 7 (r2=0.21, P = 0.05), but not with LRIG1…” needs to be rewrite as “… GLI1 expression showed a strong positive correlation with LGR4 (r2=0.62, P < 0.001), LGR5 (r2=0.60, P < 0.001), but not with LGR6 (r2=0.21, P = 0.05) and LRIG1…” . As is stated in statistical analysis section, “A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant”, both LGR6 and LRIG1 have to be considered not significant.

: As suggested, the sentence has been rewritten in the revised manuscript.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Rebuttal letter.doc.docx

Click here for additional data file. (13.1KB, docx)

Decision Letter 2

Amanda Ewart Toland

7 Nov 2019

Expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

PONE-D-19-24006R2

Dear Dr. Jang,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

Shortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the "Update My Information" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

With kind regards,

Amanda Ewart Toland, Ph.D.

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Acceptance letter

Amanda Ewart Toland

12 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-24006R2

Expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signaling-related molecules in basal cell carcinoma

Dear Dr. Jang:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

For any other questions or concerns, please email plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.

With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Amanda Ewart Toland

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

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