Abstract
Background
Of all malignancies, lung cancer is the leading cause of death, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80–85% of all lung cancers. In this study, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) THUMPD3-AS1 was observed to be highly expressed in NSCLC and correlated with TNM stages and relapse, suggesting that THUMPD3-AS1 is involved in the regulation of NSCLC.
Methods
The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory function and mechanism of THUMPD3-AS1 in NSCLC cells by cellular function and molecular biology experiments.
Results
Overexpression and knockdown analysis revealed that THUMPD3-AS1 promoted tumor progression by increasing cell proliferation and self-renewal of NSCLC cells. Moreover, THUMPD3-AS1 may act as an endogenous sponge of microRNA-543 (miR-543) which can regulate the target gene ONECUT2 in NSCLC cells.
Conclusion
Our study indicated that THUMPD3-AS1 regulated NSCLC cell self-renewal by regulating the expression of miR-543 and ONECUT2, and THUMPD3-AS1 can potentially act as a biomarker or therapeutic target in NSCLC.
Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer, self-renewal, THUMPD3-AS1, miR-543, ONECUT2
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most serious malignant tumors threatening human health. In the past 50 years, due to growing tobacco consumption and serious environmental pollution, lung cancer, which has the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide, has become one of the major diseases to seriously endanger human health.1–3 According to its histological characteristics, lung cancer can be divided into four types: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Of these, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma have similar biological behavior, gene mutation and treatment options, and they are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for 80–85% of all lung cancers.4 As signs are lacking in the early stage of tumor onset, most NSCLC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage or have progressed when diagnosed with specific symptoms.5
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule whose transcript length exceeds 200 nucleotides.6 LncRNA, which lacks the ability to encode proteins and is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm, can regulate gene expression at various levels, such as epigenetics, transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional regulation.7–9 LncRNA can be divided into sense lncRNA, antisense lncRNA, bidirectional lncRNA, intragenic lncRNA and intergenic lncRNA, and have different roles in regulating cell functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and development.10,11 Recently, more and more studies have shown that lncRNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer due to its transcription abnormalities, epigenetic modification abnormalities or chromosomal abnormalities.12,13 In NSCLC, it was also found that lncRNA was associated with poor tumor prognosis, and a number of lncRNAs have been found to affect the development of NSCLC as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.14,15
It was reported that lncRNA THUMPD3-AS1 (THUMPD3 antisense RNA 1) was upregulated in lung cancer; however, the regulatory mechanism of THUMPD3-AS1 is not yet clear.16 In this study, we found that THUMPD3-AS1 was upregulated in primary NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent NSCLC tissues. In addition, high expression levels of THUMPD3-AS1 were significantly associated with advanced TNM stages and relapse in NSCLC patients. Furthermore, we investigated the biological functions of THUMPD3-AS1 and found that THUMPD3-AS1 affected cell proliferation and self-renewal of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, we found that THUMPD3-AS1 acted as an endogenous sponge of microRNA-543 (miR-543) to regulate the expression of ONECUT2 (one cut homeobox 2), which affected cell proliferation and self-renewal. Thus, our results demonstrated that THUMPD3-AS1 was associated with NSCLC and involved in the regulation of self-renewal through miR-543 and ONECUT2.
Methods
Cell Culture And Transfection
NSCLC epithelial cell lines (A549 and H1299 cells, purchased commercially (Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation), ATCC cell lines) were cultured in RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 medium (Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The expression plasmids of THUMPD3-AS1 and ONECUT2 were constructed by inserting cDNA into the pCDNA3.1 plasmid. The shRNA plasmid of THUMPD3-AS1 was designed for lentivirus production. The siRNA of ONECUT2 designed for transfection. shRNA lentiviral plasmids were transfected into cells by lentivirus. The miRNA mimics, miRNA inhibitors, siRNAs and plasmids were transfected into cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, USA).
Tissue Sample Collection
NSCLC tissues, which were obtained by aspiration biopsy and immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until use, were collected from the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, and the following criteria were met: patients with primary NSCLC; a histological diagnosis of NSCLC with at least one measurable lesion; a TNM clinical stage of I to IV. All patients provided written informed consent, and the collection of NSCLC tissues for research purposes was approved by the relevant human research ethics committees of the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Overall Patient Characteristics
| Clinicopathological Factors | Number (%)/Median (IQR) |
|---|---|
| Total: | |
| N | 51 |
| Histological type: | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 33 (64.7%) |
| Squamouscarcinoma | 18 (35.3%) |
| Gender: | |
| Male | 36 (70.6%) |
| Female | 15 (29.4%) |
| Age (years): | |
| Mean | 56.6 (25–73) |
| Smoking | |
| Nonsmoker | 20 (39.2%) |
| Smoker | 31 (60.8%) |
| TNM Clinical stage, n (%) | |
| I | 7 (13.7%) |
| II | 17 (33.3%) |
| III | 19 (37.3%) |
| IV | 8 (15.7%) |
RNA Extraction And RT-PCR
Total RNA of cells and tissue samples were extracted by Trizol (Invitrogen, USA). The fractions of cell nucleus and cytoplasm were extracted using PARIS Kit (Life Technologies, USA). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed by using ABI ViiATM7Dx Real-Time PCR System (Life Technologies, USA). For lncRNA and mRNA detection, 1 µg total RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using a Reverse Transcription Kit (Takara, Japan), then cDNA was used for RT-PCR using primers and TB Green Realtime PCR Kit (Takara, Japan). For miRNA detection, 1 µg total RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using a miScript II RT Kit (Qiagen, Germany), then cDNA was used for RT-PCR using miScript Primer Assay and miScript SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Expression levels of lncRNA, mRNA and miRNA were normalized by GAPDH and U6 separately.
The RT-PCR primers were designed as the following:
THUMPD3-AS1: Forward 5ʹ-TGGTGCCACCTATGTTGTGG-3ʹ; Reverse 5ʹ-ACACTTCAGCCAGCAGAGAC-3ʹ.
ONECUT2: Forward 5ʹ-ATGCGAGTTCAGATGCTGCT-3ʹ; Reverse 5ʹ-CACCGGGGCTTGGACTAAAT-3ʹ.
GAPDH: Forward 5ʹ-GAAAGCCTGCCGGTGACTAA-3ʹ; Reverse 5ʹ-TTCCCGTTCTCAGCCTTGAC-3ʹ.
RNA Pull-Down Assay
Biotinylated miR-543 probes (wild type bio-miR-543-WT and mutant type bio-miR-543-MUT) were incubated with strepavidin magnetic beads at 4 °C over-night to generate probe-coated magnetic beads. The cells were harvested and lysed by RIPA buffer. Cell lysates were incubated with probe-coated beads for 1 h at room temperature, and the isolated complexes were used for extraction of the RNA for RT-PCR analysis.
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay
The wild type (WT) and mutant type (MUT) 3ʹUTR of ONECUT2 and THUMPD3-AS1 were chemically synthesized and inserted into pGL3 plasmids (Promega, USA) for getting the wild type (ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-WT, THUMPD3-AS1-WT) or mutant type (ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-MUT, THUMPD3-AS1-MUT). 50 ng plasmids were transfected in combination with 1.5 nmol of the miRNA mimics using Lipofectamine Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen, USA). Luciferase activity was measured 48 h after transfection using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA). The relative luciferase activity (firefly luciferase) was normalized to pRL-TK activity (Renilla luciferase).
Western Blotting
The cells were harvested and lysed by RIPA (Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay) buffer. 50 µg heat-denatured proteins were loaded into a 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) system, and then transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane for Western blotting analysis. After blocking nonspecific binding sites with 5% (wt/vol) non-fat milk, 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween-20 diluted in Tris (pH 7.8)-buffered saline, rabbit polyclonal anti-ONECUT2 (Abcam, USA, 1:400 dilution) and anti-GAPDH (Abcam, USA, 1:1000 dilution) primary antibodies were added and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Then, HRP (horseradish peroxidase) conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Abcam, USA, 1:2000 dilution) was added and incubated for 2 h.
Cell Growth Assay
Cell growth was determined at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days using Cell Counting Kit-8 (Beyotime, China). NSCLC cells were incubated in 90 µl of RPMI-1640 medium and 10 µl of CCK8 solution at 37 °C until visual color conversion occurred. The absorbance at 450 nm wavelength was measured on an automated reader.
Colony Formation Assay
NSCLC cells were trypsinized and plated to assess clonogenic survival (1000 cells per well in 6-well plates). Cells were allowed to form colonies over 7 days. The cells were then stained with GIEMSA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and counted using ImageJ software.
Sphere Formation Assay
NSCLC cells were plated in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium) F12 serum-free media (Gibco, USA) reconstituted with 20 ng/mL of EGF, 20 ng/mL of bFGF, 2% B27, and 1% methylcellulose (5000 cells per well in a six-well plate). After 4–7 days, microsphere-like structures were visible, and images of the microspheres were captured using a microscope.
Statistical Analysis
All values (continuous variables and normally distributed) were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from at least three separate experiments. The Student’s unpaired t-test and chi-square test were performed using SPSS 21.0 statistical software. A two-tailed P value test was used in all analyses, and differences were considered statistically significant if the P value was less than 0.05 (P<0.05).
Results
THUMPD3-AS1 Is Upregulated In NSCLC Tissues And Promotes Self-Renewal Of NSCLC Cells
In order to analyze the clinical correlations of THUMPD3-AS1 in NSCLC, the expression status of THUMPD3-AS1 in 51 pairs of primary and adjacent NSCLC samples was assessed by RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 1A, the expression of THUMPD3-AS1 in primary tissues (Cancer, C) was higher than that in adjacent tissues (Non-cancer, NC) (P = 0.012). We then analyzed the correlation between the expression level of THUMPD3-AS1 and the clinicopathologic features of NSCLC patients. As shown in Table 2, NSCLC patients with a high expression level of THUMPD3-AS1 were more likely to have advanced TNM stages (P = 0.016) and relapse (P = 0.028) compared with NSCLC patients with a low expression level. Moreover, the expression level of THUMPD3-AS1 was not different due to histological type, gender, age and smoking history. Therefore, THUMPD3-AS1 was abnormally upregulated in NSCLC tissues and the high expression level of THUMPD3-AS1 was associated with increased tumor progression of NSCLC.
Figure 1.
THUMPD3-AS1 was abnormal upregulated in NSCLC and involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and self-renewal. (A) Scatter plots of expression levels of THUMPD3-AS1 in NC and C tissues of NSCLC. NC, adjacent carcinoma tissues; C, primary carcinoma tissues. (B) THUMPD3-AS1 expressions were increased after transfection of THUMPD3-AS1 plasmids and decreased after transfection of THUMPD3-AS1 shRNAs in A549 and H1299 cells. (C) Cell growth assay was used to observe the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the cell growth in A549 and H1299 cells. (D) Colony formation assay was used to observe the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the colony-formation capability in A549 and H1299 cells. (E) Sphere formation assay was used to observe the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the size and number of spheres in A549 and H1299 cells. (*P < 0.05, error bar refers to SD).
Table 2.
Correlation Between The Expression Level Of THUMPD3-AS1 And The Clinicopathological Features Of NSCLC Patients
| Clinicopathological Factors | Expression Levela Of THUMPD3-AS1 | χ2 value (Bold values χ2>7.815(ν=3) χ2>3.841(ν=1)) | P value (Bold values P<0.05) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | Low | ||||
| Histological type | Adenocarcinoma | 18 | 15 | 0.202 | 0.653 |
| Squamouscarcinoma | 11 | 7 | |||
| Gender | Male | 20 | 16 | 0.085 | 0.771 |
| Female | 9 | 6 | |||
| Age (years) | <60 | 21 | 13 | 1.003 | 0.317 |
| ≥60 | 8 | 9 | |||
| Smoking | Nonsmoker | 10 | 10 | 0.629 | 0.428 |
| Smoker | 19 | 12 | |||
| TNM Clinical stage | I | 2 | 5 | 10.37 | 0.016 |
| II | 6 | 11 | |||
| III | 15 | 4 | |||
| IV | 6 | 2 | |||
| Relapse | 0 | 6 | 11 | 4.845 | 0.028 |
| 1 | 23 | 11 | |||
Notes: aExpression level of THUMPD3-AS1 was used the mRNA expression level as categorical variables, where THUMPD3-AS1 expression level was dichotomised and its categories represented as follows: cases with higher expression in primary tissues compared with adjacent tissues were designated as “high”, whereas cases with lower expression in primary tissues compared with adjacent tissues were designated as “low”.
To investigate the roles of THUMPD3-AS1 in NSCLC cells, we used cDNA plasmid or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to achieve overexpression or knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 1B). First, we analyzed the effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the growth of NSCLC cells, and found that overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 promoted and knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 inhibited growth in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 1C). According to the colony formation assay results, overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 promoted and knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 inhibited colony formation capacity in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 1D). Moreover, we examined the effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the self-renewal of cells using the sphere formation assay. The results showed that overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 increased and knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 decreased the size and number of spheres (Figure 1E). Therefore, these results suggested that upregulation of THUMPD3-AS1 influenced NSCLC by promoting the proliferation and self-renewal capability of NSCLC cells.
THUMPD3-AS1 Interacts With miR-543
In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in the control of NSCLC cell proliferation and self-renewal by THUMPD3-AS1, we found that THUMPD3-AS1 was predominantly located in the cytoplasm (Figure 2A). The recent competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis proposes that lncRNAs located in the cytoplasm can exert their function by sponging miRNAs, and we found that THUMPD3-AS1 contained a putative binding site for miR-543 using the online predictive tools of bioinformatics (Figure 2B). We then analyzed the effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on miR-543 expression in A549 and H1299 cells, and found that overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 decreased and knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 increased the expression of miR-543 (Figure 2C). According to the results of the dual-luciferase reporter assay, miR-543 reduced the luciferase activity of the THUMPD3-AS1-WT reporter vector, and the inhibitory effect was abolished when the miR-543 binding site was mutated (THUMPD3-AS1-MUT) (Figure 2D). Moreover, in order to confirm the direct binding between THUMPD3-AS1 and miR-543, we performed RNA pull-down assay using biotinylated miR-543. The results showed that THUMPD3-AS1 was more enriched in the biotinylated wild-type miR-543 (bio-miR-543-WT) captured fraction than in the biotinylated binding site mutant type miR-543 (bio-miR-543-MUT) (Figure 2E). These results suggested that THUMPD3-AS1 could function as a ceRNA by interacting with miR-543 in NSCLC.
Figure 2.
THUMPD3-AS1 function as a ceRNA by interacting with miR-543. (A) The subcellular location of THUMPD3-AS1 was tested in A549 and H1299 cells which were fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. U6 and GAPDH served as nucleus and cytoplasm control, respectively. (B) THUMPD3-AS1 contains the binding site for miR-543, including wild type and mutant type. (C) THUMPD3-AS1 regulated the expression of miR-543 in A549 and H1299 cells. (D) Luciferase reporter assay was used to observe the binding effect of miR-543 on the THUMPD3-AS1. (E) RNA pull-down assay was used to observe the direct binding between THUMPD3-AS1 and miR-543. (*P < 0.05, error bar refers to SD).
The miR-543 Regulates ONECUT2
As miRNAs function by silencing target genes, we predicted the targets of miR-543 using the picTar and TargetScan prediction systems, and found that the 3ʹ untranslated region (3ʹUTR) of ONECUT2 contained a miR-543 binding site (Figure 3A). As shown in Figure 3B, it was observed that the protein and mRNA expression of ONECUT2 decreased after transfection with miR-543 mimics and increased after transfection with miR-543 inhibitors in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 3B). Moreover, using the dual-luciferase reporter assay, it was found that miR-543 mimics decreased the relative luciferase activity by binding to the target site in the wild-type 3ʹUTR of ONECUT2 (ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-WT) compared with the binding site mutant type 3ʹUTR of ONECUT2 (ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-MUT) (Figure 3C). Therefore, these results suggested that ONECUT2 was the direct target gene of miR-543 in NSCLC.
Figure 3.
ONECUT2 was the direct target gene of miR-543. (A) The 3ʹ untranslated region (3ʹUTR) of ONECUT2 contains the binding site for miR-543, including wild type and mutant type. (B) miR-543 regulated the protein and mRNA expression of ONECUT2 in A549 and H1299 cells. (C) Luciferase reporter assay was used to observe the binding and targeting effects of miR-543 on the 3ʹUTR of ONECUT2. (*P < 0.05, error bar refers to SD).
THUMPD3-AS1 Regulates ONECUT2 By Sponging miR-543
As THUMPD3-AS1 shares the regulatory miR-543 with ONECUT2, we determined whether THUMPD3-AS1 regulated ONECUT2 expression. In A549 and H1299 cells, overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 increased ONECUT2 expression, while ONECUT2 expression recovered following co-transfection with miR-543 mimics and THUMPD3-AS1 plasmids (Figure 4A). Moreover, knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 decreased ONECUT2 expression, while ONECUT2 expression recovered following co-transfection with miR-543 inhibitors and THUMPD3-AS1 shRNAs (Figure 4A). In order to further determine whether THUMPD3-AS1 protected ONECUT2 from miR-543-mediated repression, we performed dual-luciferase reporter assays and co-transfected ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-WT and miR-543 mimics in the presence of THUMPD3-AS1 plasmids or control plasmids, respectively. We found that overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 efficiently abolished the miR-543 induced reduction in luciferase activity of ONECUT2-3ʹUTR-WT (Figure 4B). These results indicated that THUMPD3-AS1 may act as an endogenous sponge of miR-543; thus, regulating ONECUT2 indirectly.
Figure 4.
THUMPD3-AS1 act as endogenous sponge of miR-543 to regulate ONECUT2 indirectly. (A) THUMPD3-AS1 regulates the protein and mRNA expression of ONECUT2 through miR-543 in A549 and H1299 cells. (B) Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the regulating effects of THUMPD3-AS1 on the 3ʹUTR of ONECUT2 through miR-543. (*P < 0.05, error bar refers to SD).
THUMPD3-AS1 Regulates Self-Renewal Through miR-543 And ONECUT2
Finally, we investigated whether THUMPD3-AS1 regulated self-renewal through miR-543 and ONECUT2. According to the results of the cell growth, colony formation and sphere formation assays, the inhibitory effect of THUMPD3-AS1 knockdown on cell growth, proliferation and self-renewal recovered after transfection with ONECUT2 plasmids or miR-543 inhibitors in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 5A, B and C). Moreover, the recovery effect of miR-543 inhibitors on cell growth, proliferation and self-renewal was abolished after transfection with ONECUT2 siRNAs in A549 and H1299 cells (Figure 5A, B and C). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that THUMPD3-AS1 regulates cell proliferation and self-renewal by regulating the expression of miR-543 and ONECUT2 in NSCLC.
Figure 5.
THUMPD3-AS1 regulated cell proliferation and self-renewal by miR-543 and ONECUT2. (A) Individual or combined regulation of ONECUT2 and miR-543 influenced the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the cell growth in A549 and H1299 cells. (B) Individual or combined regulation of ONECUT2 and miR-543 influenced the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the colony-formation capability in A549 and H1299 cells. (C) Individual or combined regulation of ONECUT2 and miR-543 influenced the regulation effect of THUMPD3-AS1 on the size and number of spheres in A549 and H1299 cells. (*P < 0.05, error bar refers to SD).
Discussion
Recently, the natural miRNA sponge hypothesis suggested that there were endogenous miRNA sponges in organisms that negatively regulate miRNA, and ceRNA (competing endogenous RNA) is one of them.17 ceRNA is an endogenous RNA transcript that can compete with other RNA transcripts for the same miRNAs.18 The ceRNA is the mode of “RNA regulate miRNA,” which is complementary to the traditional mode of “miRNA regulate RNA,” thus achieving mutual communication and regulation.19 ceRNAs compete to bind to miRNAs through miRNA responsive elements and regulate the target gene of miRNA by antagonizing the binding of miRNA with the 3ʹUTR of the target gene, thus reducing repression of the target gene.20 It has also been found that disruption of ceRNA expression was involved in the promotion of cancer including NSCLC.21–23 In this study, it was shown that THUMPD3-AS1 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and high expression of THUMPD3-AS1 was associated with TNM stages and relapse. Functional analysis found that THUMPD3-AS1 was involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and self-renewal in NSCLC cells. THUMPD3-AS1 is located in the genomic 3p25.3 locus and can be transcribed into an lncRNA of 1951 nucleotides. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis showed that THUMPD3-AS1 contained binding sites for miR-543, and overexpression of THUMPD3-AS1 led to a decrease in miR-543, while knockdown of THUMPD3-AS1 led to an increase in miR-543. Therefore, it was found that THUMPD3-AS1 was associated with NSCLC and had the potential to regulate miR-543 as a ceRNA in NSCLC.
The miRNAs are endogenous non-coding small RNAs of about 18–25 nucleotides in length that are highly conserved in evolution and highly specific in tissues.24 The miRNAs have post-transcriptional gene regulatory functions, and can degrade mRNA or inhibit mRNA translation by binding to the 3′UTR of the target gene mRNA.25 It is known that a number of miRNAs have been implicated in a wide variety of malignancies, and miR-543 is no exception.26–28 It has been found that miR-543 was greatly downregulated in glioma cell lines and tissues and was recognized as a tumor suppressor miRNA in glioma.29 Moreover, several findings demonstrated the tumor suppressor role of miR-543 in cervical cancer and breast cancer.30,31 In the present study, we confirmed that THUMPD3-AS1 regulated ONECUT2 as an endogenous sponge of miR-543 in NSCLC, suggesting that miR-543 also functioned as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC.
ONECUT2 is a transcription factor associated with development, and recent evidence has shown that aberrant expression of ONECUT2 in cancers is relevant in cancer progression.32–34 The expression of ONECUT2 has been found to be upregulated and drives tumor aggressiveness in ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.35–38 Moreover, it has been found that ONECUT2 was involved in the regulation of cancer stem cell-like features in breast cancer.39 However, the function of ONECUT2 in NSCLC has not yet been reported. In this study, it was demonstrated that THUMPD3-AS1 exhibited oncogene activity that promoted self-renewal of NSCLC cells through the regulation of ONECUT2, suggesting that ONECUT2 could promote stemness in NSCLC.
Conclusion
This study extends the knowledge on the regulation of ONECUT2 at the post-transcription level by THUMPD3-AS1 which can act as an endogenous sponge for miR-543, and the abnormal regulation of THUMPD3-AS1/miR-543/ONECUT2 was involved in the regulation of self-renewal in NSCLC (Figure 6). Such novel molecular mechanisms which sustain NSCLC provide a new biomarker and therapy target for NSCLC and provide a molecular basis for tumor progression.
Figure 6.
A summary diagram of THUMPD3-AS1, miR-543 and ONECUT2 function on self-renewal in NSCLC.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871986).
Ethics Approval And Consent To Participate
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (approval number: GZR 2018-120).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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