Skip to main content
NCBI home page
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research logoLink to International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
. 2009 Aug 21;18(3):169–184. doi: 10.1002/mpr.289

Meta‐analyses of agreement between diagnoses made from clinical evaluations and standardized diagnostic interviews

David C Rettew 1,✉, Alicia Doyle Lynch 2, Thomas M Achenbach 1, Levent Dumenci 3, Masha Y Ivanova 1
PMCID: PMC6878243  PMID: 19701924

Abstract

Standardized diagnostic interviews (SDIs) have become de facto gold standards for clinical research. However, because clinical practitioners seldom use SDIs, it is essential to determine how well SDIs agree with clinical diagnoses. In meta‐analyses of 38 articles published from 1995 to 2006 (N = 15,967 probands), mean kappas (z‐transformed) between diagnoses from clinical evaluations versus SDIs were 0.27 for a broad category of all disorders, 0.29 for externalizing disorders, and 0.28 for internalizing disorders. Kappas for specific disorders ranged from 0.19 for generalized anxiety disorder to 0.86 for anorexia nervosa (median = 0.48). For diagnostic clusters (e.g. psychotic disorders), kappas ranged from 0.14 for affective disorders (including bipolar) to 0.70 for eating disorders (median = 0.43). Kappas were significantly higher for outpatients than inpatients and for children than adults. However, these effects were not significant in meta‐regressions. Conclusions: Diagnostic agreement between SDIs and clinical evaluations varied widely by disorder and was low to moderate for most disorders. Thus, findings from SDIs may not fully apply to diagnoses based on clinical evaluations of the sort used in the published studies. Rather than implying that SDIs or clinical evaluations are inferior, characteristics of both may limit agreement and generalizability from SDI findings to clinical practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: diagnosis, standardized diagnostic interviews (SDIs), meta‐analysis, clinical evaluations

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (270.8 KB).

REFERENCES

  1. Achenbach T.M., Krukowski R.A., Dumenci L., Ivanova M.Y. (2005) Assessment of adult psychopathology: meta‐analyses and implications of cross‐informant correlations. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 361–382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Altman D.G. (1991) Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman and Hall. [Google Scholar]
  3. Alyahri A., Goodman R. (2006) Validation of the Arabic strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the development and well‐being assessment. La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale, 12(Suppl. 2), 138–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. American Psychiatric Association . (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.), American Psychiatric Association. [Google Scholar]
  5. American Psychiatric Association . (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.), American Psychiatric Association. [Google Scholar]
  6. American Psychiatric Association . (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), American Psychiatric Association. [Google Scholar]
  7. Angold A., Prendergast M., Cox A., Harrington R., Simonoff E., Rutter M. (1995) The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Psychological Medicine, 25, 739–753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Anthony J.C., Folstein M., Romanoski A.J., Von Korff M.R., Nestadt G.R., Chahal R., et al. (1985). Comparison of the lay diagnostic interview schedule and a standardized psychiatric diagnosis. Experience in Eastern Baltimore. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 667–675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Balestrieri M., Bisoffi G., Tansella M., Martucci M., Goldberg D.P. (2002) Identification of depression by medical and surgical general hospital physicians. General Hospital Psychiatry, 24, 4–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beal D.J., Corey D.M., Dunlap W.P. (2002) On the bias of Huffcutt and Arthur's (1995) procedure for identifying outliers in the meta‐analysis of correlations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 583–589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brugha T.S., Bebbington P.E., Jenkins R. (1999) A difference that matters: comparisons of structured and semi‐structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1013–1020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brugha T.S., Jenkins R., Taub N., Meltzer H., Bebbington P.E. (2001) A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Psychological Medicine, 31, 1001–1013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cohen J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46. [Google Scholar]
  14. Cohen P., O'Connor P., Lewis S., Velez C.N., Malachowski B. (1987) Comparison of DISC and K‐SADS‐P interviews of an epidemiological sample of children. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 662–667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Costello A.J. (1996) Structured interviewing. In: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook (ed. Lewis M.) (2nd ed.), pp. 457–464), Williams & Williams. [Google Scholar]
  16. Dreessen L, Arntz A. (1999) Personality disorders have no excessively negative impact on therapist‐rated therapy process in the cognitive and behavioural treatment of Axis I anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 384–394. [Google Scholar]
  17. Endicott J., Spitzer R.L. (1978) A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ezpeleta L., de la Osa N., Domenech J.M., Navarro J.B., Losilla J.M., Judez J. (1997) Diagnostic agreement between clinicians and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents‐DICA‐R in an outpatient sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 431–440. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Field A.P. (2001) Meta‐analysis of correlation coefficients: a Monte Carlo comparison of fixed‐ and random‐effects methods. Psychological Methods, 6, 161–180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B., Benjamin L.S. (1994) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID‐II), version 2.0, Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute. [Google Scholar]
  21. Fisher R.A. (1970) Statistical Methods for Research Workers (14th ed.), Oliver & Boyd. [Google Scholar]
  22. Fleiss J.L. (1981) Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (Vol. 2), Wiley. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Fridell M., Hesse M. (2006) Clinical diagnosis and SCID‐II assessment of DSM‐II‐R personality disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22, 104–108. [Google Scholar]
  24. Füredi J., Rozsa S., Zambori J., Szadoczky E. (2003) The role of symptoms in the recognition of mental health disorders in primary care. Psychosomatics, 44, 402–406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gelfand D.M., Hartmann D.P. (1975) Child Behavior Analysis and Therapy, Pergamon. [Google Scholar]
  26. Ghanizadeh A., Mohammadi M., Yazdanshenas A. (2006) Psychometric properties of the Farsi translation of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – present and lifetime version. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 10, DOI: 10.1186/1471‐244X‐6‐10 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Goodman R., Ford T., Richards H., Gatward R., Meltzer H. (2000) The development and well‐being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 645–655. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Guggenmoos‐Holzmann I. (1995) Modeling covariate effects in observer agreement studies: the case of nominal scale agreement. Statistics in Medicine, 14, 2285–2286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gutterman E.M., O'Brien J.D., Young J.G. (1987) Structured diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: current status and future directions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 621–630. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Härter M., Woll S., Reuter K., Wunsch A., Bengel J. (2004) Recognition of psychiatric disorders in musculoskeletal and cardiovascular rehabilitation patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85, 1192–1197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hedges L.V., Olkin I. (1985) Statistical Methods for Meta‐Analysis, Academic Press. [Google Scholar]
  32. Helzer J., Kraemer H., Krueger R.F., Wittchen H.U.,Sirovatka P.J., Regier D.A. (eds) (2008) Dimensional Approaches in Diagnostic Classification: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM‐V, American Psychiatric Association. [Google Scholar]
  33. Helzer J.E., Robins L.N., McEvoy L.T., Spitznagel E.L., Stoltzman R.K., Farmer A. et al. (1985) A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses. Physician reexamination of lay‐interviewed cases in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 657–666. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. (1990) Methods of Meta‐Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings, Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
  35. Jensen A.L., Weisz J.R. (2002) Assessing match and mismatch between practitioner‐generated and standardized interview‐generated diagnoses for clinic‐referred children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 158–168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Jewell J., Handwerk M., Almquist J., Lucas C. (2004). Comparing the validity of clinician‐generated diagnosis of conduct disorder to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 536–546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Jordanova V., Wickramesinghe C., Gerada C., Prince M. (2004) Validation of two survey diagnostic interviews among primary care attendees: a comparison of CIS‐R and CIDI with SCAN ICD‐10 diagnostic categories. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1013–1024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kadri N., Agoub M., Gnaoui S.E., Alami K.M., Hergueta T., Moussaoui D. (2005) Moroccan colloquial Arabic version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): qualitative and quantitative validation. European Psychiatry, 20, 193–195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kampman O., Kiviniemi P., Koivisto E., Vaananen J., Kilkku N., Leinonen E., et al. (2004) Patient characteristics and diagnostic discrepancy in first‐episode psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 213–218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kaufman J., Birmaher B., Brent D., Rao U., Flynn C., Moreci P., et al. (1997) Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School‐Age Children‐Present and Lifetime Version (K‐SADS‐PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kim Y.S., Choen K.A., Kim B.N., Chang S.A., Yoo H.J., Kim J.W., et al. (2004) The reliability and validity of the Kiddie‐Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – present and lifetime version – Korean version (K‐SADS‐PL‐K). Yonsei Medical Journal, 45, 81–89. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Klinkman M.S., Coyne J.C., Gallo S., Schwenk T.L. (1998) False positives, false negatives, and the validity of the diagnosis of major depression in primary care. Archives of Family Medicine, 7, 451–461. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Klinkman M.S., Schwenk T.L., Coyne J.C. (1997) Depression in primary care – more like asthma than appendicitis: the Michigan Depression Project. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 966–973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kobak K.A., Taylor L.H., Dottl S.L., Greist J.H., Jefferson J.W., Burroughs D., et al. (1997) A computer‐administered telephone interview to identify mental disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 905–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Komiti A.A., Jackson H.J., Judd F.K., Cockram A.M., Kyrios M., Yeatman R., et al. (2001) A comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI‐auto) with clinical assessment in diagnosing mood and anxiety disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 224–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kramer T.L., Robbins J.M., Phillips S.D., Miller T.L., Burns B.J. (2003) Detection and outcomes of substance use disorders in adolescents seeking mental health treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1318–1326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kranzler H.R., Kadden R.M., Babor T.F., Rounsaville B.J. (1994) Longitudinal expert, all data procedure for psychiatric diagnosis in patients with psychoactive substance use disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 277–283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Krueger R.F., Markon K.E., Patrick C.J., Iacono W.G. (2005) Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: a dimensional‐spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM‐V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 537–550. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Landis J.R., Koch G.G. (1977) The measurement of observed agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Leckman J.F., Sholomskas D., Thompson W.D., Belanger A., Weissman M.M. (1982) Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodological study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 879–883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lecrubier Y., Weiller E. (1998) Characteristics, recognition and treatment of dysthymics in primary care. European Psychiatry, 13, 198–202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lewczyk C.M., Garland A.F., Hurlburt M.S., Gearity J., Hough R.L. (2003) Comparing DISC‐IV and clinician diagnoses among youths receiving public mental health services. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 349–356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Loerch B., Szegedi A., Kohnen R., Benkert O. (2000) The primary care evaluation of mental disorders (PRIME‐MD), German version: a comparison with the CIDI. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34, 211–220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lowe B., Spitzer R.L., Grafe K., Kroenke K., Quenter A., Zipfel S., et al. (2004) Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM‐IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 78, 131–140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Matarazzo J.D. (1983) The reliability of psychiatric and psychological diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 3, 103–145. [Google Scholar]
  56. McClellan J.M., Werry J.S. (2000) Research psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 19–27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. McQuade W.H., Levy S.M., Yanek L.R., Davis S.W., Liepman M.R. (2000) Detecting symptoms of alcohol abuse in primary care settings. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 814–821. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Moya T., Fleitlich‐Bilyk B., Goodman R., Nogueira F.C., Focci P.S., Nicoletti M., et al. (2005) The eating disorders section of the Development and Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA): development and validation. Revista Brasileria Psiquitria, 27, 25–31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mullick M.S.I., Goodman R. (2005) The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 5–10 year olds in rural, urban and slum areas in Bangladesh. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 663–671. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Muthén L.K., Muthén B.O. (2007) Mplus User's Guide (5th ed.), Muthén & Muthén. [Google Scholar]
  61. North C.S., Pollio D.E., Thompson S.J., Ricci D.A., Smith E.M., Spitznagel E.L. (1997) A comparison of clinical and structured interview diagnoses in a homeless mental health clinic. Community Mental Health Journal, 33, 531–543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Nussbeck F.W. (2005) Assessing multimethod association with categorical variables In: Handbook of Multimethod Assessment in Psychology (eds Eid M, Diener E.), American Psychological Association. [Google Scholar]
  63. Otsubo T., Tanaka K., Koda R., Shinoda J., Sano N., Tanaka S., et al. (2005) Reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 517–526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Pellegrino J.F., Singh N.N., Carmanico S.J. (1999) Concordance among three diagnostic procedures for identifying depression in children and adolescents with EBD. Journal of Emotional and Behavior Disorders, 7, 118–127. [Google Scholar]
  65. Pini S., Perkonnig A., Tansella M., Wittchen H.U., Psich D. (1999) Prevalence and 12‐month outcome of threshold and subthreshold mental disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 56, 37–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Ramirez Basco M., Bostic J.Q., Davies D., Rush A.J., Witte B., Hendrickse W., et al. (2000) Methods to improve diagnostic accuracy in a community mental health setting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1599–1605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Regier D.A., Kaelber C.T., Rae D.S., Farmer M.E., Knauper B., Kessler R.C., et al. (1998) Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Implications for research and policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 109–115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Reich W. (2000) Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 59–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Robins L.N., Barrett J.E. (1989) The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnoses, Raven Press. [Google Scholar]
  70. Robins L.N., Helzer J.E., Croughan J., Ratcliff K.S. (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Rosenman S.J., Korten A.E., Levings C.T. (1997a) Computerised diagnosis in acute psychiatry: validity of CIDI‐auto against routine clinical diagnosis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 581–592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rosenman S.J., Levings C.T., Korten A.E. (1997b) Clinical utility and patient acceptance of the computerized Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Psychiatric Services, 48, 815–820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Rosenthal R. (1991) Meta‐Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
  74. Shaffer D., Fisher P., Lucas C.P., Dulcan M.K., Schwab‐Stone M.E. (2000) NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC‐IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Shanee N., Apter A., Weizman A. (1997) Psychometric properties of the K‐SADS‐PL in an Israeli adolescent clinical population. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 34, 179–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Shear M.K., Greeno C., Kang J., Ludewig D., Frank E., Swartz H.A., et al. (2000) Diagnosis of nonpsychotic patients in community clinics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 581–587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Sheehan D.V., Lecrubier Y., Sheehan K.H., Amorim P., Janavs J., Weiller E., et al. (1998) The Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM‐IV and ICD‐10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 20), 22–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Spitzer R.L. (1983) Psychiatric diagnosis: are clinicians still necessary? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 399–411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Gibbon M., First M.B. (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID). I: history, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Steiner J.L., Tebes J.K., Sledge W.H., Walker M.L. (1995) A comparison of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R and clinical diagnoses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 183, 365–369. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Strakowski S.M., Hawkins J.M., Keck P.E. Jr, McElroy S.L., West S.A., Bourne M.L., et al. (1997) The effects of race and information variance on disagreement between psychiatric emergency service and research diagnoses in first‐episode psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 457–463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Szádóczky E., Rózsa S., Zámbori J., Füredi J. (2004) Anxiety and mood disorders in primary care practice. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8, 77–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Tenney N.H., Schotte C.K., Denys D.A., van Megen H.J., Westenberg H.G. (2003) Assessment of DSM‐IV personality disorders in obsessive‐compulsive disorder: comparison of clinical diagnosis, self‐report questionnaire, and semi‐structured interview. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 550–561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Thornton C., Russell J., Hudson J. (1998) Does the Composite International Diagnostic Interview underdiagnose the eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 341–345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Tiemens B.G., Ormel J., Simon G.E. (1996) Occurrence, recognition, and outcome of psychological disorders in primary care. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 636–644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Tiemens B.G., VonKorff M., Lin E.H. (1999) Diagnosis of depression by primary care physicians versus a structured diagnostic interview. Understanding discordance. General Hospital Psychiatry, 21, 87–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. van Marwijk H.W., de Bock G.H., Hermans J., Mulder J.D., Springer M.P. (1996) Prevalence of depression and clues to focus diagnosis. A study among Dutch general practice patients 65+ years of age. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 14, 142–147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Van Weel‐Baumgarten E.M., Van Den Bosch W.J., Van Den Hoogen H.J., Zitman F.G. (2000) The validity of the diagnosis of depression in general practice: is using criteria for diagnosis as a routine the answer? British Journal of General Practitioners, 50, 284–287. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Weinstein S.R., Stone K., Noam G.G., Grimes K., Schwab‐Stone M. (1989) Comparison of DISC with clinicians' DSM‐III diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 53–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Welner Z., Reich W., Herjanic B., Jung K.G., Amado H. (1987) Reliability, validity, and parent–child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 649–653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Williams J.B., Gibbon M., First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Davies M., Borus J., et al. (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID). II. Multisite test–retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 630–636. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Wittchen H.U. (1994) Reliability and validity studies of the WHO‐Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28, 57–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wittchen H.U., Üstün T.B., Kessler R.C. (1999) Diagnosing mental disorders in the community. A difference that matters? Psychological Medicine, 29, 1021–1027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. World Health Organization . (1978) Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (9th ed.), World Health Organization. [Google Scholar]
  95. World Health Organization . (1992) Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (10th ed.), World Health Organization. [Google Scholar]
  96. World Health Organization . (1990) CIDI – Core User Manual: Introduction and Question by Question Specification for the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (version 1.0, rev. 4), World Health Organization. [Google Scholar]
  97. World Health Organization . (1994) Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, version 2.0 (SCAN‐2), World Health Organization. [Google Scholar]
  98. Young J.G., O'Brien J.D., Gutterman E.M., Cohen P. (1987) Research on the clinical interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 613–620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES