Abstract
Introduction
Proline hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) is involved in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to examine PHD2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression in different endometrial tissues and explore the correlations between PHD2 and HIF-1α expression with clinicopathological characteristics of endometrial cancer.
Methods
We collected 50 tissue sections of endometrial adenocarcinoma, 30 of atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 30 of control normal endometrium. The expression of PHD2 was detected by PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis.
Results
PHD2 mRNA and protein levels reduced in endometrial cancer tissues compared to normal endometrium (p<0.05). In contrast, HIF-1α expression levels increased in endometrial cancer tissues compared to normal endometrium (p<0.05). In addition, PHD2 and HIF-1α levels were correlated with lymphovascular stromal invasion (LVSI), postoperative FIGO stage, and lymph node metastasis of endometrial cancer (p<0.05).
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that reduced expression of PHD2 and increased expression of HIF-1α are associated with endometrial cancer aggressiveness. PHD2 might be a novel biomarker and a potential target for endometrial cancer management.
Keywords: proline hydroxylase, hypoxia-inducible factor, endometrial cancer, prognosis
Introduction
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common malignancy in females worldwide.1 Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of EC, accounting for 80% of all EC.2 Most early-stage cancers respond well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, radiotherapy and chemotherapy failure are sometimes observed and are attributed to hypoxia as a consequence of cell proliferation and angiogenesis.3
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 pathway regulates the expression of genes that promote angiogenesis, invasion, glycolysis, and pH regulation.4,5 HIF-1 and Proline hydroxylase (PHD) 1–3, and the four human HIF-α hydroxylases belong to a family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent, non-heme iron-binding dioxygenases.6 Among them, PHD2 is considered to play an important role in the regulation of HIF.7–9 The stability of HIF-1α is affected by PHD2, which in turn can accelerate or decelerate cell proliferation and angiogenesis through multiple pathways.10 PHD2 is expressed in several types of cancers, but the clinical significance of PHD2 in EC remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine PHD2 expression in EC and explore the correlations of PHD2 and HIF-1α expression with clinicopathologic characteristics of EC, including lymph node metastasis, LVSI, and postoperative International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage.
Materials and Methods
Patients
Endometrium tissue samples were collected from 30 volunteers, 30 patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 50 patients with EC at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yi Jishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, between Jan 2017 and December 2018. All samples were resected before any treatment. This study was approved by the Scientific research IRB of Wannan Medical College Yi Jishan Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.
Real-Time PCR
Total RNA was extracted from endometrial tissue samples with the RNeasy Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA synthesis was performed using a first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific), and PCR was performed using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Qiagen), 2 μL of diluted cDNA, and 200 nmol/L oligonucleotide primers as follows: PHD2 5ʹGGGACATTCATTGCCTCACTCTC3ʹ (forward) and 5ʹGCTTGCTGTTATGTGCCCAATC3ʹ (reverse); HIF-1α 5ʹACTTCTGGATGCTGGTGATT3ʹ (forward) and 5ʹTCCTCGGCTAGTTAGGGTAC3ʹ (reverse). Real-time PCR was performed in triplicate and relative mRNA levels of target genes were calculated as the difference of reaction cycle thresholds (Ct) between GAPHD and each of the target genes (2−ΔCt).
Western Blot Analysis
Endometrial tissues were homogenized in RIPA lysis buffer and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm/min and 4°C for 5 mins. The supernatant was collected, and protein extract (20 µg) was separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked and incubated with antibody for PHD2, HIF-1α, or β-actin (Affinity Biosciences, diluted at 1:1000) overnight at 4°C and then with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity Biosciences, diluted at 1:4000) for 1 hr at room temperature. The membranes were developed using chemiluminescence substrate (Affinity Biosciences, China) and exposed to X-ray films. The intensity of the bands from triplicate experiments was quantified with Image.plus5.1 software (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA).
Immunohistochemistry
Endometrial tissues were fixed in 40 g/L paraformaldehyde, embedded and then cut into 4 μm serial sections. The sections were then subjected to deparaffinization, heat-induced antigen retrieval with EDTA pH 8.0, hydrogen peroxide quenching, and then incubated with PHD2 or HIF-1α antibody (1:100 dilution), biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex, and DAB. Staining for PHD2 and HIF-1α was evaluated by three experienced pathologists in a blind manner, and scored positive if the staining was observed in the cytoplasm or nuclei. Scores were calculated in a semiquantitative fashion by multiplying the intensity (negative scored as 0, weak scored as 1, moderate scored at 2, and strong scored as 3) with the percentage of stained cells (0, no cells; 1, 1–10%; 2, 10–50%; 3, 50–75%; and 4, 75–100%).
Statistical Analysis
The data were processed by GraphPad Prism 7.0 software and analyzed by statistical software SPSS Version 20.0. The comparison of all categorical variables was made by chi-square test, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Reduced Expression of PHD2 in Endometrial Tissues from EC Patients
RT-PCR showed that PHD2 mRNA level was the lowest in endometrial tissues from EC patients and the highest in normal endometrium tissues (Figure 1A), while HIF-1α mRNA level was the highest in endometrial tissues from EC patients and the lowest in normal endometrium tissues (Figure 1B).
Figure 1.
PHD2 and HIF-1α mRNA expression in normal endometrium, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer. (A) PHD2 expression was reduced in endometrial cancer compared with normal endometrium (p<0.05, chi-square test). (B) The expression of HIF-1α was elevated in endometrial carcinoma compared with normal endometrium (p<0.05, chi-square test).
Western blot analysis showed that PHD2 protein level was the lowest in endometrial tissues from EC patients and the highest in normal endometrium tissues (Figure 2A), while HIF-1α protein level was the highest in endometrial tissues from EC patients and the lowest in normal endometrium tissues (Figure 2B).
Figure 2.
Western blot analysis of PHD2 and HIF-1α protein expression in normal endometrium, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer. (A) PHD2 expression was reduced in endometrial cancer compared with normal endometrium (p<0.05, chi-square test). (B) HIF-1α expression was elevated in endometrial cancer compared with normal endometrium (p<0.05, chi-square test). Each protein sample analysis was repeated in triplicate.
Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis showed that PHD2 expression was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of normal endometrial cells and HIF-1α expression was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of endometrial tumor (Figure 3). Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining showed that PHD2 staining was the strongest in normal endometrium tissues while HIF-1α staining was the strongest in endometrial tissues from EC patients (Table 1).
Figure 3.
Immunohistochemical staining of PHD2 in endometrial tissues. (A) High expression of PHD2 in normal endometrium (×400); (B) moderate expression of PHD2 in atypical endometrial hyperplasia (×400); (C) low expression of PHD2 in endometrial cancer (×400); (D) low expression of HIF-1α in normal endometrium (×400); (E) moderate expression of HIF-1α in atypical endometrial hyperplasia (×400); (F) high expression of HIF-1α in endometrial cancer (×400).
Table 1.
PHD2 Staining in Endometrial Tissues
| Variables | n | HIF-1α | p | PHD2 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + (%) | – (%) | + (%) | – (%) | ||||
| Normal endometrium | 30 | 5 (16.7) | 25 (83.3) | <0.05 | 26 (86.7) | 4 (13.3) | <0.05 |
| Atypical endometrial Hyperplasia | 30 | 12 (40.0) | 18 (60.0) | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | ||
| Endometrial cancer | 50 | 41 (82.0) | 9 (18.0) | 14 (28.0) | 36 (72.0) | ||
Note: The comparison was made by chi-square test.
Association of PHD2/HIF-1α Expression and Clinicopathological Characteristics of EC Patients
The correlation between PHD2/HIF-1α expression and clinicopathological characteristics in endometrial cancer samples was shown in Table 2. Reduced PHD2 expression correlated with FIGO stage (p=0.012), LVSI (p=0.015), and lymph node metastasis (p=0.012). Elevated HIF-1α expression was associated with FIGO stage (p=0.015), LVSI (p=0.032), and lymph node metastasis (p=0.015). In contrast, no significant correlation was found between PHD2/HIF-1α expression and tumor size, histologic grade, and stromal infiltration depth (p>0.05).
Table 2.
Relationship of PHD2 and HIF-1α Expression with Clinicopathologic Characteristics of EC
| Variables | n | HIF-1α | p | PHD2 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| + (%) | – (%) | + (%) | – (%) | ||||
| Histologic grade | 0.232 | 0.439 | |||||
| Well | 22 | 16 (72.7) | 6 (27.3) | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | ||
| Moderate | 15 | 13 (86.7) | 2 (13.7) | 6 (40.0) | 9 (60.0) | ||
| Poor | 13 | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | ||
| Depth of stromal infiltration | 0.733 | 0.171 | |||||
| >1/2 | 22 | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | ||
| ≤1/2 | 28 | 22 (78.6) | 6 (21.4) | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | ||
| LVSI | 0.032 | 0.015 | |||||
| Yes | 28 | 26 (92.8) | 2 (7.2) | 4 (14.3) | 24 (85.7) | ||
| No | 22 | 15 (68.2) | 7 (31.8) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | ||
| Tumor size (diameter) | 0.560 | 0.310 | |||||
| >2 cm | 46 | 38 (82.6) | 8 (17.4) | 12 (26.1) | 34 (73.9) | ||
| ≤2 cm | 4 | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | ||
| FIGO stage | 0.015 | 0.012 | |||||
| I–II | 36 | 33 (91.7) | 3 (8.3) | 6 (16.7) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| III | 14 | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Lymph node metastasis | 0.015 | 0.012 | |||||
| Yes | 36 | 33 (91.7) | 3 (8.3) | 6 (16.7) | 30 (83.3) | ||
| No | 14 | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | ||
Note: The comparison was made by chi-square test.
Discussion
PHD2 expression in mRNA and protein levels was reduced in EC samples compared with normal endometrium. In contrast, HIF-1α expression was elevated in EC samples compared with normal endometrium. Therefore, PHD2 downregulation and HIF-1α upregulation were significantly associated with EC tumorigenesis.
We explored the correlation between PHD2/HIF-1α expression and clinicopathological characteristics of EC. There was an obvious association between low PHD2 expression and lymph node metastasis, LVSI, and FIGO stage. PHD2 was markedly correlated with malignant transformation and tumor progression. Recent studies have shown that elevated PHD2 expression might serve as a valuable biomarker for poor prognosis in patients with lung and gastric adenocarcinomas.11–13
PHD2 regulates oxygen metabolism, producing a slight decrease in proline hydroxylation and a rapid increase in HIF-1α level.14 As PHD2 negatively regulates HIF-1α, reduced PHD2 expression is considered to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis of various cancers. Kato et al showed that uterine sarcoma was associated with a high frequency of PHD2 gene abnormalities, and had a poor prognosis.15 In pancreatic cancer, PHD2 functioned as a tumor suppressor gene that inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor invasion by inhibiting angiogenesis.16 In colorectal cancer, low expression of PHD2 predicted poor survival, independent of HIF-1α.17 Moreover, reduced activity or expression of PHD2 can be associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis of various cancers.18 We assessed PHD2 and HIF-1α mRNA and protein levels from endometrial tissues of different histological subtypes. Our results showed the downregulation of PHD2 and the upregulation of HIF-1α in EC tissues are consistent with previous reports on the opposite role of PHD2 and HIF-1α in tumorigenesis. In addition, low levels of PHD2 expression correlated with LVSI, lymph node metastasis, and FIGO stage of EC patients.
Reduced PHD2 expression could contribute to tumorigenesis and lymph node metastasis by negatively regulating HIF-1α. Therefore, PHD2 might be a novel biomarker for poor prognosis and metastasis in patients with endometrial cancer. In addition, PHD2 could be utilized as a target to screen novel components with anti-tumor activity.19 Nevertheless, our study has several limitations. The sample sizes of the groups were small, and we did not get follow-up data on the prognosis of patients.
In conclusion, these results show that reduced expression of PHD2 is associated with EC aggressiveness. PHD2 might be a novel biomarker and a potential target for EC management.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by Science-Technology Foundation for Middle-aged and Young Scientist of Wannan Medical College (WK2017F30).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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