Short-Term Clinical Follow-Up After Thrombolytic Therapy in Patients With Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis: A Single-Center Experience

Abstract

Background

Thrombolytic therapy has evolved as an alternative to surgery for prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT). Therefore, this retrospective, single-center study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of PVT and the role of thrombolytic therapy in patients with PVT.

Methods

Data from a total of 16 consecutive patients with PVT enrolled between January 2017 and January 2018 at a tertiary care center in India were retrospectively evaluated. PVT was diagnosed based on clinical presentation, transthoracic echocardiography, and fluoroscopy. All patients received 0.25 MU intravenous (IV) bolus streptokinase over 30 min, followed by a 0.1 MU/h IV infusion for a maximum of 72 h. Transthoracic echocardiography and fluoroscopy were repeated after completion of thrombolysis session. The clinical endpoints were death and hemodynamic success within 24 h of thrombolytic therapy or during the hospital stay, and major complications, including stroke or major bleeding (intracranial bleed or bleeding requiring transfusion or surgical treatment) during the hospital stay and within 3 months of thrombolytic therapy.

Results

The median age of the patients was 40 ± 11.60 years and about 62.5% (n = 10) were females. The median time between the valve placement and presentation for PVT was 3 years (range: 1 - 4 years). The peak gradient across the thrombotic mitral and aortic valve was 43.79 ± 18.47 and 93.5 ± 33.11 mmHg, respectively. At 3 days post-thrombolysis, peak gradient across both mitral valve (15.91 ± 7.56; mean gradient: 8.45 ± 4.01) and aortic valve (23.50 ± 6.45; mean gradient: 13.60 ± 3.83) decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The thrombolytic therapy was successful in 13 (81.25%) patients. While, two (12.50%) patients died, none developed stroke or myocardial infarction during the study period.

Conclusions

The present study with short-term follow-up demonstrated the acceptable clinical efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. However, larger trials with a greater number of patients and longer follow-up are warranted to establish the safety and effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in patients with PVT.

Introduction

Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is a life-threatening complication after valve replacement and depends mainly on the: 1) valve design (the risk of PVT is higher with caged-ball type valves vs. bileaflet, tilting disc valves); 2) structure (PVT risk is higher for mechanical vs. bioprosthetic valves); and 3) location (risk of PVT is higher in mitral vs. aortic position) [1]. The incidence of PVT is 1 - 2 per patient-year, despite improvements in the design of prosthetic heart valves, and the use of anticoagulant therapy and better surgical techniques [2, 3]. The 11-year probability of PVT in patients with bioprosthetic or mechanical valves on the left-side (mitral or aortic position) is 0.01% to 0.02% [4]. Left-sided PVT is rare than right-sided PVT in developed countries, but its prevalence is 6.1% within 6 months of valve replacement in India [5].

Treatment options for left-sided PVT mainly include surgery, thrombolysis, anticoagulant therapy and antiplatelet therapy, depending upon the prosthesis location, thrombus size and clinical status [1]. Surgery is the first-line of treatment for obstructive left-sided PVT. However, reported intraoperative mortality in critically-ill patients is as high as 50% [6, 7]. Thrombolytic therapy (TT) is an alternative to surgical treatment, which can be used in patients with stable clinical condition and small thrombus [1, 6, 8]. However, TT may be associated with a high risk of emboli formation and hence, is reserved for high-risk surgical candidates [9, 10]. In low-risk patients, the use of TT remains controversial.

We report a single-center experience of TT with streptokinase in a small cohort of patients with PVT who underwent primary aortic valve replacement or mitral valve replacement at a tertiary care center. We retrospectively evaluated the short-term outcomes of this patient cohort.

Patients and Methods

Data was retrospectively collected from patients with PVT who underwent primary aortic valve or mitral valve replacement at a tertiary care center in India between January 2017 and January 2018. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee at the study center. This study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the responsible institution on human subjects as well as with the Helsinki Declaration. The aortic or mitral valve implanted in the patients were mechanical valves (St. Jude Medical prosthesis valves (SJM-25, 29, 27, 31) and ATS prosthesis valves). The diagnosis of PVT was based on clinical presentation, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and fluoroscopy. Patients complaining of dyspnoea, chest pain, syncope, or palpitation; showing a high-pressure gradient across the prosthetic valve on TTE; and reduced or fixed leaflet mobility on fluoroscopy were considered to have PVT and were included in the study. Patients with endocarditis, non-obstructive thrombosis or patients with a prosthesis mismatch (characterized by high gradients on TTE but normal leaflet motion on fluoroscopy) were excluded from the study. Informed consent was obtained from all the enrolled patients. All patients received 0.25 MU intravenous (IV) bolus streptokinase over 30 min, followed by a 0.1 MU/h IV infusion for a maximum of 72 h. TTE and fluoroscopy were repeated after the completion of thrombolysis session. After successful thrombolysis, patients were restarted on acenocoumarol/warfarin (anticoagulant therapy) according to the prothrombin time international normalized ratio (INR). Patients with no or subtherapeutic response after TT were advised valve replacement therapy. The patients were closely followed up clinically and telephonically for 3 months after TT.

Endpoints and definitions

The clinical outcomes were death or absence of hemodynamic response, and hemodynamic success within 24 h of TT and major complications including stroke or major bleeding (intracranial bleed or bleeding requiring transfusion or surgical treatment) during the hospital stay or within 3 months of TT. Death or absence of hemodynamic response was considered as failure of TT, whereas normalization of transvalvular gradients irrespective of leaflet mobility was considered as hemodynamic success [11].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0. Data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (percentage). Paired t-test or Wilcoxon-Rank test was used to analyse statistical significance. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics

A total of 16 patients with PVT were enrolled with mean age of 40 ± 11.60 years; 10 (62.5%) were females. About 68.8% of patients underwent mitral valve replacement. The distribution of the affected valves and the type of surgery are shown in Figure 1. The median time between the valve placement and presentation for PVT was 3 years (range: 1 - 4 years). The symptoms at presentation were mainly dyspnoea (15, 93.75%), followed by chest pain, syncope, and palpitation. While one (6.25%) patient was in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III, seven (43.75%) were in NYHA class I and four (25.00%) were in NYHA class II. All patients were on acenocoumarol/warfarin (anticoagulation therapy). Subtherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR < 1.6) was found in 14 (87.5%) patients, out of which two patients stopped taking drugs 2 days before admission, while one had stopped drugs due to rectal bleeding. Other baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1.

Details of: (a) type of affected valve; (b) type of surgery. AVR: aortic valve replacement; MVR: mitral valve replacement; DVR: double valve replacement.

Table 1. Baseline and Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population.

Baseline and demographic characteristics (N = 16)
Age, years (mean ± SD)	40 ± 11.60
Gender, n (%)
Male	6 (37.5%)
Female	10 (62.5%)
Presentation time after surgery (years), median (IQR)	3 (1 - 4)
Subtherapeutic INR (< 1.6), n (%)	14 (87.5%)
Symptom duration
< 10 days, n (%)	13 (81.2%)
≥ 10 days, n (%)	3 (18.8%)
Rhythm per minute, mean ± SD	107.38 ± 20.25
Systolic BP (mm Hg), mean ± SD	109.14 ± 16.98
Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean ± SD	66 ± 8.38
Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD	11.81 ± 1.69
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SD	1.24 ± 0.87
MDRD eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD	75.38 ± 35.30
Dyspnea, n (%)	15 (93.75%)
NYHA function class, n (%)
NYHA II	1 (6.25%)
NYHA III	7 (43.75%)
NYHA IV	8 (50%)
LVEF %, n (%)
> 60	6 (37.5%)
< 60	10 (62.5%)

IQR: interquartile range; BP: blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NYHA: New York Heart Association; AVR: aortic valve replacement; MVR: mitral valve replacement; DVR: double valve replacement; SD: standard deviation; INR: international normalized ratio.

Study outcomes

The peak gradient across the thrombotic mitral valve was 43.79 ± 18.47 mmHg (mean gradient: 24.06 ± 8.76) whereas the peak gradient across the thrombotic aortic valve was 93.5 ± 33.11 mmHg (mean gradient: 57.50 ± 26.71). Three days after thrombolysis, the peak gradient across both mitral valve (15.91 ± 7.56; mean gradient: 8.45 ± 4.01) and aortic valve (23.50 ± 6.45; mean gradient: 13.60 ± 3.83) decreased significantly as compared to the peak gradient prior to TT (P ≤ 0.05). The TT was hemodynamically successful in 13 (81.25%) patients. Over the 3 months period, two (12.50%) patients died. None of the patients suffered from a stroke or myocardial infarction (Table 2).

Table 2. Clinical Outcomes.

Transvalvular gradient	Pre-thrombolysis	3 days post-thrombolysis	P value
Mitral valve
Peak gradient mean ± SD	43.79 ± 18.47	15.91 ± 7.56	< 0.05
Mean gradient, mean ± SD	24.06 ± 8.76	8.45 ± 4.01	< 0.05
Aortic valve
Peak gradient mean ± SD	93.5 ± 33.11	23.50 ± 6.45	< 0.05
Mean gradient, mean ± SD	57.50 ± 26.71	13.60 ± 3.83	< 0.05
Thrombolysis failure/death	2 (12.50%)
Hemodynamic success	13 (81.25%)

SD: standard deviation.

Discussion

The current guidelines have emphasized on early diagnosis and urgent treatment of patients with PVT with either TT or surgery. Low surgical risk, NYHA functional class III/IV, contraindication to fibrinolysis, recurrent valve thrombosis, possible or suspected pannus, large clot (> 1.0 cm²), mobile thrombus > 0.3 cm in diameter, presence of left atrial thrombus, absence of need of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) for concomitant coronary artery disease and availability of expert surgical team favour surgical treatment for PVT. On the contrary, factors which favour TT include: 1) high surgical risk; 2) NYHA I/II functional class; 3) first episode of PVT; 4) presence of mass consistent with thrombus; 5) presence of a small clot (< 1 cm²) without any contraindication for surgery; 6) absence of immediate surgical expertise; and 7) need for cardiac surgery for other indications (e.g. CABG). For non-obstructive left-sided PVT and stable obstructive PVT, medical stabilization with diuretics and optimization of anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) followed by vitamin K antagonists and aspirin is recommended. For right-sided PVT, either optimization of anticoagulation therapy or TT, depending upon clinical condition may be suitable [12]. In resource-limited settings like India, considering the high cost and high intraoperative mortality of surgery for PVT, and unavailability of surgical expertise at all centers and at all time points [12], TT may be preferred over surgery, especially in centers without onsite surgical backup.

The current study confirms the clinical effectiveness of streptokinase as TT in patients with PVT in terms of high hemodynamic success and less mortality. Among the enrolled patients, all had left-sided PVT with maximum (68.8%) cases of mitral valve thrombosis. Further, majority (68.75%) of the patients were in the NYHA class I and II, 87.5% patients had subtherapeutic anticoagulation (INR < 1.6 in 14 patients) and showed a significantly decreased transvalvular gradient (P < 0.05) after TT. Few studies have reported 69-75% rate of inadequate anticoagulation and 2 - 3 times more prevalence of mitral valve vs. aortic valve thrombosis [13, 14].

A systematic review of trials of TT in PVT patients, reported that the success rate of TT ranged from 58% to 90%, the 30-day mortality rate ranged from 0.8% to 16.7%, the rate of thromboembolism ranged from 1.7% to 17.6%, and major bleeding ranged from 1.7% to 12% [15]. Another review which included Indian studies with sample size ranging from 10 to 119 reported a success rate of 59-100% [16]. In the current study, the sample size was 16 with observed success rate of 81.25% and mortality of 12.50% over 3-month follow-up. There were no complications of stroke or myocardial infarction. The high success rate may be due to the inclusion of less critical patients in the study, small sample size and prolonged duration of treatment (up to 72 h). A study conducted by Karthikeyan et al [17] reported a success rate of only 59% in NYHA class III/IV patients. Other studies have reported that TT is not efficacious in restoring the valve function in patients with recurrent PVT [18, 19]. In contrast, the meta-analysis conducted by Karthikeyan et al [20] which included 690 patients with PVT, concluded that emergency surgery is non-superior than TT in restoring the valve functions.

Study limitations

The current study has few limitations. First, it is a single-center experience with small sample size. Second, long-term follow-up was not conducted in the study.

Conclusions

In the present study, TT was hemodynamically successful with low short-term mortality in patients with left-sided PVT (majorly mitral valve thrombosis). Long-term studies in larger patient cohorts are needed to further establish the clinical efficacy and safety of TT in patients with PVT.

Financial Disclosure

None to declare.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have none to declare.

Informed Consent

It is a retrospective evaluation of records; hence no inform consent taken from patients.

Author Contributions

AP and MB were instrumental for the concept and design of the study. VG and PV did the data acquisition and data analysis. AP and MB did the statistical analysis as well as the literature search. VG, GC and PV prepared the manuscript. RS, SC, SD and VN reviewed and edited the manuscript. AP drafted the final version of the manuscript.