Abstract
Objective: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, polygenic, systemic autoinflammatory disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum levels of cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61), a secreted, extracellular protein in AOSD patients.
Methods: A total of 60 AOSD patients (39 of active phase and 21 of inactive phase), 16 rheumatoid arthritis patients as a disease control, and 34 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (HC) were enrolled in the study. The data of the clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations were collected. The serum levels of Cyr61, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-37 were detected by ELISA assay, and the serum levels of IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined by electrochemiluminescence assay.
Results: The serum levels of Cyr61 were significantly increased in inactive AOSD than those in active patients and HCs, and the levels of Cyr61 were dramatically increased after treatment. The levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with systemic score, the counts of leukocyte and neutrophil, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17). Moreover, the levels of Cyr61 were higher in patients without the clinical symptoms of fever, skin rash, sore throat, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy compared with those in patients with these symptoms.
Conclusion: The serum levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with disease activity in AOSD patients; thus, we proposed that Cyr61 was a biomarker for the remission of AOSD.
Keywords: adult-onset Still's disease, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, disease activity, biomarker, disease remission
Introduction
Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare, systemic, polygenic, autoinflammatory disorder characterized by the cardinal manifestations of fever, arthralgia or arthritis, skin rash, and increased counts of leukocytes and neutrophils (1–3). Patients may have serious complications such as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (1, 2). As the clinical manifestations of AOSD are consistent with several key common features of autoinflammatory diseases, it has been considered as the archetype of non-familial, polygenic, systemic autoinflammatory diseases in recent years (1).
Danger signals such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are transmitted to macrophages and neutrophils that activate specific inflammasomes, leading to the production of IL-1β and IL-18. Furthermore, this process leads to intense innate immune cell activation and overproduction of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This cytokine storm is the hallmark of AOSD, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AOSD (4). Meanwhile, we also demonstrated that the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-37 were increased in the serum of AOSD patients and positively correlated with disease activity (5, 6). Moreover, emerging evidences revealed that a series of mediators were considered as activity markers for AOSD, such as S100A8/9, S100A12, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and HMGB1 (7–10). In addition, our previous study showed that microRNAs were potential biomarkers to distinguish AOSD from sepsis (11).
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61), also termed cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1), is a secreted extracellular protein mainly produced by stromal cells (12, 13). Multiple functions have been well-established on Cyr61 with regard to embryonic development, tumorigenesis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration (13, 14). However, the role of Cyr61 during inflammation is complicated. Our previous work reported that the expression of Cyr61 was increased in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and epidermis of psoriasis patients, and Cyr61 contributed to the cross-talk between immune cells and stromal cells during the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (15–17). Cyr61 increases inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression in fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and macrophages via integrin receptors and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signals (16, 18, 19). Interestingly, Cyr61 also promotes tissue repair, a process accompanied by inflammation resolution (20). Cyr61 induced senescence of fibroblasts via upregulating p53 expression, which contributed to cutaneous tissue repair (21). Moreover, Cyr61 improved neutrophil efferocytosis by serving as a bridge between macrophages and neutrophils during wound healing (22). Recent clinical research suggested that Cyr61 served as a biomarker for RA and was negatively correlated with disease activity (23). Thus, the function of Cyr61 is controversial and undetermined in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Whether Cyr61 contributes to the pathogenesis of AOSD is still unclear. Here, we explored the levels of Cyr61 in the serum of AOSD patients and discussed the relationship between Cyr61 and clinical and laboratory features of the disease.
Materials and Methods
Patients
A total of 60 AOSD patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The patients were consecutive AOSD patients who visited the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2015 to March 2018. The diagnosis of AOSD was according to the criteria of Yamaguchi et al. (24) after malignancies, infections, and other autoimmune diseases were excluded. Thirty-four age- and sex-matched volunteers were enrolled as healthy control subjects (HC). The diagnosis of RA was according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria (23). The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of good clinical practice. Biological samples were obtained under a protocol approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital (identifier 2016-62), Shanghai, China. Informed consent was obtained from the recruited subjects.
Medical histories including clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected from all subjects. Each sample underwent a complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, ferritin, and liver function tests. Follow-up samples were collected from 11 patients with active AOSD after the resolution of disease activity. AOSD disease activity was assessed according to the systemic disease score method (25), which comprised 12 disease manifestations, as follows: fever, evanescent rash, sore throat, arthritis, myalgia, pleuritis, pericarditis, pneumonitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly or abnormal liver function tests, elevated leukocyte count >15,000/μl, and serum ferritin >3,000 μg/l. Patients with AOSD were considered to have clinically active stage if they had a fever and/or an inflammatory arthralgia/arthritis and/or any suggestive cutaneous lesions and/or a sore throat. Their AOSD was otherwise considered inactive (26).
Cytokine Measurement
Serum levels of Cyr61 were measured by sandwich ELISA assay using an R&D Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Canada) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-18 were measured using an electrochemiluminescence assay (Meso Scale Discovery, MSD, Rockville, USA) according to the previous reports (6).
Statistical Analysis
The results were analyzed by GraphPrism 7.00 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, USA). The Shapiro-Wilk normality test (n ≤ 50) or KS normality test (n > 50) was used to analyze whether the data fit for the parametric contribution. The data were expressed as mean ± SD for parametric data or median with interquartile range (IQR) for non-parametric data. The serum levels of Cyr61 before and after treatment from individual patients were analyzed by paired t-test. The associations between the serum levels of Cyr61 and different variables were analyzed by the non-parametric Spearman correlation test. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between each group. The analyses were carried out under the two-sided principle. The differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.
Results
Increased Serum Levels of Cyr61 in Inactive AOSD Patients
To examine the serum levels of Cyr61 in AOSD, a total of 60 AOSD patients including 39 active patients and 21 inactive patients, 16 RA patients, and 34 HCs were enrolled in the current study. The clinical and laboratory information of these specimens was listed in Table 1. Using the ELISA assay, we found that the serum levels of Cyr61 were not altered in total AOSD patients (171.8 ± 63.8 pg/ml, n = 60) compared to those of HC (168.2 ± 54.9 pg/ml, n = 34, p > 0.05) (Supplementary Figure 1). Further analysis showed that significantly increased levels of Cyr61 were detected in the serum of inactive AOSD patients compared with those of active AOSD patients and HC (Figure 1A). Besides, the serum levels of Cyr61 were higher in RA patients compared with those in AOSD patients and HC (Figure 1A). Moreover, the levels of Cyr61 were dramatically increased in inactive patients after treatment during follow-up (Figure 1B). Next, we compared the levels of Cyr61 in 39 active AOSD patients with or without treatment at the time of enrollment to evaluate the effect of treatment on the levels of Cyr61. The results showed that treatment did not influence the levels of Cyr61 in active patients (Supplementary Figure 2), so the change of Cyr61 after remission was mainly due to the improvement of the disease activity in AOSD patients.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients at the time of enrollment.
| AOSD (n = 60) | RA (n = 16) |
HC (n = 34) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Active (n = 39) |
Inactive (n = 21) |
|||
| Age (year) | 36.0 ± 12.5 | 36.0 ± 13.8 | 55.5 ± 12.4 | 39.0 ± 10.8 |
| Gender (F/M) | 29/10 | 15/6 | 13/3 | 24/10 |
| Duration (months) | 15.0 ± 22.2 | 17.0 ± 23.4 | 18.1 ± 16.4 | |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Fever | 35 (89.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Sore throat | 27 (69.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Skin rash | 31 (79.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 28 (71.8) | 3 (14.3) | ||
| Splenomegaly | 15 (38.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Hepatomegaly | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Pericarditis | 8 (20.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Pleuritis | 10 (25.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Pneumonia | 18 (46.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Myalgia | 14 (35.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Arthralgia | 35 (89.7) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (100.0) | |
| Arthritis | 7 (17.9) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (100.0) | |
| Systemic score | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | ||
| Laboratory markers | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 110.7 ± 26.3 | 131.8 ± 17.2 | 122.9 ± 12.8 | |
| Leukocyte, × 109/L | 16.7 ± 5.7 | 8.0 ± 2.7 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | |
| Platelet, × 109/L | 279.2 ± 115.0 | 232.4 ± 76.4 | 221.9 ± 68.0 | |
| ESR, mm/h | 68.6 ± 26.8 | 19.6 ± 29.6 | 47.2 ± 28.8 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 93.1 ± 60.0 | 23.6 ± 24.5 | 14.7 ± 36.1 | |
| ALT, U/L | 61.5 ± 60.4 | 23.0 ± 11.6 | 14.7 ± 5.9 | |
| AST, U/L | 46.9 ± 25.6 | 18.6 ± 7.4 | 21.0 ± 2.6 | |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 2779.0 ± 4286.0 | 210.2 ± 207.4 | ||
| ANA positivity | 6 (14.6) | 1 (4.8) | 5 (31.2) | |
| RF positivity | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (87.5) | |
| ACPA positivity | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 9 (56.3) | |
| Treatments | ||||
| Steroids and sDMARDs naïve | 18 (46.2) | 8 (38.1) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Low dosage of steroid monotherapy | 2 (5.1) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| High dosage of steroid monotherapy | 4 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| sDMARD(s) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (14.2) | 8 (50.0) | |
| Combination therapy, steroids + sDMARD(s) | 15 (38.4) | 9 (42.9) | 5 (31.2) | |
All values are presented as n (percent) or mean ± SD.
AOSD, adult onset Still's disease; HC, healthy control; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; ANA, anti-nuclear antibody; RF, rheumatoid factor; ACPA, anticitrullinated peptide antibodies; sDMARD, synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug.
Figure 1.
The serum levels of cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients are shown. (A) The serum levels of Cyr61 in healthy control subjects (HC) (•, n = 34) and active AOSD (■, n = 39), inactive AOSD (□, n = 21), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (°, n = 16) patients are shown. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between each group, and data represent median with interquartile range (IQR). (B) The serum levels of Cyr61 in patients before (•) and after (°) clinical treatment (n = 11) were analyzed by paired t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
The Serum Levels of Cyr61 Were Inversely Correlated With Disease Activity in AOSD Patients
To explore the correlation between serum levels of Cyr61 and disease activity in AOSD, we analyzed the relationship of the serum levels of Cyr61 and the systemic score. The levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with the systemic score (r = −0.3788; p = 0.0028) (Figure 2A). Meanwhile, we found that the serum levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with the counts of leukocyte (r = −0.4398; p = 0.0006) and neutrophil (r = −0.3275; p = 0.0281) but were not significantly correlated with CRP (r = −0.0228; p = 0.8873), ESR (r = −0.1919; p = 0.1565), and ferritin (r = −0.0403; p = 0.8295) (Figures 2B–F).
Figure 2.
The correlations between the serum levels of cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) and disease activity in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients are shown. The correlations between serum levels of Cyr61 and systemic score (A), the counts of leukocytes (B) and neutrophils (C), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (D), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (E), and ferritin levels (F) were analyzed by the non-parametric Spearman correlation test.
The Levels of Cyr61 Were Higher in Patients Without the Cardinal Disease Symptoms in AOSD Patients
To assess associations between serum levels of Cyr61 and clinical manifestations in patients with AOSD, serum levels of Cyr61 were compared among patients with and those without certain clinical features. As shown in Figure 3, the levels of Cyr61 were significantly higher in AOSD patients who did not have fever, skin rash, sore throat, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy compared with patients who had these clinical manifestations (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference of serum levels of Cyr61 between patients with or without splenomegaly, pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis, and myalgia. Together, these data demonstrated that serum levels of Cyr61 correlated significantly with the remission of cardinal clinical features in AOSD patients.
Figure 3.
The serum levels of cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) according to disease manifestations in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients are shown. The serum levels of Cyr61 in AOSD patients with (•) or without (■) the symptoms of fever (A), skin rash (B), sore throat (C), arthralgia (D), lymphadenopathy (E), splenomegaly (F), pneumonia (G), pleuritis (H), pericarditis (I), and myalgia (J) are shown. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between each group, and data represent median with interquartile range (IQR). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
The Relationships of Cyr61 With Inflammatory Cytokines in AOSD Patients
It has been well-demonstrated that the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) were increased in AOSD and contributed to the pathogenesis of AOSD (1). Thus, we analyzed the correlation between the levels of Cyr61 and inflammatory cytokines. As shown in Figure 4, the serum levels of Cyr61 exhibited a strong inverse correlation with the serum levels of IL-1β (r = −0.3555, p = 0.0053), IL-6 (r = −0.3290, p = 0.0103), IL-17 (r = −0.3507, p = 0.0060), whereas there was no correlation with the levels of IL-18 (r = −0.2189, p = 0.0929), TNF-α (r = −0.0301, p = 0.8196), and IL-37 (r = −0.2317, p = 0.0748).
Figure 4.
The correlations between the serum levels of Cyr61 and inflammatory cytokines in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients are shown. The associations between the serum levels of Cyr61 and interleukin (IL)-1β (A), IL-6 (B), IL-17 (C), IL-18 (D), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (E), and IL-37 (F) were analyzed by the non-parametric Spearman correlation test.
Fever and Leukocytes Were Independently Associated With the Levels of Cyr61
Furthermore, we used univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses to evaluate the correlations between serum Cyr61 levels and clinical features, laboratory values, and inflammatory cytokines. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fever (β coefficient = −74.416, 95% CI: −141.063, −7.770; p = 0.029) and leukocytes (β coefficient = −3.416, 95% CI: −6.588, −0.244; p = 0.035) were independently associated with Cyr61 (Table 2).
Table 2.
Linear regression models to explore a specific clinical or laboratory item associated with Cyr61.
| Analytical data | β Coefficient | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | |||
| Fever | −60.423 | (−90.163, −30.684) | 0.000 |
| Arthralgia | −52.679 | (−83.418, −21.939) | 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 4.558 | (−47.204, 56.320) | 0.861 |
| Skin rash | −43.682 | (−75.057, −12.306) | 0.007 |
| Sore throat | −52.814 | (−83.204, −22.425) | 0.001 |
| Lymphadenopathy | −30.018 | (−62.330, 2.294) | 0.068 |
| Splenomegaly | −27.595 | (−65.289, 10.099) | 0.148 |
| Hepatomegaly | −68.172 | (−196.765, 60.420) | 0.293 |
| Pericarditis | −4.630 | (−53.510, 44.251) | 0.850 |
| Pleuritis | −26.179 | (−70.244, 17.887) | 0.239 |
| Pneumonia | −21.499 | (−56.780, 13.783) | 0.227 |
| Myalgia | −13.684 | (−52.818, 25.449) | 0.487 |
| Systemic score | −7.627 | (−12.781, −2.472) | 0.004 |
| Leukocyte, × 109/L | −64.322 | (−98.934, −29.709) | 0.001 |
| ESR, mm/h | −0.303 | (−0.771, 0.165) | 0.200 |
| CRP, mg/L | −0.005 | (−0.291, 0.280) | 0.971 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | −0.003 | (−0.009, 0.004) | 0.414 |
| IL−10, pg/ml | 3.882 | (−0.881, 8.645) | 0.108 |
| IL−1β, pg/ml | −22.028 | (−64.310, 20.255) | 0.301 |
| IL−6, pg/ml | −0.402 | (−1.381, 0.578) | 0.415 |
| TNF–a, pg/ml | 0.252 | (−2.815, 3.318) | 0.870 |
| IL−18, ng/ml | −0.027 | (−0.095, 0.040) | 0.424 |
| Multivariate analysis | |||
| Fever | −4.416 | (−141.063, −7.770) | 0.029 |
| Arthralgia | 4.340 | (−50.373, 59.054) | 0.874 |
| Skin rash | −17.042 | (−67.220, 33.136) | 0.498 |
| Sore throat | −29.668 | (−68.442, 9.106) | 0.131 |
| Systemic score | 12.140 | (−0.158, 24.438) | 0.053 |
| Leukocyte, × 109/L | −3.416 | (−6.588, −0.244) | 0.035 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Discussion
Cyr61 is a secreted, matricellular protein, which is the first member of Cyr61-CTGF-NOV protein family (13). Cyr61 contributes to multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration, tumorigenesis, wound healing, and inflammation, by binging to diverse integrin receptors and activating different downstream signaling pathways (12, 13). In recent years, elevated levels of Cyr61 had been found in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and psoriasis (15, 17, 27–29). However, the profiles of Cyr61 in AOSD, a multigenic, systemic autoinflammatory disease, are still unknown. Here, we investigated the serum level of Cyr61 and its association with disease activity in AOSD patients, we proposed that Cyr61 was a potential biomarker of AOSD disease activity.
In the present study, we found that the serum levels of Cyr61 were significantly increased in inactive AOSD patients compared with those in active patients. Moreover, during serial follow-up, serum levels of Cyr61 were elevated in the inactive phase after effective treatment. This inverse correlation was also confirmed in AOSD patients classified by different clinical manifestations. The serum levels of Cyr61 were increased in AOSD patients who had disease remission after fever, skin rash, sore throat, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy improved. The serum levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with systemic score and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17. Taken together, we concluded that the serological Cyr61 level was inversely correlated with AOSD disease activity. Coincidentally, a recent clinical cohort study of RA showed that the levels of Cyr61 were dramatically lower in patients with higher disease activity, and it showed a significant increase at 12 weeks in ACR responders (ACR20/50/70) compared with those in non-responders (23). Similarly, a previous report evaluated the potential value of Cyr61 in SLE-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. It revealed that patients with higher levels of Cyr61 had better survival than those with a lower Cyr61 level. Besides, we noticed that the levels of Cyr61 showed no correlation with the levels of CRP, ESR, and ferritin maybe because Cyr61 is a stromal cell-derived factor, not an inflammatory cytokine in the initial stage of inflammation in AOSD.
The negative correlation of Cyr61 with disease activity is complicated and partially resulted from the diverse functions of Cyr61. It is well-known that Cyr61 triggered inflammation by upregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both immune cells and nonimmune cells via different integrin receptors and MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway (16, 18, 19). However, multiple studies revealed the function of Cyr61 on the limitation of inflammation and tissue repair. In liver inflammation, Cyr61 facilitated the expansion of HLA-DR−/lowCD33+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via αmβ2/STAT3 signal and Cyr61/GM-CSF-induced MDSCs inhibited T-cell proliferation significantly (30). In murine experimental autoimmune myocarditis, overexpression of Cyr61 decreased the cardiac disease score and inhibited macrophage and lymphocyte migration without changing the chemokine and cytokine expression (31). As well, in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, misfunction of Cyr61 resulted in high mortality and Cyr61 treatment promoted mucosal healing by accelerating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation (27). During the biliary injury, Cyr61 promoted the proliferation and differentiation of cholangiocytes through αvβ5/NF-κB/JAG1 pathway to improve tissue repair (32). In addition, Cyr61 bound both integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 on macrophages and phosphatidylserine on neutrophils to promote neutrophil efferocytosis (22) and induced fibroblast senescence by activating p53 and ROS pathway and inhibited fibrosis in wound healing (21). Whether Cyr61 plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of AOSD needs further study. As Cyr61 was increased in inactive AOSD patients, we speculated that Cyr61 participated in the development of AOSD, especially involved in the process of inflammation resolution and tissue repair during AOSD remission.
To our knowledge, the inflammatory stimuli, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, which were increased in the serum of AOSD patients, promoted Cyr61 expression (15, 18, 33); however, non-parametric Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the serum levels of Cyr61 were inversely correlated with the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 (Figure 4). The reason why Cyr61 levels were not increased in inflammatory circumstances might be due to the tight control of Cyr61 expression. MicroRNA is one of the key posttranscriptional controllers in regulating gene expression, and several microRNAs were reported to target Cyr61, such as miR-22, miR-181c, miR-155, and miR-142-5p (34–37). In our previous work, the expression of miR-142-5p was dramatically increased in plasma from active AOSD than that from inactive AOSD (11). As Cyr61 is the direct target of miR-142-5p, it might partially contribute to the lower expression of Cyr61 in active patients of AOSD with systemic inflammation.
It is important to acknowledge that there are some limitations in our study. First, the power of the study is limited by a relative small sample size and the retrospective design, as a result, prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed in the future. Second, active AOSD patients enrolled were not all treatment naive, and not every active patient was followed up, which may reduce the power of statistical analysis. Finally, the mechanism of Cyr61 in the pathogenesis of AOSD is still unknown; further experimental study is still needed.
In conclusion, our study first reported the increased levels of Cyr61, a matricellular protein in the serum of inactive AOSD patients, we found that its expression was inversely correlated with disease activity. As Cyr61 is secreted by stroma cells, such as fibroblast cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells (15, 17, 38), the injured tissues after inflammation destruction might provide the local source of Cyr61 in remission phase, contributing to tissue repair. However, given the fact that Cyr61 is expressed in distinct cell types and different times, the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory characters were exhibited diversely, the pathogenesis involved needs to be studied thoroughly. Thus, we propose that Cyr61 might be a potential biomarker for the remission of AOSD.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital (identifier 2016-62), Shanghai, China. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author Contributions
YSun and YSu conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. ZW and JY carried out the ELISA and performed the statistical analysis. HC, ZZ, QH, HL, XC, HS, and JT collected samples and contributed to data acquisition, analysis, and critical review for intellectual content. TF made the statistics for all data. YSun, YSu, and CY drafted the manuscript and revised the manuscript. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai.
Footnotes
Funding. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81601400, 81801600), the Shanghai Sailing Program (18YF1414500), and the Guangci Distinguished Young Scholars Training Program (GCQN-2017-A27, GCQN-2017-B04), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medicine-Engineering Cross-disciplinary Research Foundation (YG2016QN62).
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2019.00266/full#supplementary-material
References
- 1.Feist E, Mitrovic S, Fautrel B. Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for adult-onset Still's disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. (2018) 14:603–18. 10.1038/s41584-018-0081-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Giacomelli R, Ruscitti P, Shoenfeld Y. A comprehensive review on adult onset Still's disease. J Autoimmun. (2018) 93:24–36. 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.018 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Li S, Zheng S, Tang S, Pan Y, Zhang S, Fang H, et al. Autoinflammatory pathogenesis and targeted therapy for adult-onset still's Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. (2019). 10.1007/s12016-019-08747-8. [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Chen DY, Lan JL, Lin FJ, Hsieh TY. Proinflammatory cytokine profiles in sera and pathological tissues of patients with active untreated adult onset Still's disease. J Rheumatol. (2004) 31:2189–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Chi H, Liu D, Sun Y, Hu Q, Liu H, Cheng X, et al. Interleukin-37 is increased in adult-onset Still's disease and associated with disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther. (2018) 20:54. 10.1186/s13075-018-1555-6 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Sun Y, Wang Z, Chi H, Hu Q, Ye J, Liu H, et al. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-10 in adult-onset Still's disease are associated with disease activity. Clin Rheumatol. (2019) 38:3205–10. 10.1007/s10067-019-04642-x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Zou YQ, Lu LJ, Li SJ, Zeng T, Wang XD, Bao CD, et al. The levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as an indicator of disease activity and severity in adult-onset Still's disease. Clin Biochem. (2008) 41:519–24. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Kim HA, An JM, Nam JY, Jeon JY, Suh CH. Serum S100A8/A9, but not follistatin-like protein 1 and interleukin 18, may be a useful biomarker of disease activity in adult-onset Still's disease. J Rheumatol. (2012) 39:1399–406. 10.3899/jrheum.120079 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Bae CB, Suh CH, An JM, Jung JY, Jeon JY, Nam JY, et al. Serum S100A12 may be a useful biomarker of disease activity in adult-onset Still's disease. J Rheumatol. (2014) 41:2403–8. 10.3899/jrheum.140651 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Jung JY, Suh CH, Sohn S, Nam JY, Kim HA. Elevated high-mobility group B1 levels in active adult-onset Still's disease associated with systemic score and skin rash. Clin Rheumatol. (2016) 35:1937–42. 10.1007/s10067-016-3314-x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Hu Q, Gong W, Gu J, Geng G, Li T, Tian R, et al. Plasma microRNA profiles as a potential biomarker in differentiating adult-onset Still's Disease from sepsis. Front Immunol. (2018) 9:3099. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03099 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Perbal B. CCN proteins: multifunctional signalling regulators. Lancet. (2004) 363:62–4. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15172-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Jun JI, Lau LF. Taking aim at the extracellular matrix: CCN proteins as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. (2011) 10:945–63. 10.1038/nrd3599 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Grote K, Salguero G, Ballmaier M, Dangers M, Drexler H, Schieffer B. The angiogenic factor CCN1 promotes adhesion and migration of circulating CD34+ progenitor cells: potential role in angiogenesis and endothelial regeneration. Blood. (2007) 110:877–85. 10.1182/blood-2006-07-036202 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Zhang Q, Wu J, Cao Q, Xiao L, Wang L, He D, et al. A critical role of Cyr61 in interleukin-17-dependent proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2009) 60:3602–12. 10.1002/art.24999 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Lin J, Zhou Z, Huo R, Xiao L, Ouyang G, Wang L, et al. Cyr61 induces IL-6 production by fibroblast-like synoviocytes promoting Th17 differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol. (2012) 188:5776–84. 10.4049/jimmunol.1103201 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Wu P, Huo R, Wang B, et al. CCN1, a Pro-inflammatory factor, aggravates psoriasis skin lesions by promoting keratinocyte activation. J Invest Dermatol. (2015) 135:2666–75. 10.1038/jid.2015.231 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Bai T, Chen CC, Lau LF. Matricellular protein CCN1 activates a proinflammatory genetic program in murine macrophages. J Immunol. (2010) 184:3223–32. 10.4049/jimmunol.0902792 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhai T, Li H, Li H, Huo R, et al. CCN1 promotes IL-1beta production in keratinocytes by activating p38 MAPK signaling in psoriasis. Sci Rep. (2017) 7:43310. 10.1038/srep43310 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Kim KH, Won JH, Cheng N, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 in tissue injury repair. J Cell Commun Signal. (2018) 12:273–9. 10.1007/s12079-018-0450-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Jun JI, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 induces fibroblast senescence and restricts fibrosis in cutaneous wound healing. Nat Cell Biol. (2010) 12:676–85. 10.1038/ncb2070 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Jun JI, Kim KH, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 mediates neutrophil efferocytosis in cutaneous wound healing. Nat Commun. (2015) 6:7386. 10.1038/ncomms8386 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Fan Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Sun X, Xie W, Huang Y, et al. Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61): a biomarker reflecting disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. (2019) 21:123. 10.1186/s13075-019-1906-y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Yamaguchi M, Ohta A, Tsunematsu T, Kasukawa R, Mizushima Y, Kashiwagi H, et al. Preliminary criteria for classification of adult Still's disease. J Rheumatol. (1992) 19:424–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Rau M, Schiller M, Krienke S, Heyder P, Lorenz H, Blank N. Clinical manifestations but not cytokine profiles differentiate adult-onset Still's disease and sepsis. J Rheumatol. (2010) 37:2369–76. 10.3899/jrheum.100247 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Girard C, Rech J, Brown M, Allali D, Roux-Lombard P, Spertini F, et al. Elevated serum levels of free interleukin-18 in adult-onset Still's disease. Rheumatology. (2016) 55:2237–47. 10.1093/rheumatology/kew300 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Choi JS, Kim KH, Lau LF. The matricellular protein CCN1 promotes mucosal healing in murine colitis through IL-6. Mucosal Immunol. (2015) 8:1285–96. 10.1038/mi.2015.19 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Lin J, Li N, Chen H, Liu C, Yang B, Ou Q. Serum Cyr61 is associated with clinical disease activity and inflammation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine. (2015) 94:e834. 10.1097/MD.0000000000000834 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Li H, Sun X, Zhang J, Sun Y, Huo R, Li H, et al. Paeoniflorin ameliorates symptoms of experimental Sjogren's syndrome associated with down-regulating Cyr61 expression. Int Immunopharmacol. (2016) 30:27–35. 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.023 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Zhang H, Lian M, Zhang J, Bian Z, Tang R, Miao Q, et al. A functional characteristic of cysteine-rich protein 61: modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in liver inflammation. Hepatology. (2018) 67:232–46. 10.1002/hep.29418 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Rother M, Krohn S, Kania G, Vanhoutte D, Eisenreich A, Wang X, et al. Matricellular signaling molecule CCN1 attenuates experimental autoimmune myocarditis by acting as a novel immune cell migration modulator. Circulation. (2010) 122:2688–98. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945261 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Kim KH, Chen CC, Alpini G, Lau LF. CCN1 induces hepatic ductular reaction through integrin alphavbeta(5)-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. J Clin Invest. (2015) 125:1886–900. 10.1172/JCI79327 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Kok SH, Hou KL, Hong CY, Wang JS, Liang PC, Chang CC, et al. Simvastatin inhibits cytokine-stimulated Cyr61 expression in osteoblastic cells: a therapeutic benefit for arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. (2011) 63:1010–20. 10.1002/art.27433 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Lin J, Huo R, Xiao L, Zhu X, Xie J, Sun S, et al. A novel p53/microRNA-22/Cyr61 axis in synovial cells regulates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. (2014) 66:49–59. 10.1002/art.38142 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Yan L, Lee S, Lazzaro DR, Aranda J, Grant MB, Chaqour B. Single and compound knock-outs of MicroRNA (miRNA)-155 and its angiogenic gene target CCN1 in mice alter vascular and neovascular growth in the retina via resident microglia. J Biol Chem. (2015) 290:23264–81. 10.1074/jbc.M115.646950 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Du Y, Ding Y, Chen X, Mei Z, Ding H, Wu Y, et al. MicroRNA-181c inhibits cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by regulating CCN1 expression. Respir Res. (2017) 18:155. 10.1186/s12931-017-0639-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Yan J, Yang B, Lin S, Xing R, Lu Y. Downregulation of miR-142-5p promotes tumor metastasis through directly regulating CYR61 expression in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. (2019) 22:302–13. 10.1007/s10120-018-0872-4 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Emre Y, Imhof BA. Matricellular protein CCN1/CYR61: a new player in inflammation and leukocyte trafficking. Semin Immunopathol. (2014) 36:253–9. 10.1007/s00281-014-0420-1 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.