Table 1.

Summary of studies of sleep in animal models for ASD

Study	Relevant human condition	Manipulation	Species	Sleep and circadian-related phenotypes
Tsujino et al, 2007	ASD	Prenatal VPA	Rat	More frequent arousals during the light phase
Cusmano and Mong 2014		Prenatal VPA	Rat	Increased wake and decreased NREM during the light phase
Zager et al. 2014	ASD and SCZ	Prenatal Immune Activation	Rat	No changes in sleep at baseline or following stressor
Missig et al. 2018		Perinatal Immune Activation	Mouse	Increased SWS and epileptiform activity
Dockendorff et al. 2002	Fragile X syndrome	dFMR1 loss-of-function	Drosophila	Arrhythmic circadian activity and erratic locomotor activity
Inoue et al. 2002		dFMR1 loss-of-function	Drosophila	Arrhythmic circadian activity in DD
Zhang et al 2008		FMR1 and FXR2 deletion	Mouse	Shortened circadian period in DD and decreased rhythmicity in LD
Bushey et al. 2009		dFMR1 deletion	Drosophila	Deletion of dFMR1 increased- and overexpression decreased sleep time
Wither et al. 2012	Rett syndrome	MeCP2 deletion	Mouse	Disrupted circadian body temperature and activity rhythms
Tsuchiya et al. 2015		MeCP2 deletion	Mouse	Decreased circadian rhythms in DD and altered central clock gene expression
Li et al. 2015		MeCP2 deletion	Mouse	Fragmented sleep, decreased strength and precision of circadian rhythms
Chen et al. 2017		MeCP2 deletion	Cynomolgus Monkey	Increased wake and fragmented sleep
Lassi et al. 2016	Prader-Willi syndrome	SNORD116 deletion	Mouse	Increased REM and decreased NREM duration, and increased REM episodes
Colas et al. 2005	Angelman syndrome	Ube3a deletion	Mouse	Increased number of SWS and wake episodes
Shi et al. 2015		Ube3a deletion	Mouse	Weakened circadian rhythms and disrupted metabolic homeostasis
Ehlen et al. 2015		Ube3a deletion	Mouse	Blunted recovery following sleep deprivation
Zheng and Sehgal 2010	Tuberous Sclerosis Complex	TSC1/TSC2 deletion	Drosophila	Weaker circadian rhythms and longer circadian period
Lipton et al. 2017		TSC1/TSC2 deletion in neurons	Mouse	Loss of rhythmicity and shorter circadian period in DD
Kumar et al. 2015	Timothy syndrome	Cacna1c (Cav1.2) deletion	Mouse	Reduced REM sleep recovery
Thomas et al. 2017	CDFE	Cntnap2 deletion	Mouse and Rat	Rats: hyperactivity and increased consolidation of wake and REM, Mice: hypoactivity and fragmented wake
Angelakos et al. 2016	ASD and ADHD	16p11.2 −/+deletion	Mouse	Hyperactivity, increased and consolidated wake in males
El Helou et al. 2013	ASD	NLG1 deletion	Mouse	Decreased wake and increased NREM
Li et al. 2013	ASD	NLG4 deletion	Drosophila	Delayed sleep onset and decreased sleep time

ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ASD autism spectrum disorder, CDFE cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome, DD dark/dark conditions or constant darkness, LD light/dark conditions, NREM non-rapid eye movement sleep, REM rapid eye movement sleep, SCZ schizophrenia, SWS slow-wave sleep