Abstract
Aim:
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptoms glioma patients may present with to the general practitioner, and whether these can be distinguished from patients with other CNS disorders or any other condition.
Methods:
Glioma patients were matched to CNS patients and ‘other controls’ using anonymized general practitioner registries. Prevalences were evaluated in the 5 years prior to diagnosis.
Result:
CNS patients reported significantly more motor symptoms in the period 60–24 months, (p = 0.039). Moreover, <6 months before diagnosis CNS patients differed significantly in mood disorders/fear compared with ‘other controls’ (p = 0.012) but not glioma patients (p = 0.816).
Conclusion:
Glioma patients could not be distinguished from both control groups with respect to the number or type of prediagnostic symptoms.
Keywords: : diagnosis, glioma, prediagnostic, primary care, symptoms
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults [1,2]. Of these, glioblastoma is the most frequently occurring subtype. The annual, age-adjusted incidence of primary malignant tumors ranged from 4.53 to 8.18 per 100,000 population [3]. Nearly all glioma patients have an incurable disease with a dismal prognosis. These patients not only have cancer, but also a progressive brain disease, and may therefore experience symptoms such as increased intracranial pressure (drowsiness and headache), progressive motor dysfunction, seizures and changes in cognition, behavior and personality [4–8].
Patients are often diagnosed with glioma after presenting with a focal neurological deficit, a first seizure or more diffuse symptoms such as drowsiness and headache [9,10]. Currently, little is known about the onset of symptoms and signs of glioma in the year(s) before diagnosis. One study, in which semistructured interviews with 28 glioma patients and their partners were conducted, showed that most patients first consult their general practitioner (GP) about their symptoms, and that the time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of glioma varies widely between patients [9,10]. The latter could be due to a gradual onset of symptoms, a lack of recognition of these symptoms by the patient or because the GP made another differential diagnosis. A better insight into these early symptoms, especially symptoms and signs that could distinguish glioma patients from other patients with CNS diseases or any other condition, may help earlier identification of patients with glioma. This may subsequently lead to earlier initiation of antitumor treatment in these patients, which could be beneficial. For example, early introduction of chemoradiation at the time of diagnosis in patients with low-grade glioma improves progression-free and overall survivals [11].
This study aimed to identify the prevalence of symptoms and signs in the 5 years prior to glioma diagnosis from extracted medical records of the GP, and to determine whether these can be distinguished from patients with other CNS diseases or patients visiting the GP for any other condition. In addition, we aimed to assess if glioma patients visit the GP more frequently in the years before diagnosis compared with control patients.
Methods
Identification of potential signs & symptoms
Possible early clinical symptoms were identified by means of a literature study and semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in the care of glioma patients.
For the literature study, an article reporting on the presenting symptoms in glioma patients [12] was used to create a list of potential prediagnostic symptoms for glioma patients. Next, we developed a search strategy in PubMed (conducted up to the 15 October 2015) in which the terms related to ‘glioma’, ‘prediagnostic’ and one of the ’symptoms’ as identified in the article by Posti et al. [12] were used. Articles were eligible if a population of adult glioma patients was described, including a description of the specific symptoms at diagnosis or before initial treatment, as well as the percentage of patients experiencing those symptoms. Reviews, case reports and case series (<20 patients) were excluded, as well as articles describing treatment of recurrent glioma, articles including children or articles focusing on multiple brain tumor patients without a separate description of symptoms of glioma patients.
Semistructured interviews with five experts (three neuro-oncologists, one neuropsychologist and one nurse specialized in neuro-oncology) in the field of glioma were conducted in person by one researcher (M C M Peeters). Experts were asked to rate the frequency of occurrence of all the symptoms glioma patients could present with (as identified in the literature review) on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from ‘never’ to ‘frequent’, and to indicate if prediagnostic symptoms and signs were missing.
Next, we selected signs and symptoms that were reported in >25% of the glioma patients in the eligible articles identified with the literature search, and those symptoms with a mean score >3 (representing often to frequent) as identified in the semistructured interviews for further analyses. Comparable symptoms were categorized into one category and all categories of symptoms were subsequently recoded into International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) codes. These ICPC codes are widely used by GPs to code complaints, symptoms and diseases since the mid-90s of the last century [13].
Study population
Three groups of patients were included: glioma patients, patients with other CNS diseases and ‘other’ patients. These ‘other’ patients were defined as those patients who did not meet the criteria for the other two groups (e.g., patients with back pain or the flu). Patients in the ‘CNS disease’ and ‘other’ groups were the controls for glioma patients and were matched in a 1:1:1 ratio to glioma patients on age (range 5 years older or younger), sex and date of diagnosis (month and year).
Glioma patients were selected from two sources. First, patients with a histologically confirmed glioma who visited the neuro-oncology outpatient clinic in the Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden, or the Haaglanden Medical Center in The Hague (both the Netherlands), between September 2005 and September 2015 were selected. Second, additional patients were selected from an anonymized GP database, the Registration Network of General Practices associated with Leiden University (RNUH–LEO). This database comprises data of 44,350 patients from 19 GPs in four practices in Leiden and the surrounding area, and contains information on the medical history, prescriptions, diagnostic record and morbidity of patients, as well as coded symptoms and signs via ICPC codes. Glioma patients were selected from this database if their medical record contained an ICPC coding for CNS neoplasm, they were adults (≥18 years), had been diagnosed from 2002 onwards and if the GP had described the diagnosis ‘glioma’ in the free text of the medical record. All relevant data in the database were extracted for patients identified via this database. For glioma patients identified via the outpatient clinics, their medical record was requested at their GP.
All control patients were selected from the RNUH–LEO database. ICPC codes representing CNS diseases were used to select CNS patients (Supplementary Table 1 for the used ICPC codes). All remaining codes were eligible for the ‘other’ control patients. The study was approved by the local medical ethical review board and glioma patients selected from the outpatient clinic provided written informed consent for participation in this study, including insight in their medical record at their GP. Patients selected from the RNUH–LEO database were prone to an ‘informed opt out’ procedure, since their data were anonymized.
Data extraction
All visits to the GP of both glioma patients and controls were reviewed during 5 years prior to the index date (i.e., date of diagnosis of the glioma patient). The number of visits was evaluated, as well as the signs and symptoms during each visit. Actual visits to the GP were counted as a visit (including a visit for a procedure, such as an influenza vaccination), while telephone consultations were only counted if they addressed a new symptom or sign. In case the GP described the ICPC codes within the medical records, these codes were used. If the ICPC codes were not provided, we recoded the symptoms and signs using the ICPC code system.
Statistical analysis
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of glioma patients and their controls, as well as the number and type of symptoms, were described using descriptive statistics. Period prevalence (i.e., the number of current cases [new and pre-existing] over a specified period of time) was calculated for the number of visits and selected symptoms, and was then compared between groups using the Chi-square test. Since the number of visits and symptoms was expected to rise in the months prior to diagnosis in glioma and CNS control patients, not only the period prevalence for the complete 5 years was calculated, but also for the time intervals 5–2 years; 2 years to 6 months; and 6 months up to diagnosis. Lastly, we have explored if patients experienced multiple symptoms during the 5-year observation period.
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23 (SPSS, IL, USA). All tests were two-sided and p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
Results
Literature review & semistructured interviews
Eleven symptoms identified in 14 articles with the literature review were found to have an incidence of >25%: seizures, headache, motor impairment, confusion, language problem, memory problem, personality change, change in consciousness, nausea, visual problem and sensory problem [14–26]. The five participating healthcare providers agreed that 8 of the 11 (pre)diagnostic symptoms occurred frequently (i.e., mean score >3). These were seizures, motor impairment, confusion, language problem, memory problem, personality change, change in consciousness and visual problems. Missing symptoms included burnout, mood swings, fatigue and problems with concentration, processing of information, planning and initiation (Supplementary Table 2). Ten symptoms were merged because they showed similarity, resulting in nine symptom categories that were recoded into ICPC codes (Supplementary Table 3): seizures, headache, motor impairments, cognitive/mental impairments, visual disorders, mood disorders/fear, sensory complaints, metabolic/endocrine symptoms and general symptoms (e.g., tiredness, overall deterioration).
Patient population
Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. Thirty-six glioma patients were matched with 36 CNS control patients and 36 ‘other’ control patients. The median age of patients ranged between 60 and 61 years, and the majority in all groups was men (58%), suggesting that the matching procedure was successful. Patients in the CNS control group were mostly diagnosed with stroke (28%), other head trauma (11%), concussion (14%) or depression (22%). Patients in the ‘other’ control group had musculoskeletal (17%) or skin (14%) problems, an infection (14%) or other problems (56%).
Table 1. . Characteristics of patients with glioma, CNS and ‘other’ control patients.
| Characteristics | Glioma (n = 36) | CNS controls (n = 36) | ‘Other’ controls (n = 36) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years; median (range) | 61 (26–79) | 61 (26–79) | 60 (26–79) |
| Men, n (%) | 21 (58%) | 21 (58%) | 21 (58%) |
| Diagnosis | |||
| – Glioma | 36 (100%) | ||
| – Stroke | 10 (28%) | ||
| – Other head trauma | 4 (11%) | ||
| – Concussion | 5 (14%) | ||
| – Depression | 8 (22%) | ||
| – Epilepsy | 3 (8%) | ||
| – Other | 3 (8%) | ||
| – Musculoskeletal system | 6 (17%) | ||
| – Skin | 5 (14%) | ||
| – Infection | 5 (14%) | ||
| – Other | 20 (56%) |
Number of visits to the general practitioner
The number of visits with any symptom or sign to the GP did not differ significantly between groups over the 5-year period (median of 17 vs 24 and 23 visits in glioma, CNS controls and ‘other controls, respectively; p = 0.381). Similarly, no significant differences were found in the number of visits in the smaller time intervals (Table 2).
Table 2. . Total and median (range) number of visits to the general practitioner for any sign or symptom per time period, separately for the three groups.
| All patients (n = 108) | Glioma patients (n = 36) | CNS controls (n = 36) | Other controls (n = 36) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole period (5 years), median (range) | 2491 20 (0–102) |
711 17 (0–60) |
989 24 (0–102) |
791 23 (0–65) |
0.381 |
| 5–2 years (36 months), median (range) | 1425 11 (0–62) |
399 9 (0–32) |
582 14 (0–62) |
444 12 (0–38) |
0.187 |
| 2 years to 6 months (18 months), median (range) | 728 5 (0–30) |
217 4 (0–23) |
273 5 (0–30) |
238 5 (0–23) |
0.939 |
| 6 months to diagnosis (6 months), median (range) | 338 2 (0–15) |
95 2 (0–15) |
134 2 (0–15) |
109 3 (0–14) |
0.522 |
Prevalence & type of symptoms
A total of ten (28%) glioma, nine (25%) CNS and 18 (50%) ‘other’ control patients visited the GP with one symptom from the nine categories, while eight (22%) glioma patients, 15 (42%) CNS patients and 13 (36%) ‘other’ patients visited the GP with at least two symptoms (Figure 1). Thirty-one percent of glioma patients (11/36), 28% (10/36) of CNS patients and 39% (14/36) of ‘other’ control patients did not report any of the nine symptoms, but did present with other symptoms, for example painful motion, eczema or a fractured tibia.
Figure 1. . Number of prediagnostic symptoms patients present with to the general practitioner per patient group.
In general, glioma patients did not differ from the other groups with respect to the prevalence of the nine symptoms (Table 3). Mood disorders/fear was the most prevalent symptom in all three patient groups in all three time periods. In addition, general symptoms and sensory complaints were frequently reported. There was a significant difference between CNS patients and ‘other’ controls (8 vs 0, respectively; p = 0.014) in the 6 months prior to diagnosis regarding the prevalence of mood disorders/fear but not compared with glioma patients (5 vs 8; p = 0.816). Moreover, in the 60–24 months prior to diagnosis, four CNS patients presented with motor symptoms where the glioma patients and patients with other symptoms did not (both p = 0.039).
Table 3. . Period prevalence of symptoms in the nine categories, separately for glioma, CNS and ‘other’ control patients, and separately for the three time periods and the complete 5-year period.
| Symptom categories | Total 5-year period | 5–2 years (36 months) | 2 years to 6 months (18 months) | 6 months to diagnosis (6 months) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma (n = 36) | CNS (n = 36) | Control (n = 36) | p-value | Glioma (n = 36) | CNS (n = 36) | Control (n = 36) | p-value | Glioma (n = 36) | CNS (n = 36) | Control (n = 36) | p-value | Glioma (n = 36) | CNS (n = 36) | Control (n = 36) | p-value | |
| Seizure | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.361 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.604 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.368 |
| Headache | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0.646 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.536 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.368 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.358 |
| Motor impairments | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0.126 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0.016 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.602 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.604 |
| Cognitive/mental impairments | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.546 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0.236 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.368 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.604 |
| Progressive loss of vision | 5 | 6 | 4 | 0.601 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0.180 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.368 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.615 |
| Mood disorders/fear | 15 | 18 | 9 | 0.088 | 7 | 14 | 8 | 0.087 | 8 | 10 | 5 | 0.349 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0.014 |
| General symptoms | 11 | 9 | 8 | 0.716 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0.198 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 0.497 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0.532 |
| Sensory complaints | 11 | 10 | 7 | 0.537 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 0.623 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0.192 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.998 |
| Metabolic/endocrine | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0.361 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.604 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.368 |
We also explored if patients experiences more than one of the nine symptoms during the 5-year observation period and which these were (Table 4). Mood and general symptoms were observed in seven glioma and six CNS patients, while this combination was found in three ‘other’ controls. Mood and sensory symptoms occurred in six glioma patients, in nine patients in the CNS disease group and only one time in the ‘other’ control group. Moreover, visual and sensory problems were observed in three glioma patients, five CNS patients and one ‘other’ patient, whereas visual problems and mood symptoms were observed in four glioma patients, six CNS patients and not in the ‘other’ patients. There were only a few patients in each group in whom greater than or equal to three symptoms were observed during the study period (data not shown).
Table 4. . Number of patients presenting with multiple symptoms in glioma, CNS and ‘other’ control patients in the whole 5-year period.
| Seizure & headache | Seizure & motor | Seizure & cognitive problems | Seizure & visual problems | Seizure & mood disorder | Seizure & general symptoms | Seizure & sensory problems | Seizure & metabolic problems | Headache & motor problems | Headache & cognitive problems | Headache & visual problems | Headache & mood disorder | Headache & general symptoms | Headache & sensory problems | Headache & metabolic problems | Motor problems & cognitive problems | Motor problems & visual problems | Motor problems & mood disorder | Motor problems & general symptoms | Motor problems & sensory problems | Motor problems & metabolic problems | Cognitive problems & visual problems | Cognitive problems & mood disorder | Cognitive problems & general problems | Cognitive problems & sensory problems | Cognitive problems & metabolic problems | Visual problems & mood disorder | Visual problems & general symptoms | Visual problems & sensory problems | Visual problems & metabolic problems | Mood disorder & general symptoms | Mood disorder & sensory problems | Mood disorder & metabolic problems | General symptoms & sensory problems | General symptoms & metabolic problems | Sensory problems & metabolic problems | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| CNS patients | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Other control patients | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Discussion
This case–control study did not show a difference in the frequency of GP visits nor in the prevalence of presenting symptoms and signs in the 5 years before diagnosis between glioma patients, patients with other CNS disease or patients with any other condition. It may therefore be difficult for a GP to distinguish glioma patients from both patients with other CNS diseases and those with other conditions based on their prediagnostic symptoms, hampering timely referral to a neuro-oncologist.
An explanation for the absence of differences between glioma patients and the other groups, besides the fact that they may simply not be there, may be that detecting glioma-specific symptoms and signs is difficult when only routine care data are the source. First, patients may not visit the GP with their complaints. This could be the case in control patients as well; however, one study described that specifically glioma patients with headache were found to often delay their help-seeking because they found another cause for this symptom in the everyday life context [10]. Similarly, experts in this study mentioned that glioma patients often report that they associated mental and cognitive symptoms with being tired or a high workload, suggesting that this would also be a reason not to visit the GP with their complaints. Indeed, under reporting of symptoms by glioma patients may be due to lack of insight in their illness as a consequence of the condition itself. Second, GP’s usually prioritize only one major complaint in their registration and may thus not always be consistently registering all complaints and diagnoses with which the patient presents in one visit, potentially resulting in missing data. Moreover, the format of using ICPC codes during registration may have resulted in imprecise data. One ICPC code can contain more than one symptom, for example, the code P20 contains memory, concentration and orientation disorders. Furthermore, some GPs did not register the ICPC codes, for which cases we had to derive the code from text parts for these symptoms. Due to misinterpretation, this may have resulted in inaccurate data. The way of registering symptoms may has therefore refrained us from obtaining information on the occurrence of more unlikely symptoms, or certain combinations of symptoms. Third, our study design may have not been optimal; unfortunately, tumor-related information such as tumor grade was not available in this anonymized dataset. It therefore remains unknown whether the prediagnostic symptoms differed between subgroups of glioma patients, even though differences might be expected due to differences in tumor biology and growth rate. Indeed, due to the slow growth rate, it may be possible that we included patients with delayed diagnosis of childhood low-grade glioma [26]. Another limitation of the study design is that we were not able to verify if the CNS or other controls did not have a brain tumor. Furthermore, the number of glioma patients identified with this approach may have been too small to obtain an appropriate representation of the prediagnostic symptoms and signs in glioma patients. With the low incidence of this disease, a large regional or national registry may yield better results but this is still under construction in the Netherlands. In the UK, The Health Improvement Network (THIN) comprises records of over 11 million individuals in >500 primary care practices across the UK, covering around 6% of the population [27]. This database was used in a study on the prediagnostic presentations in Parkinson’s patients, which resulted in the inclusion of 8166 patients and 46,755 matched controls, allowing a more extensive statistical analysis, for example, a big data analysis, and generalizability of the results [28]. Moreover, sampling control patients who are diagnosed in the same year as the patients could cause inclusion bias, since patients who do not frequently visit their GP, or those who switched GP in the 5 years prior to diagnosis, could not be included in this study. Lastly, the literature search was conducted up to the 15 October 2015 and therefore more recent studies were not included. However, it is doubtful whether the presenting symptoms of glioma have changed in the past years.
Mood disorders or fear of disease was the most reported problem in this study, during all time periods. The finding that the prevalence of mental health problems ranges from 4.3 to 26.4% in the general population supports this [29]. Nevertheless, patients with CNS disease had the highest prevalence that could be due to our inclusion criteria, as patients in the CNS group were included if they had, for example, depression as a diagnosis. Thus, although glioma patients often visit the GP with mood disorders, or fear of disease (in general), it may be difficult for a GP to consider glioma as diagnosis, as this symptom does not distinguish these patients from other patients. Therefore, when mood disorders occur, all CNS disorders should be considered by the GP, including glioma.
In conclusion, our exploration did not reveal solid indications that would enable us to distinguish glioma patients from CNS and other control patients based on the number of visits to the GP, nor based on the specific prediagnostic symptoms in the 5 years prior to diagnosis. Possibly, a study design in which a questionnaire is used to inventory if glioma patients experienced certain symptoms and signs in the year prior to diagnosis could be considered an alternative to elucidate symptoms and signs experienced by the patients for which the GP is not consulted.
Future perspective
Future research on the prediagnostic symptoms of glioma patients should include a questionnaire or interview with the patient to elucidate symptoms and signs experienced by the patients for which the GP is not consulted. The spouse or a proxy could also be included to assess symptoms and signs patients do not see themselves.
Summary points.
Over the 5-year period before diagnosis, the number of visits with any symptom or sign to the general practitioner (GP) did not differ significantly between glioma patients, CNS patients and patients with any other condition.
Mood disorders, sensory complaints and general complaints were most prevalent in all three patient groups during the 5-year period before diagnosis.
There was a significant difference between CNS patients and other control patients (8 vs 0, respectively, p = 0.014) in the 6 months prior to diagnosis regarding the prevalence of mood disorders/fear but not compared with glioma patients (5 vs 8, p = 0.816).
For the GP, distinguishing glioma patients from both patients with other CNS diseases and those with any other conditions based on their prediagnostic symptoms, may be difficult, hampering timely referral to the neuro-oncologist.
Routine care data from the GP may not be the most complete method to assess potential prediagnostic symptoms as patients may not visit the GP with their complaints and GPs usually prioritize only one major complaint in their registration.
In future research on the prediagnostic symptoms of glioma, a questionnaire could be used to inventory if glioma patients experienced certain symptoms and signs in the year prior to diagnosis to elucidate symptoms and signs experienced by the patients for which the GP is not consulted.
Supplementary Material
Footnotes
Author contributions
All authors contributed equally to this manuscript.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Ethical conduct of research
The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. In addition, for investigations involving human subjects, informed consent has been obtained from the participants involved.
Open access
This work is licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
References
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