Abstract
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with poor prognosis mainly affecting males. Differences in clinical presentation between genders may be important both for the diagnostic work-up and for follow-up. In the present study, we therefore explored potential gender differences at presentation in a Swedish cohort of IPF-patients.
Methods
We studied patients included in the Swedish IPF- registry over a three-year period from its launch in 2014. A cross-sectional analysis was performed for data concerning demographics, lung function, 6- min walking test (6MWT) and quality of life (QoL) (King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease (K-BILD) score).
Results
Three hundred forty- eight patients (250 (72%) males, 98 (28%) females, median age 72 years in both genders) were included in the registry during the study period. Smoking history (N = 169 (68%) vs. N = 53 (54%), p < 0.05), baseline lung function (Forced vital capacity, % of predicted (FVC%): 68.9% ± 14.4 vs. 73.0% ± 17.7, p < 0.05; Total lung capacity, % of predicted (TLC%): 62.2% ± 11.8 vs. 68.6% ± 11.3%, p < 0.001) were significantly different at presentation between males and females, respectively. Comorbidities such as coronary artery disease (OR: 3.5–95% CI: 1.6–7.6) and other cardiovascular diseases (including atrial fibrillation and heart failure) (OR: 3.8–95% CI: 1.9–7.8) also showed significant differences between the genders. The K- BILD showed poor quality of life, but no difference was found between genders in total score (54 ± 11 vs. 54 ± 10, p = 0.61 in males vs. females, respectively).
Conclusions
This study shows that female patients with IPF have a more preserved lung function than males at inclusion, while males have a significant burden of cardiovascular comorbidities. However, QoL and results on the 6MWT did not differ between the groups. These gender differences may be of importance both at diagnosis and follow- up of patients with IPF.
Keywords: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Gender perspective, Interstitial lung disease, Comorbidities, Registry, KBILD
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease of unknown etiology limited to the lungs resulting in an irreversible loss of pulmonary function, and, finally, in respiratory failure and death [1, 2]. While results from epidemiological studies have varied due to the different methodologies and diagnostic criteria used, the estimated prevalence of 18–63 cases per 100,000 and a median survival of 3–5 years, makes IPF the most common and deadly form of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) [3–5].
In clinical practice, patients with IPF also present with a large number of comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and diabetes among others [6], and will often die due to reasons other than IPF [7, 8]. Furthermore, the optimal management of these conditions and their relevance for the prognosis of patients with IPF is still unclear.
In recent years, the gender perspective has become evident in diseases such as COPD [9] or lung cancer [10]. It is well known that IPF is more frequent among males than females [1], but very little is known about potential differences in presentation of the disease and its comorbidities between the genders. Gender was included in a multidimensional index and scoring system for IPF patients, the Gender- Age- Physiology (GAP) score, with males showing a higher risk of dying compared to females [11], but the mechanisms leading to this difference are still poorly characterized. Gender differences may have important implications in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of IPF [12] and a better understanding of these differences may also give us new clues about disease etiology.
The main objective of this paper was therefore to explore the gender differences in the clinical features of IPF.
Methods
Collection of data
The Swedish IPF Registry was started in 2014. A web-based platform (Granitics Unify Med, Granitics Ltd., Espoo, Finland), allows the registration of demographics, lung function, radiology, health related quality of life (QoL) (assessed with the King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease Questionnaire (K-BILD)) [13], ongoing treatments, side- effects and outcomes such as death and lung transplantation at the time of inclusion in the registry and during the follow-up. The platform is currently implemented in 22 respiratory medicine units in the country, including all the main university and reference hospitals. This accounts for approximately 60% of the units with at least one respiratory specialist in service. To be included in the registry, patients had to fulfill the diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of IPF according to national and international guidelines [1, 14]. Patients are eligible for inclusion in the registry if they have a confirmed diagnosis of IPF by a specialist in respiratory medicine either at an university hospital or a local hospital, and have provided a written informed consent prior to inclusion. No explicit exclusion criteria are defined, but diagnoses other than IPF are not included. Patients were considered incident cases (diagnosis within 6 months from consent) and prevalent if the duration of disease exceeded 6 months.
To explore potential gender differences at the time of inclusion in the registry, a cross-sectional analysis was performed from September 2014 to December 2017 for data concerning demographics, lung function, 6- min walking test (6MWT), and QoL (K-BILD score). Data on comorbidities were mostly self-reported by the patient.
Statistical analyses
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD) or median and range or lower and upper quartile. Categorical variables are presented as proportions of the total population. Two sample t- test was used when appropriate, and non- parametric data was analyzed with the Mann- Whitney test. Results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Subgroup analyses for gender were performed. Differences in frequency of comorbidities between genders were expressed with Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval. Study subjects were pooled to analyze the correlations between quality of life, with K- BILD total score as the dependent factor and clinical variables (age, FVC%, number of comorbidities, BMI, FEV1%) in males and females as independent factors. No replacement nor extrapolation of missing values was performed. Univariate analyses included only available variables, while missing values in the multivariable model were automatically removed by the statistical software. Number of available data for each variable is included in respective table. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software Wizard Pro (version 1.9.22 (240) @Evan Miller) and SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
The study was approved in August 2014 by the Stockholm’s Regional Ethical Committee (Ref. No. 2014/1202–31/4 and Ref No. 2018/1449–31/1). All patients were included in the registry upon signing a written consent before inclusion.
Results
Demographics
Twenty-two respiratory units in the country (61% of the country’s hospitals with a respiratory disease active service) reported data from 348 IPF patients to the Swedish IPF registry during the study period. Demographics at the time of inclusion in the IPF registry are reported in Table 1. Sixty- seven patients (19%) were on anti- fibrotic treatment at inclusion, of whom 14 where incident cases and 53 prevalent.
Table 1.
Baseline variables of the included patients
| Baseline variables | Total |
|---|---|
| IPF-patients (N = 348) | |
| Incident / Prevalent (N, %) | 182 (52.3) / 166 (47.7) |
| Gender (male /female) (N, %) | 250 (71.8) / 98 (28.1) |
| Age (Median, range) | 72.0 (46–88) |
| BMI (M ± SD) | 27.1 ± 4.2 |
| Smoking habit (N = 348) | |
| Never smoker (N, %) | 103 (29.6) |
| Ex-smoker (N, %) | 222 (63.8) |
| Packyear (M ± SD) (Ex-smoker, n = 160) | 23.0 ± 15.0 |
| Smoker (N, %) | 12 (3.5) |
| Missing info (N, %): | 11 (3.2) |
| Lung function | |
| FVC% (M ± SD) (N = 287) | 70.2 ± 15.6 |
| FEV1% (M ± SD) (N = 307) | 76.1 ± 16.6 |
| TLC% (M ± SD) (N = 193) | 63.9 ± 12.0 |
| DLCO% (M ± SD) (N = 221) | 46.2 ± 13.9 |
| 6-WMT (N = 198) | |
| 6-WMD (M ± SD, m) | 422 ± 124 |
| B-SpO2% (M ± SD, %) | 95.8 ± 2.3 |
| L-SpO2% (M ± SD, %) | 86.1 ± 6.7 |
| Comorbidity (N = 348) | |
| Arterial hypertension (N, %) | 115 (33.0) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux (N, %) | 113 (32.5) |
| Other cardiovasculara (N, %) | 86 (24.7) |
| Coronary heart disease (N, %) | 67 (19.3) |
| Diabetes (N, %) | 52 (14.9) |
| Cancer (N, %) | 33 (9.5) |
| Thyroid diseasesb (N, %) | 22 (6.3) |
| Sleep apnea (N, %) | 22 (6.3) |
| Asthma (N, %) | 15 (4.3) |
| COPD (N, %) | 10 (2.9) |
| Osteoporosis (N, %) | 6 (1.7) |
| K-BILD (N = 292) | 53.7 ± 10.7 |
| Anti-fibrotic treatment (N, %) | 67 (19.3) |
| Time from diagnosis to consent (median, Q1- Q3) (months) | 4 (Q1:0; Q3: 26) |
N number(s), M mean, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, FVC% forced vital capacity, % of expected, FEV1% forced expiratory volume in first second, % of expected, TLC% total lung capacity, % of expected, DLCO% % diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, 6MWD 6 min walking distance, B-SpO2% Saturation level for oxygen, at rest, L-SpO2% Saturation level for oxygen, lowest during/after test, K-BILD King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease questionnaire
aOther cardiovascular disease: Atrial fibrillation and Heart failure
bThyroid diseases: hypo−/hyperthyroidism
Significantly more ex- smokers were reported among males (n = 169 (68%); females: n = 53 (54%); p = 0.020), as well as higher pack years compared to females (24.8 ± 15.1 in male vs. 17.8 ± 13.3 in female, p = 0.005) (Table 2). Among ex-smokers, diagnosis of IPF was confirmed more than two decades after smoking cessation in both genders (25 ± 15 years (142 patients) and 24 ± 13 years (46 patients), p = 0.796 in males and females, respectively).
Table 2.
Demographics of included patients divided by gender
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| IPF-patients (N, % in total) | 250 (71.8) | 98 (28.1) |
| Age (Median, range) | 72 (46–88) | 72 (56–84) |
| BMI (M ± SD) | 27.0 ± 3.74 | 27.3 ± 5.18 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker (N, % in gender) | 64 (25.6) | 39 (39.8) |
| Ex-smoker (N, % in gender) | 169 (67.6)* | 53 (54.1) |
| Smoker (N, % in gender) | 7 (2.8) | 5 (5.1) |
| Missing info (N, % in gender) | 10 (4.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Packyear in ex-smokers (M ± SD) | 24.8 ± 15.1* | 17.8 ± 13.3 |
N number(s), M mean, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index
*p < 0.05, male vs. female
Lung function and six- minute walk test
Forced vital capacity, % of predicted (FVC%) and total lung capacity, % of predicted (TLC%), were significantly lower in males compared to females (Table 3). When the patients were divided by smoking history, male ex-smokers had lower FVC%, TLC% and DLCO%, while no differences were found in never- smokers. Male never- smokers had a longer walking distance (6MWD) than females (p = 0.030). No gender- or smoking related difference in other parameters of the 6MWT, including saturation level at rest (B-SpO2) and during/after test (L-SpO2) was observed.
Table 3.
Lung function parameters, 6MWT and K-BILD results divided by smoking status and gender
| Total | Never smoker | Ex-smoker | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| Lung function | ||||||
| FVC% (N = 287) | N = 198 | N = 89 | N = 50 | N = 37 | N = 139 | N = 47 |
| 68.9 ± 14.4* | 73.0 ± 17.7 | 69.7 ± 18.0 | 66.8 ± 16.8 | 68.7 ± 12.7** | 75.8 ± 16.3 | |
| FEV1% (N = 307) | N = 215 | N = 92 | N = 54 | N = 38 | N = 152 | N = 49 |
| 76.1 ± 16.1 | 76.0 ± 17.7 | 76.8 ± 18.5 | 71.3 ± 18.9 | 76.4 ± 14.6 | 78.6 ± 16.1 | |
| TLC%, (N = 193) | N = 141 | N = 52 | N = 35 | N = 21 | N = 103 | N = 31 |
| 62.2 ± 11.8* | 68.6 ± 11.3 | 61.8 ± 11.9 | 64.4 ± 10.8 | 62.0 ± 11.7*** | 71.3 ± 11.0 | |
| DLCO% (N = 221) | N = 158 | N = 63 | N = 39 | N = 25 | N = 113 | N = 35 |
| 45.2 ± 13.6 | 48.8 ± 14.4 | 49.7 ± 14.1 | 46.7 ± 14.2 | 43.8 ± 13.3* | 49.3 ± 13.3 | |
| 6WMT (N = 198) | N = 139 | N = 59 | N = 35 | N = 22 | N = 102 | N = 35 |
| 6MWD, (M ± SD, m) | 427 ± 128 | 411 ± 113 | 439 ± 136* | 355 ± 140 | 426 ± 125 | 446 ± 79 |
| B-SpO2% (M ± SD, %) | 95.7 ± 2.30 | 95.9 ± 2.3 | 95.4 ± 2.0 | 95.8 ± 2.7 | 95.8 ± 2.4 | 95.9 ± 2.1 |
| L-SpO2% (M ± SD, %) | 85.9 ± 6.44 | 86.6 ± 7.4 | 85.8 ± 6.5 | 88.0 ± 8.5 | 85.8 ± 6.4 | 85.7 ± 6.6 |
| K-BILD (N = 292) | N = 210 | N = 82 | N = 55 | N = 33 | N = 146 | N = 44 |
| Psychological | 55.1 ± 16.6 | 54.9 ± 15.6 | 57.8 ± 16.1 | 53.0 ± 13.2 | 54.4 ± 17.0 | 55.6 ± 17.7 |
| Breathlessness and activities | 36.8 ± 18.7 | 40.0 ± 17.1 | 38.5 ± 21.9 | 34.5 ± 13.7 | 37.2 ± 17.1 | 41.3 ± 16.7 |
| Chest symptoms | 64.1 ± 21.7 | 66.0 ± 22.9 | 71.4 ± 21.4* | 60.6 ± 20.4 | 62.5 ± 21.4 | 67.9 ± 24.2 |
| Total | 53.6 ± 10.9 | 54.3 ± 10.1 | 55.5 ± 11.1 | 51.8 ± 7.8 | 53.3 ± 11.0 | 55.1 ± 11.3 |
M mean, SD standard deviation, FVC% forced vital capacity, % of expected, FEV1% forced expiratory volume in first second, % of expected, TLC% total lung capacity, % of expected, DLCO% % diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, 6MWD 6 min walking distance, B-SpO2% Saturation level for oxygen, at rest, L-SpO2% Saturation level for oxygen, lowest during/after test, K-BILD King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease questionnaire
*: p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 males vs. females
Quality of life
The K-BILD total score and its three domain scores for psychological, breathlessness and chest symptoms, were available for 292 (84%, 210 males and 82 females) of the patients. No differences were seen between genders in total K-BILD score, and in the domains of psychological and breathlessness scores (p > 0.05) (Table 3). However, the K-BILD domain for chest symptoms were higher in male never- smokers when compared to female never- smokers (p = 0.030) (Table 3).
Comorbidities
Arterial hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux were the two most common comorbidities reported in the whole cohort (Table 1). The frequency of single and multiple comorbidities is presented in Table 4. Multiple comorbidities were observed in 193 males (77% of total males) and 78 females (80%). Coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases (atrial fibrillation and heart failure) were significantly more prevalent among males, while thyroid diseases, asthma and osteoporosis were more prevalent in females. Sub- analyses by gender and smoking history showed that coronary heart disease remained more prevalent in both never- and ex-smoking males compared to females, while gastroesophageal reflux and asthma were more frequent in female never- smokers. Among ex- smoking females, a difference in the prevalence of thyroid diseases was observed. Male ex- smokers showed a higher prevalence of other cardiovascular diseases.
Table 4.
Frequency of comorbidities reported at inclusion
| Total | Never smoker | Ex-smoker | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||
| (N = 250) | (N = 98) | OR (95%CI) | (N = 64) | (N = 39) | OR (95%CI) | (N = 169) | (N = 53) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Single Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Arterial hypertension (N, %) | 84 (34) | 31 (32) | 1.09 (0.66–1.80) | 18 (28) | 8 (21) | 1.52 (0.59–3.92) | 62 (37) | 20 (38) | 0.96 (0.51–1.81) |
| Gastroesophageal reflux (N, %) | 74 (30) | 39 (40) | 0.64 (0.39–1.04) | 16 (25) | 20 (51) | 0.32 (0.14–0.74) | 55 (33) | 17 (32) | 1.02 (0.53–1.98) |
| Other cardiovasculara (N, %) | 76 (30) | 10 (10) | 3.84 (1.89–7.80) | 18 (28) | 5 (13) | 2.70 (0.90–7.88) | 54 (32) | 5 (9) | 4.51 (1.70–12.0) |
| Coronary heart disease (N, %) | 59 (24) | 8 (8) | 3.48 (1.59–7.58) | 14 (22) | 1 (3) | 10.6 (1.34–84.5) | 43 (25) | 6 (11) | 2.70 (1.07–6.70) |
| Diabetes (N, %) | 38 (15) | 14 (14) | 1.08 (0.55–2.09) | 6 (9) | 3 (8) | 1.24 (0.29–5.28) | 30 (18) | 10 (19) | 0.93 (0.42–2.05) |
| Cancer (N, %) | 20 (8) | 13 (13) | 0.57 (0.27–1.19) | 4 (6) | 5 (13) | 0.45 (0.11–1.80) | 15 (9) | 7 (13) | 0.64 (0.25–1.66) |
| Thyroid diseasesb (N, %) | 11 (4) | 11 (11) | 0.36 (0.15–0.87) | 4 (6) | 2 (5) | 1.23 (0.22–7.07) | 6 (4) | 8 (15) | 0.21 (0.07–0.63) |
| Sleep apnea (N, %) | 18 (7) | 4 (4) | 1.82 (0.60–5.53) | 4 (6) | 3 (8) | 0.80 (0.17–3.78) | 13 (8) | 1 (2) | 4.33 (0.55–33.9) |
| Asthma (N, %) | 5 (2) | 10 (10) | 0.18 (0.06–0.54) | 3 (5) | 8 (21) | 0.19 (0.05–0.77) | 2 (1) | 2 (4) | 0.31 (0.04–2.22) |
| COPD (N, %) | 8 (3) | 2 (2) | 1.59 (0.33–7.61) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 7 (4) | 1 (2) | 2.25 (0.27–18.7) |
| Osteoporosis (N, %) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (5) | 0.10 (0.01–0.65) | 1 (2) | 3 (8) | 0.19 (0.02–1.90) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 0.06 (0.003–1.30) |
| Multiple comorbidities | |||||||||
| 1- comorbidity (N, %) | 77 (31) | 31 (32) | 0.96 (0.58–1.59) | 15 (23) | 14 (36) | 0.69 (0.28–1.66) | 59 (35) | 14 (26) | 1.50 (0.75–2.97) |
| 2-comorbidties (N, %) | 59 (24) | 31 (32) | 0.67 (0.40–1.12) | 13 (20) | 13 (33) | 0.51 (0.21–1.26) | 42 (25) | 16 (30) | 0.76 (0.39–1.51) |
| 3-comorbidties (N, %) | 33 (13) | 11 (11) | 1.20 (0.58–2.50) | 7 (11) | 6 (15) | 0.68 (0.21–2.18) | 26 (15) | 4 (8) | 2.23 (0.74–6.70) |
| 4-comorbidties (N, %) | 20 (8.0) | 4 (4.0) | 2.04 (0.68–6.14) | 5 (8) | 0 (0) | 7.30 (0.39–136) | 14 (8) | 4 (8) | 1.11 (0.35–3.52) |
| 5-comorbidties (N, %) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | 1.60 (0.17–14.3) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1.87 (0.07–47.0) | 2 (1) | 1 (2) | 0.62 (0.06–7.01) |
OR Odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
aOther cardiovascular disease: Atrial fibrillation and Heart failure
bThyroid diseases: hypo−/hyperthyroidism
Impact factors on K-BILD total score
Multivariate analysis showed FVC% to be an independent predictor for K-BILD total score in males and in total, whereas none of the selected clinical variables were independent predictors for K-BILD total score in females (Table 5).
Table 5.
Multivariate analysis of K-BILD total score in total group, male and female patients, respectively
| Total, N = 240 | Males N = 165 | Females N = 74 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | SE | P-value | 95%CI | Beta | SE | P-value | 95%CI | Beta | SE | P-value | 95%CI | |
| Age | − 0.024 | 0.096 | 0.804 | −0.213-0.165 | − 0.062 | 0.116 | 0.595 | − 0.291-0.167 | 0.016 | 0.182 | 0.929 | −0.347-0.380 |
| BMI | −0.063 | 0.171 | 0.714 | −0.401-0.275 | − 0.307 | 0.246 | 0.214 | −0.793-0.179 | 0.178 | 0.235 | 0.451 | −0.291-0.648 |
| Gender | −0.765 | 1.53 | 0.618 | −3.779-2.250 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| FVC % predicted | 0.225 | 0.084 | 0.008* | 0.060–0.389 | 0.246 | 0.107 | 0.023* | 0.034–0.458 | 0.191 | 0.138 | 0.169 | −0.083-0.466 |
| FEV1% predicted | −0.03 | 0.078 | 0.699 | −0.184-0.124 | −0.047 | 0.095 | 0.618 | −0.234-0.140 | −0.02 | 0.143 | 0.889 | −0.305-0.265 |
| Comorbidities status | −0.7 | 0.546 | 0.201 | −1.775-0.375 | −0.865 | 0.647 | 0.183 | −2.144-0.413 | 0.06 | 1.052 | 0.955 | −2.038-2.158 |
BMI Body Mass Index, FVC% forced vital capacity, % of expected, FEV1% forced expiratory volume in first second, % of expected
*p < 0.05
Discussion
This paper describes a cohort of IPF- patients included in the Swedish IPF registry in its first 3 years of activity. The study aimed to specifically characterize gender differences in terms of demographics, lung function tests, QoL and comorbidities. The data on demographics, lung function and 6MWT in the whole cohort were similar to what has been reported in other registry studies [15–17]. As in the German INSIGHTS- IPF registry [16], our study showed that IPF occurs approximately 20 years after smoking cessation. This seems to identify a specific risk group which could be a target for screenings for early diagnosis.
The subjects included in this cohort suffered from a mild to moderate IPF. This was reflected by the mean lung function variables presented, such as the mean values of FVC% and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, % of predicted (DLCO%). The patients also had a markedly reduced TLC% (Table 3).
Gender is considered an important determinant of outcome in IPF, according to the GAP- index (Gender- Age- Physiology) [11], but it is still poorly characterized which the factors behind this prognostic difference among male and female are. Female patients have a higher FVC% and TLC% than males at inclusion. Notably, the differences were also observed in ex- smokers, where females also presented a higher DLCO%. The higher frequency of ex- smokers among males and the significant difference in pack years might be an explanation to this. No significant differences in lung function were found in never- smokers, further strengthening the notion of cigarette smoking as one of the most important risk factors for the disease and its prognosis.
Furthermore, the study presents the first data on the prevalence of comorbidities among Swedish patients with IPF. Cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent comorbidities in our cohort. The existence of concurrent diseases aside from IPF, such as cardiovascular disease, could be due to shared predisposing risk factors such as smoking and ageing. These results are comparable to what has been observed in cohorts of other registry- based studies and publications [6, 15–18]. Previous studies have also shown that cardiovascular diseases are more frequent in patients with IPF [18] as well as other ILDs [19] compared to matched controls.
The lower prevalence of COPD and asthma in the cohort compared to other published cohorts [15, 20] may be due to a low use of spirometry in primary care in Sweden [21, 22]. This is likely to reduce the rate of “physician- based” diagnoses of COPD or asthma (without documented spirometry showing airflow limitation) in the general population. Interestingly, females reported a previous diagnosis of asthma 5 times more often than males. It is unclear if this finding reflects a true higher prevalence of asthma in this group, or if early symptoms of IPF were interpreted as “asthma-like” problems, considering the lower number of smokers/ex-smokers among females.
Our study showed significant differences in the prevalence of coronary artery disease, other cardiovascular diseases, thyroid related diseases and osteoporosis between the genders. In addition, almost 80% of patients suffer from one or more comorbid disease. Further studies are needed in order to understand the impact of comorbidities on the course of the disease, e.g. on mortality and survival, QoL and symptoms burden in this cohort. However, studies conducted on the Australian IPF registry (AIPFR) [15] and the German INSIGHTS- IPF [20] have already provided us with some insight into the relevance and influence of comorbidities in IPF. While analyses on survival on the Australian cohort showed no effect on outcome, the cohort in Germany, where almost 90% of patients had one or more comorbidity, showed that the number of comorbidities were associated with mortality. A recent Danish study [19] on comorbidities and mortality in patients with ILDs, showed a significant difference in the frequency of comorbidities and mortality compared to age and gender matched non- ILD controls.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is known to impair quality of life [23–26]. Our study did not find any significant difference in QoL between genders in terms of K- BILD total score and its domains in the total cohort and in ex- smokers although females presented a more preserved lung function. One reason could be that the questionnaire used in our study (K-BILD) is not sufficiently sensitive to detect differences among males and females. It may also be considered that the way they tend to perceive the disease and their quality-of-life (QoL) is influenced by IPF in different ways. In particular, dyspnea seems to negatively influence physical effort capacity in males, whilst it influences the emotional sphere to a larger extent in females [27]. Interestingly, female never- smokers responded worse on the domain of chest symptoms compared to males. However, the group numbers were relatively small and the result should be interpreted with caution. Perhaps, in females, QoL is impaired earlier during the course of the disease, leading to an earlier diagnosis. This question will need be addressed in future studies.
Furthermore, K- BILD total score was shown to be influenced by FVC%, i.e. a higher value of FVC% was associated with higher total score in males but not in females. In a comparison study [28] of the generic health related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaire EuroQol 5-Dimensional 5- Level (EQ-5D-5 L) and the more ILD- specific K-BILD, regression analysis of impact factors on EQ-5D-5 L and K-BILD results showed similar results on FVC%’ influence on all measures.
Our study has some limitations: First, the data on comorbidities were self- reported by the patients and not instrumentally confirmed, which may result in underreporting. This is a common problem when conducting research on registry- data [15, 20]. Secondly, as data is collected from patients’ routine clinical care from different centers around the country, this might result in variability in the procedures performed. For example, some centers perform a 6MWT and body plethysmography (TLC) more routinely than others.
To date, the information on the impact of treatment of IPF and comorbidities on the course of the disease in males and females, is still lacking, and further research is needed. Moreover, differences in QoL and mortality are poorly explored. Recent studies suggested that optimal management of reflux [29] and sleep apnea may influence the course of IPF [30]. It is likely that instrumental screening of comorbidities soon will become mandatory due to the potential impact of new interventions on survival. Nonetheless, comorbidities in IPF is currently treated as in non- IPF patients, and knowledge about their prevalence is important in order to provide best care and maybe also tailored interventions in consideration of differences on the basis of gender.
Conclusion
Females have a more preserved lung function than male patients at presentation, while the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease is in increased in males despite smoking history and atrial fibrillation and heart failure in ex- smokers. Meanwhile gastroesophageal reflux and asthma is increased in female never- smokers and thyroid diseases in female ex- smokers. IPF seems to influence quality of life measured with K-BILD differently between the genders, with chest symptoms being more frequent in female never- smokers compared to males. Additional longitudinal research on larger patient cohorts exploring these phenotypic differences are needed in order to elucidate the potential need for tailored therapeutic interventions and overall care on the basis of gender.
Acknowledgements
The Swedish IPF Registry was funded with grants from the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation (Hjärt- Lungfonden), Paul and Ragna Nyberg Foundation, Karolinska Institutet, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, and with the support from the Karolinska University Hospital.
Special thanks to Prof Surinder Birring, King’s College London, London, UK, for his support with the K-BILD questionnaire.
We would like to thank all participants and physicians, study nurses and other clinical staff that are involved and contribute to the registry: Lena Aldenstam, Anne-Marie Andersson, Lars Andersson, Holger Becker, Alexander Bengtsson, Synnöve Bergentz, Christel Bergström, Anna Berséus, Helene Blomqvist, Kärstin Byström, Cristina Cretu, Margitha Dahl, Fredrik Dejby, Jonas Einarsson, Gunnel de Forest, Kristina Forsberg, Ingrid Gerhardsson, Lena Granbom, Christel Hannus, Kirsten Johansson, Helena Jonsson, Carl-Axel Karlsson, Eva-Marie Karlsson, Sara Klänge, Lise-Lotte Landenfelt Gestré, Leo Lazer, Håkan Lindberg, Carina Lundberg, Carina Modén, Pernilla Munthe-Granlund, Lennart Nilholm, Kenneth Nilsson, Marina Nilsson, Rikard Nilsson, Lina Niska, Cecilia Olivesten, Shumi Omar, Andreas Palm, Bo Pedersen, Lennart Persson, Anders Pettersson, Birgitta Pettersson, Olga Pettersson, Ewa Petterstedt, Anders Planck, Camilla Regnér, Rolf Rosin, Henrik Ryftenius, Pierre Sobrino, Jan Starlander, Senada Suljanovic, Emma Sundström, Anna Svensson, Camilla Thall, Anders Thylen, Pia Wallin, Ulla Waxne, Valentyna Yasinska, Milena Ymefors. The Swedish IPF registry is currently collecting data from the following hospitals: Karolinska University hospital, Skaraborgs hospital Skövde, Central hospital Kristianstad, Falun hospital, University hospital of Umeå, Sunderby hospital, Linköping university hospital, Uppsala university hospital, Gävle hospital, Östersund hospital, Skåne university hospital, NU hospital Trollhättan, Danderyd hospital, Sahlgrenska university hospital, Ängelholm hospital, Lindesberg hospital, Helsingborg hospital, Örebro university hospital, Höglands hospital Eksjö, Blekinge hospital Karlshamn, Ystad hospital, Trelleborg hospital.
Abbreviations
- 6MWT
6- min walking test
- BMI
Body mass index
- COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DLCO%
Diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, % of predicted
- FEV1%
Forced expiratory volume, % of predicted
- FVC%
Forced vital capacity, % of predicted
- GAP
Gender age physiology
- HRQL
Health related quality of life
- IIP
Interstitial idiopathic pneumonia
- ILD
Interstitial lung disease
- IPF
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- K- BILD
King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease
- QoL
Quality of life
- TLC%
Total lung capacity, % of predicted
- UIP
Usual interstitial pneumonia
Authors’ contributions
DK extracted the data, performed the statistical analyses and prepared the draft of the manuscript. JG was involved in statistical analysis and in drafting of the manuscript. IP was involved in the data collection, interpretation of the results and in drafting the manuscript. LC was involved in the data collection, interpretation of the results and in drafting the manuscript. MS was involved in the data collection, interpretation of the results and in drafting the manuscript. GF was involved in the design of study, collection of data, statistical analysis, interpretation of the results and drafting of the manuscript. All authors participated in the preparation and approval of the final manuscript.
Funding
The Swedish IPF- registry has received funding from the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. The design of the study, data analyses, interpretation of results and writing was performed by the authors of the manuscript without input from the funding bodies.
Availability of data and materials
Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors (DK, GF) on reasonable request. The data are not publicly available due to the containment of information that could compromise research participant consent.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted under the approval of the Stockholm’s Regional Ethical Committee (Ref No. 2014/1202–31/4 and Ref No. 2018/1449–31/1). Patients are asked to sign an informed consent upon inclusion in the registry.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
DK and JG reports no conflict of interest. IP received fees for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. LC received fees for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. MS received fees for lectures and consulting from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. GF received fees for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Dimitrios Kalafatis, Email: dimitrios.kalafatis@ki.se.
Jing Gao, Email: jing.gao@ki.se.
Ida Pesonen, Email: ida.pesonen@ki.se.
Lisa Carlson, Email: lisa.carlson@sll.se.
C. Magnus Sköld, Email: magnus.skold@ki.se.
Giovanni Ferrara, Phone: +46 (8) 51775261, Email: Giovanni.Ferrara@ki.se, Email: ferrara@ualberta.ca.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors (DK, GF) on reasonable request. The data are not publicly available due to the containment of information that could compromise research participant consent.