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. 2019 Nov 23;57(1):799–806. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1687525

Topical application of Cinnamomum hydroethanolic extract improves wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization and keratin biosynthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Amin Daemi a, Mahsa Lotfi b, Mohammad Reza Farahpour c,✉, Ahmad Oryan d, Sina Jangkhahe Ghayour c, Ali Sonboli e
PMCID: PMC6882457  PMID: 31760838

Abstract

Context: Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (Lauraceae) has a high number of polyphenols with insulin-like activity, increases glucose utilization in animal muscle, and might be beneficial for diabetic patients.

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an ointment prepared from Cinnamomum verum hydroethanolic extract on wound healing in diabetic mice.

Materials and methods: A total of 54 male BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: (1) diabetic non-treated group mice that were treated with soft yellow paraffin, (2 and 3) mice that were treated with 5 and 10% C. verum. Two circular full-thickness excisional wounds were created in each mouse, and the trial lasted for 16 d following induction of the wound. Further evaluation was made on the wound contraction ratio, histopathology parameters and mRNA levels of cyclin D1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde of granulation tissue contents. HPLC apparatus was utilized to identify the compounds.

Results: The HPLC data for cinnamon hydroethanolic extract identified cinnamaldehyde (11.26%) and 2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde (6.7%) as the major components. A significant increase was observed in wound contraction ratio, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and keratin biosynthesis in the C. verum-treated groups in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group (p < 0.05). The expression level of cyclin D1, IGF1, GLUT 1 and antioxidant capacity increased in the C. verum-treated groups in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Topical administration of C. verum accelerated wound healing and can possibly be employed in treating the wounds of diabetic patients.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, cinnamaldehyde, insulin-like growth factor 1, glucose transporter-1

Introduction

Under normal circumstances, wound healing has different stages including proliferation and migration to the wound site, appropriate angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and proper biosynthesis (Daemi et al. 2019; Manzuoerh et al. 2019). Diabetes inhibits cellular infiltration, angiogenesis and attenuation of wound contraction and closure (Bonab and Farahpour 2017). During diabetes, hyperglycaemia delays wound healing due to the increase in oxidative stress and decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression. IGF-1 has a stimulator effect on keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and re-epithelialization, improving the effects on wound strength (Blakytny and Jude 2006; Daemi et al. 2019). The decrease in endothelial insulin/IGF-1 signalling is a key factor that faults wound healing in mice (Aghdam et al. 2012).

Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are also involved in transporting the glucose into various cell types. Insulin not only regulates glucose uptake by GLUT-1 (Bonab and Farahpour 2017; Oryan and Alemzadeh 2017; Daemi et al. 2019), but it also increases the total levels and expression of GLUT1 in the plasma membrane of the basal cells in skin. Cyclin D1 regulates the cell cycle transition by G1, and its over-expression promotes the cell cycle via progressing the G1 phase of the cell cycle during cell proliferation, further stimulating contact-independent cellularity (Tashiro et al. 2007).

Obtained from the inner bark of trees, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (Lauraceae) (cinnamon) has medicinal and culinary uses (Farahpour and Habibi 2012; Mohammadi et al. 2014). It contains considerable levels of polyphenols with insulin-like activity and enhances glucose utilization in animal muscle tissue which reduces sugar (Mang et al. 2006). This study evaluated the effectiveness of a new ointment formulation, prepared from the cinnamon hydroethanolic extract (C. verum ointment), on wound healing in diabetic mice.

Materials and methods

Chemicals

All the HPLC grade solvents including phosphoric acid, acetonitrile HPLC-grade, methanol, ultra-pure water and also malondialdehyde and butylated hydroxytoluene were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). In addition, streptozotocin was purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO).

Preparation of the plant extract

Powdered C. verum bark was purchased (in December 2016) from a local market in Mumbai City, India, and authenticated by Dr Sonboli, a botanist. A voucher specimen (MPH-2880) has been deposited in the Medicinal Plant and Drugs Research Institute Herbarium (MPH), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. The bark was extracted as described by Farahpour et al. (2017).

HPLC analysis

HPLC analyses were conducted using a KNAUER system (PLATINblue) equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector and an auto-sampler. EZChrom Elite software was used for analyzing the data. All the separations were conducted on ODS-2 C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) column and experiments were done at room temperature. The column was eluted by a mobile phase composition of solvent A, 0.1% phosphoric acid and solvent B, acetonitrile as follows: 0 min, 10% A; 12 min, 87% A; 8 min, 67% A; 10 min; after maintaining the solvent at this composition for 2 min, eluent A was reduced by 57% over the next 10 min, and then held at this level until the end of the 60 min analysis. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.0 mL/min. The chromatogram was monitored at a wavelength of 265 nm throughout the experiment.

Assessment of 2,2-di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)

Free radicals scavenging activity assay (FRSA) was determined as previously described by Farahpour et al. (2015). Briefly, the DPPH radicals scavenging activity was calculated as follows:

FRSA=[(A0−A1/A0)×100]

where A0 is the absorbance of the control (blank, without extract) and A1 is absorbance in the presence of extract or standard sample.

Assessment of total phenolic content

Total phenolic contents (TPC) of the cinnamon extract were characterized using the Folin–Ciocalteu method as already published by Farahpour et al. (2015). TPC in cinnamon extract was calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) from a calibration curve (5, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/mL) and presented as mg GAE/100 g dry weight of extract (mg GAE/100 g DW).

Experimental design and induction of diabetes

Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight in 0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5) for five consecutive days in 54 healthy male BALB/c mice (12 weeks old). This study was approved by the Animal Research Committee of the Urmia Islamic Azad University with Ethical no. IAUUB 1122. The serum level of glucose was analyzed 5 d following the last administration of streptozotocin, and was then closely monitored for 2 weeks. The animals with fasting blood glucose levels higher than 300 mg/dL were considered as diabetic, and the wounds were then induced.

Wound healing activity

All the diabetic mice (n = 54) were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of ketamine and xylazine hydrochloride. Since the histological and molecular samples were taken on the same day, two 5 mm diameter circular full thickness wounds were created with a biopsy punch on the dorsal surfaces of each mouse (Farahpour and Habibi 2012). After induction of wound, all the animals were divided into three groups of 18 animals each, including diabetic non-treated group (or topically treated with soft yellow paraffin), and two treatment groups composed of two different concentrations of 5% and 10% C. verum mixed with white petrolatum. The ointments were topically applied once/day for 14 consecutive days. The wound area was measured on days 3, 6, 9 and 14 by a graph sheet (Bonab and Farahpour 2017). Wound closure percentage was evaluated using the original and final area drawn on glass slides during the experiments as presented below: Percentage of wound closure = [(wound area on day 0 − wound area on day X)/wound area on day 0] × 100.

Histological and histomorphometrical studies

Following 3, 7 and 14 d after wound creation, full thickness cutaneous tissue samples were excised from the wound area. The specimens were then fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, routinely processed, embedded with paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 µm thickness and stained with Masson’s trichrome for collagen intensity and immunofluorescent standing for keratin. The slides were examined by an ordinary light microscope (Olympus, CX31RBSF, Japan) so as to evaluate the predominant stage of wound healing. Three consecutive sections were obtained from each specimen. Inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblasts and fibrocytes count, the number of blood vessels/mm2 of the tissue, oedema, collagen deposition, and tissue organization and alignment were also evaluated. The results for oedema scores and collagen intensity were reported in semi-quantitative format including negative (−), mild (+), mild to moderate (++), moderate (+++) and intensive (++++). The epithelial thickness was finally assessed by morphometric lens (Olympus, Germany) (Bonab and Farahpour 2017).

Molecular analysis

DNA extraction and PCR conditions were run as follows: general denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, 1 cycle, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s; annealing temperature (56 °C for IGF-1, 58 °C for cyclin D1, 58 °C for GLUT-1) for 30 s; elongation: 72 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 5 min. The primers sequences were GAPDH, forward (5′-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3′) and reverse (5′-CACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCC-3′); GLUT-1, forward (5′-GCCTGAGACCAGTTGAAAGCAC-3′) and reverse (5′-CTGCTTAGGTAAAGTTACAGGAG-3′); IGF-1, forward (5′-TAGGTGGTTGATGAATGGT-3′) and reverse (5′-GAAAGGGCAGGGCTAAT-3′); cyclin D1, forward (5′-ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3′) and reverse (5′-CACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCC-3′) (Farahpour et al. 2018).

Antioxidant capacity of cinnamon

The wound granulation tissue was homogenized in ice-cold KCl (150 mM) and the mixture was then centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was used to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total tissue thiol molecules (TTM) content. The MDA content and Lowry method of the collected granulation tissue were employed to determine the lipid peroxidation rate and protein content of the samples, respectively. In order to evaluate the TTM, the collected granulation tissue sample was homogenized in ice-cold KCl (150 mM), and the mixture was then centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min. Thereafter, 0.5 mL of the supernatant was added to 0.6 mL Tris-EDTA buffer (Tris base 0.25 M, EDTA 20 mM, pH = 8.2) followed by addition of 40 μL DTNB (10 mM in pure methanol) in a 10 mL glass test tube.

Statistical analyses

Two-way ANOVA was used for analyzing the results. Dunnett’s test for pair-wise comparisons was used for assessing the effect of time and treatments. Differences were considered significant if p < 0.05.

Results

Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity

The antioxidant property of plant extracts is mainly due to their polyphenolic compounds. Total phenolic content of cinnamon extract was 300.53 mg/g dried extract. The results showed a considerable high number of DPPH radical scavenging activity related to cinnamon extract (23.61 µg/mL) compared to the butylated hydroxytoluene (20.32 µg/mL).

HPLC analysis

The chromatogram obtained on an ODS-2 C18 column for the hydromethanolic extract of cinnamon is presented in Figure 1. From the HPLC chromatographic profile (Table 1), 10 compounds were determined on the basis of their retention time and through comparing the data with those of the pure standards. As shown in Table 1 analysis of the cinnamon extract resulted in the characterization of cinnamaldehyde (11.26%) and 2-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde (6.7%) as the principal components.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Representative chromatogram of a cinnamon extract on a ODS-2 C18 column. Peaks: (1) caffeic acid, (2) epicatechin, (3) coumarin, (4) quercetin (5) 2-hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde, (6) cinnamyl alcohol, (7) cinnamic acid, (8) cinnamaldehyde, (9) 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde and (10) Eugenol.

Table 1.

Phenolic compounds content in cinnamon hydroethanolic extract.

Number Compound Amount (mg/g dry extract)
1 Caffeic acid 0.06
2 Epicatechin 0.01
3 Quercetin 0.02
4 Coumarin 0.10
5 2-Hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde 6.70
6 Cinnamyl alcohol 0.33
7 Cinnamic acid 0.27
8 Cinnamaldehyde 11.26
9 2-Methoxy cinnaldehyde 0.78
10 Eugenol 0.01
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Wound healing activity

The wound area was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in both C. verum-treated groups (Table 2) compared with the diabetic non-treated group animals on days 6, 9 and 14 following wound creation.

Table 2.

Effects of C. verum on circular excision wound area (mm2) in diabetic mice.

Groups Wound area (mm2) ± S.D.
0 3 6 9 14
Control 19.63 ± 0.0 19.43 ± 2.17a 17.25 ± 3.20a 7.90 ± 1.41a 5.63 ± 0.32a
5% C. verum-treated 19.63 ± 0.0 14.93 ± 1.62b 12.99 ± 1.46b 6.21 ± 0.56b 1.09 ± 0.35b
10% C. verum-treated 19.63 ± 0.0 13.87 ± 1.76b 10.32 ± 0.94c 3.22 ± 0.16c 0.33 ± 0.08b
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n = 6 animals in each group. Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. There are significant differences between groups with different superscripts (a,b,cp < 0.05 versus Controls).

Histopathology study

The animals in the C. verum-treated groups showed lower oedema score and fewer inflammatory cell infiltration compared to the diabetic non-treated group animals, seven and fourteen days after wound creation (p < 0.05) (Table 3). Animals in the 10% C. verum-treated group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher new blood vessel formation (Table 3) and well-formed granulation tissue (Figure 2) versus 5% C. verum-treated animals, seven days after wound creation. The re-epithelialization, up to five layers, was initiated but the diabetic non-treated group showed thinner layers of epithelial cells, 1–3 layers, on day seven following wound creation. Complete re-epithelialization was observed 14 d after C. verum administration, yet weaker and fewer cellular layers were observed in the diabetic non-treated group. Following the evaluation of keratin biosynthesis by a special immunofluorescence staining for keratin K-6 (Figure 3), it was observed that the synthesis of keratin significantly increased in the 5% and 10% C. verum-treated animals in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group, 14 d after wound creation.

Table 3.

Effects of C. verum on mean distribution of fibroblasts, fibrocytes per one mm2 of the wound tissue and epithelium thickness (µm) and oedema in different groups on different days.

Groups Oedema Immune cell Vessels Fibroblast Collagen Epithelium
Day 3            
Control ++++ 105 ± 5.98a 0.22 ± 0.21a 0.5 ± 0.29a – –
5% C. verum-treated +++ 82.8 ± 4.99b 6.5 ± 1.29b 4.50 ± 1.29b + 15.25 ± 4.11a
10% C. verum-treated +++ 78.25 ± 5.91b 7.75 ± 0.96b 6.50 ± 1.29b + 24.95 ± 9.71b
Day 7            
Control +++ 84.1 ± 6.47a 1.8 ± 0.85a 6.10 ± 1.84a + 11.95 ± 1.17a
5% C. verum-treated ++ 60.2 ± 3.86b 14 ± 2.71b 18.25 ± 2.50b ++ 69.25 ± 4.57b
10% C. verum-treated + 45.9 ± 3.42c 20.25 ± 2.63c 23.75 ± 2.63b +++ 95.50 ± 3.10c
Day 14            
Control ++ 67.2 ± 3.12a 4.5 ± 1.11a 5.00 ± 0.80a +++ 78.50 ± 4.35a
5% C. verum-treated + 40.75 ± 3.6b 8±−.82b 12.75 ± 2.21b ++++ 162.75 ± 34.13b
10% C. verum-treated – 27.5 ± 2.22c 8.25 ± 1.26b 14.75 ± 3.40b ++++ 208.50 ± 36.68b
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Note: Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. There are significant differences between groups with different superscripts (a,b,cp < 0.05 versus controls).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Histological photomicrograph from wound area on day 3. (A) Control group, (B) 5% C. verum-treated and (C) 10% C. verum-treated groups. Note well-formed granulation tissue, high collagen biosynthesis as well as condense collagen condensation in C. verum-treated groups, (Masson-Trichrome staining, 600×).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Histological photomicrograph from wound area on day 14. (A) Control group, (B) 5% C. verum treated and (C) 10% C. verum-treated groups. Note well-formed collagen condensation (*) in dermis of the C. verum-treated groups versus non-treated Control animals. The Masson-trichrome stained cross sections are representing complete re-epithelialization in C. verum-treated groups, on day 14. In the second row, the special fluorescent staining for keratin-6 are represented, which are indicating a significant enhancement in keratin biosynthesis in C. verum-treated groups, (400× magnification).

Molecular analysis

RT-PCR analyses showed that the administration of C. verum significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced IGF-1, GLUT-1 and cyclin D1 mRNA expression compared to the diabetic non-treated group on day 7 following wound creation (Figure 4(A)). More analyses did not show significant differences between the groups regarding GLUT-1; further observation was the diminished expression of cyclin D1 in the 10% C. verum-treated group (Figure 4(B)) on day 14.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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mRNA expression of IGF-1, cyclin D1 and GLUT-1 in different tests and control groups at 7 (A) and 14 (B) days after wound creation. Topical administration of C. verum elevated IGF-1, cyclin D1 and GLUT-1 mRNA expression in comparison with the control group, only at 7 d after wound creation (A). IGF-1, cyclin D1 and GLUT-1/β-actin intensity.

Biochemical estimations

Observations demonstrated that C. verum at higher doses, namely 5% and 10%, increased tissue TAC level on days 3 and 7 following wound creation in comparison to the diabetic non-treated group (Table 4). Analyses of tissue TTM revealed that 10% C. verum more significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated the tissue TTM level (Table 3). Administration of the C. verum extract reduced (p < 0.05) the MDA level compared with the diabetic non-treated group on days 3 and 7 following wound creation (Table 4).

Table 4.

Effects of C. verum on mean alteration of tissue TAC, MDA and TTM in different groups.

Groups TAC (mmol Trolox Equiv. /L) MDA (nmol/mg protein) TTM (nM/mg protein)
Day 3      
Control 0.24 ± 0.05a 1.15 ± 0.57a 0.51 ± 0.04a
5% C. verum-treated 0.52 ± 0.04b 0.55 ± 0.07b 0.88 ± 0.04b
10% C. verum-treated 0.58 ± 0.04b 0.45 ± 0.04c 1.06 ± 0.15c
Day 7      
Control 0.33 ± 0.05a 0.68 ± 0.11a 0.64 ± 0.07a
5% C. verum-treated 0.58 ± 0.04b 0.36 ± 0.04b 1.18 ± 0.20b
10% C. verum-treated 0.72 ± 0.03c 0.26 ± 0.03c 1.32 ± 0.02c
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Note: All data are presented in mean ± SD.

a,b,c are representing significant differences between marked data in the same column (a,b,cp < 0.05 versus control-sham).

Discussion

Topical treatment with C. verum significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation ratio due to the increase in tissue antioxidant status by up-regulating TAC. The decrease in the tissue MDA level in the C. verum groups well implicates the antioxidant status in the C. verum. In previous studies, the increase in reactive oxygen species level was associated with the infiltration rate of neutrophils in the high-glucose environment of diabetic wounds (Bitar and Al-Mulla 2012; Maggio et al. 2013). Antioxidant property of cinnamon is a key factor for the improvement of wound healing (Kamath et al. 2003; Farahpour and Habibi 2012). Faulted antioxidant defence system under diabetic condition has been accepted, and plant derivatives (extracts, essential oils and active compounds) have been suggested for improving the antioxidant system (Eo et al. 2016). The oxidative stress in the wound area increases the damage of proteins, nucleotides and lipid levels (Sharma et al. 2012; Modarresi et al. 2019). The significant changes in the antioxidant profile are associated with the increase in the levels of MDA content, which is mainly attributed to the lipid peroxidation ratio (Sharma et al. 2012). It can be concluded that C. verum prevents the cellular DNA, RNA and protein damage by up-regulating the antioxidant status involved in the healing process (Figure 5). On the other hand, antioxidants are involved in the wound healing process by reducing inflammation (Süntar et al. 2012; Farahpour et al. 2015). In the following, the inflammatory activity of C. verum is elucidated.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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Promoting effect of topical administration of C. verum on wound healing process in diabetic animals. C. verum up-regulates the IGF-1 and GLUT-1 expression which in turn results in accelerated glucose transition into cells, and follow it faster granulation formation, re-epithelization and keratin biosynthesis.

The inflammation phase is a major step in eliminating the cellular debris from tissue as well as extensive response to microbial infection (Landén et al. 2016; Manzuoerh et al. 2019). Neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate the injured area during the inflammatory stage (Qing 2017; Modarresi et al. 2019). Our microscopic analyses confirmed the infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the wound site in the C. verum-treated group on day 7 after wound creation. The cinnamon water extract inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation (Bao et al. 2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of C. verum can be attributed to its compounds including cinnamaldehyde (Yang et al. 2016) 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (Lee et al. 2005) and quercetin (Caddeo et al. 2014). It can be stated that C. verum contains a high number of anti-inflammatory agents, resulting in the shortening of the inflammatory stage and starting the proliferation stage.

Rapid cellular proliferation and differentiation are necessary in shortening the healing time (Oryan et al. 2015; Karimzadeh and Farahpour 2017). Controlled apoptosis and up-regulated revascularization are associated with the increase in collagen deposition which accelerates the healing process (Wu and Chen 2014; Manzuoerh et al. 2019). The increase in collagen biosynthesis in the C. verum-treated accelerates proliferation. Also accepted is the role of fibroblasts and fibrocytes in the synthesis of collagen (Li et al. 2006; Stunova and Vistejnova 2018). It seems the increased collagen biosynthesis is related to cyclin D1 expression in the C. verum-treated animals, controlling the progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle in fibroblasts and mammary epithelial cells. The cell cycle transition via G1 and its over-expression accelerates the cell cycle via progressing the G1 phase of the cell cycle during cell proliferation, and further stimulates contact-independent cellularity (Tashiro et al. 2007). On the basis of our findings, topical administration of C. verum increased fibroblasts and fibrocytes distribution by cyclin D1. The RT-PCR analyses showed that the mRNA level of cyclin D1 increased in the C. verum-treated animals. Thus, it can be logically accepted that the administration of C. verum promotes the proliferation stage by up-regulating the cellular proliferation via increased cyclin D1 expression. In addition, cyclin D1 accelerates the cellular migration in injured sites and subsequently initiates angiogenesis (Roovers et al. 2003). Cyclin D1 promotes cell migration as well as angiogenesis through inhibiting the expression of thrombospondin-1 as the main agent involved in inhibiting the angiogenesis (Wang et al. 2004). Our histomorphometric findings confirmed that the administration of C. verum increased vascularization compared to the diabetic non-treated group, suggesting the role of C. verum in up-regulating the cyclin D1 and subsequent angiogenesis.

The other factor involved in proliferative cell models is GLUT-1 whose expression was increased in the C. verum groups. RT-PCR results also showed that after 7 d, the administration of C. verum significantly increased the mRNA level of GLUT-1. Up-regulation of GLUT-1 can be the reason behind the improvement in wound healing in diabetic rats (Bonab and Farahpour 2017; Yu et al. 2017; Daemi et al. 2019). Velander et al. (2008) observed that delayed wound healing in the experimentally-induced diabetes was not induced by local high-glucose concentration alone. Cao et al. (2010) showed that cinnamon extract administration resulted in glucose transporter regulation and insulin-signalling gene expression. Moreover, it has been shown that cinnamaldehyde, as the main cinnamon extract medical agent in the cinnamon extract, up-regulates the GLUT-4 expression in the mouse muscle cells (Nikzamir et al. 2014); therefore, it could be concluded that C. verum may facilitate the glucose transport pathway via cell membrane by up-regulating the GLUT-1 expression.

Our RT-PCR analyses further showed that C. verum significantly increased IGF-1 expression. Indeed, the expression of IGF-1 in wounds mainly depends on the type of the induced wound (Amiri et al. 2014). Administration of IGF-1 has improved insulin sensitivity and lowered the risk of type 2 diabetes (Chiasson and Rabasa-Lhoret 2004). A significant reduction has been also reported in IGF-1 of the diabetic wounds’ fluid (Velander et al. 2008). Furthermore, locally delivered IGF-1 accelerates healing in senescent mice (Lisa et al. 2011) and the proliferation and migration of keratinocyte and fibroblast cells in in vitro assessment (Lisa et al. 2011; O’Neill et al. 2015). IGF-1 also promotes glucose transport in short-term periods during the wound healing process (Tsuboi et al. 1995; Daemi et al. 2019). Therefore, C. verum increased the proliferation of fibroblasts and glucose uptake in the keratinocytes, and finally accelerated wound healing during diabetes through up-regulating the IGF-1 expression.

Conclusions

Administration of an ointment prepared from cinnamon extract promoted cellular proliferation by increased cyclin D1 expression, especially in fibroblasts, fibrocytes and keratinocyte cells. It also increased the GLUT-1 and IGF-1 expression, and improved cellular energy uptake and proliferative properties. Therefore, it is recommended that C. verum hydroethanolic extract be applied in commercial ointments to improve wound healing.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Rasta lab for histopathology and molecular studies, Keivan Razzaghi (Dr) for the preparation of extracts and formulations.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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