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. 2019 Apr 22;44(12):2091–2098. doi: 10.1038/s41386-019-0397-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Brain distribution of ACh in a tacrine-administered 14-m mouse sagittal brain tissue section. a MALDI-MSI of ACh (m/z 146.1176, scaled to 60% of max intensity and normalized to the internal standard) in a representative sagittal mouse brain section (lateral 1.7 mm) of a 14-m tacrine-administered animal at a lateral resolution of 60 μm. b The tissue section was subsequently washed and subjected to Nissl staining; brain structures of interest are annotated. ACh was highly localized in the Cx and Hip, which are areas receiving cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei. High levels of ACh were also detected in the striatum, i.e., CPu and Acb, in which cholinergic interneurons are present, as well as in the Tu. ACh abundance was also high in the AN and Th, receiving cholinergic input from the basal forebrain and upper brainstem, respectively, and the basal forebrain nuclei (DB), which are characterized by projecting cholinergic neurons, and in certain areas of the hindbrain and cerebellum, projected mainly by the mesencephalic cholinergic neurons. Abbreviations for gray matter areas: 5N motor trigeminal nucleus, 7N facial nucleus, Acb nucleus accumbens, AI agranular insular cortex, AN amygdalar nuclei, Cb cerebellum, CPu caudate putamen, Cx cerebral cortex, DB nucleus of diagonal band, GP globus pallidus, GrDG granular cell layer of dentate gyrus, Hip hippocampus, Hyp hypothalamus, LOT nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, M motor cortex, Mitg microcellular tegmental nucleus, Pir piriform cortex, Post postsubiculum, PtA parietal association cortex, S somatosensory cortex, Sn substantia nigra, Sp5 spinal trigeminal nucleus, Th thalamus, Tu olfactory tubercle, V visual cortex, VP ventral pallidum. Abbreviations for white matter areas: 5n trigeminal (cranial) nerve, acp anterior commissure post limb, cc corpus callosum, fi fibria of hippocampus, ic internal capsule, lo lateral olfactory tract, mfb. medial forebrain bundle, opt optic tract. Abbreviations for ventricular areas: LV lateral ventricles 4V fourth ventricle