Table 3.
Methods for antioxidants’ extraction from natural sources.
| Extraction Process | Source | Antioxidant Extracted | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Solvents: | |||
| Ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane | Coffee leaves | Chlorophylls and carotenoids | Marcheafave, Tormena [83] |
| Ethanol, acetone and water | Baccharides specie | Phenolic content | Casagrande, Zanela [84] |
| Sweet potato | Polyphenols and anthocyanins | Fu, Tu [85] | |
| Methanol, ethanol and acetone | Spent grain | Phenolic content | Socaci, Fărcaş [86] |
| Spice herb | Phenolic content | Do, Angkawijaya [87] | |
| Peel of eggplant | Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins | Boulekbache-Makhlouf, Medouni [88] | |
| Methanol, ethanol, acetone and water | Peach fruit | Flavonoids and phenolic compounds | Mokrani and Madani [89] |
| Ethanol | Jussara fruit | Phenolic compounds | de O. Silva, N. Castelo-Branco [90] |
| Acetone, acetic acid, water | Basil leaves | Phenolic compounds | Złotek, Mikulska [91] |
| Water, acetone and ethanol | Ginkgo biloba leaves | Flavonols | Kobus-Cisowska, Flaczyk [42] |
| N-hexane and methanol | Pineapple peel | Polyphenols | Li, Shen [92] |
| Hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, methanol and water | Ripe bananas | Phenols and flavonoids | Amri and Hossain [93] |
| Methanol, water and ethanol | Chestnut byproducts | Polyphenols | Vella, Laratta [94] |
| Kumquat peel | Phenolic and flavonoid content | Lou, Lai [95] | |
| Water and ethanol | Withnaia somnifera herb | Phenolic compounds | Dhanani, Shah [96] |
| Propolis | Phenolic compounds | Sun, Wu [97] | |
| Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) | Mango peel | Carotenoids | Sánchez-Camargo, Gutiérrez [98] |
| Apple pomace | Phenolic compounds | Ferrentino, Morozova [99] | |
| Myrtle leaves and berries | Phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins | Pereira, Cebola [100] | |
| Green algae | Carotenoids and phenolic compounds | Fabrowska, Ibañez [101] | |
| Cape gooseberry | Phenolic compounds and β-carotene | Torres-Ossandón, Vega-Gálvez [102] | |
| High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) | Red macroalgae | Proteins, polyphenols and polysaccharides | Suwal, Perreault [103] |
| Tomato pulp | Flavonoids and lycopene | Briones-Labarca, Giovagnoli-Vicuña [104] | |
| Watercress | Phenolic acids and flavonoids from watercress | Pinela, Prieto [105] | |
| Papaya seeds | Phenolic content | Briones-Labarca, Plaza-Morales [106] | |
| Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) | Peppermint | Phenolic compounds and essential oils | Çam, Yüksel [107] |
| Carrot by-products | Carotenoids | Mustafa [108] | |
| Goldenberry | Polyphenols | Corazza, Bilibio [109] | |
| Goji berry | Phenolic compounds | Tripodo, Ibáñez [25] | |
| Feijoa peel | Phenolic compounds | Abrahão, Rocha [110] | |
| Grape marc | Anthocyanins and phenolic compounds | Pereira, Tarone [111] | |
| Spent coffee ground | Polyphenols | Mariotti-Celis, Martínez-Cifuentes [112] | |
| Olive pomace | Phenolic compounds | Cea Pavez [113] | |
| Ultrasound-assisted extraction | Green propolis | Phenolic compounds | Cavalaro, da Cruz [114] |
| Strawberry trees | Anthocyanins | López, Caleja [115] | |
| Carotenoids | Pomegranate wastes | Goula, Ververi [116] | |
| Blueberry pomace | Phenolic compounds | Shi, Tranchant [117] | |
| Mango peel | Pectin and phenolic compounds | Guandalini, Rodrigues [118] | |
| Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) | Pomegranate peels | Phenolic compounds | Kaderides, Papaoikonomou [119] |
| Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel | Phenolic compounds | Alara, Mudalip [120] | |
| Gac peel | Carotenoids | Chuyen, Nguyen [121] | |
| Olive tree leaves | Phenolic compounds | Şahin, Samli [122] |