Effect of Erdosteine on COPD Exacerbations in COPD Patients with Moderate Airflow Limitation

Abstract

Background

The RESTORE study, a multi-national randomized, placebo-controlled study, showed that erdosteine – a muco-active antioxidant that modulates bacterial adhesiveness – reduced the rate and duration of exacerbations in moderate and severe COPD with a history of exacerbations. How much benefit patients with less severe disease experience when taking this drug remains unclear.

Methods

This post hoc analysis of the 254 RESTORE participants with spirometrically-defined moderate COPD (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁] 50‒79% predicted) examined exacerbation rate and duration, time to first exacerbation, and exacerbation-free time. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparisons between treatment groups used Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, or log rank tests.

Results

Patients with moderate COPD received erdosteine 300 mg twice daily (n=126) or placebo (n=128) added to usual COPD therapy for 12 months. During this time, there were 53 exacerbations in the erdosteine group and 74 in the placebo group, with 42.1% and 57.8% of patients, respectively, experiencing an exacerbation. There was a 47% reduction in the mean exacerbation rate with erdosteine compared to placebo (0.27 vs 0.51 exacerbations per-patient per-year, respectively, P=0.003), and a 58.3% reduction in the mild exacerbation rate (0.23 vs 0.53 mild exacerbations per-patient per-year, P=0.001). Mean duration of exacerbations was 26% shorter in erdosteine-treated patients (9.1 vs 12.3 days for placebo, P=0.022), with significant reductions in the duration of mild and moderate-to-severe exacerbations. Mean time to first exacerbation was prolonged by 7.7% (182 days for erdosteine vs 169 days for placebo, P<0.001) and the mean exacerbation-free time was increased by 51 days (279 days for erdosteine vs 228 days for placebo; P<0.001).

Conclusion

These results indicate that adding erdosteine to usual COPD maintenance therapy reduces the number of mild, and duration of all, exacerbations in patients with moderate COPD and a history of exacerbations.

Plain-Language Summary

Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations, when their symptoms worsen and they require additional medication, emergency treatment, or hospital admission. A recent 1 year clinical trial found that COPD patients with moderate or severe breathing problems and a history of exacerbation events experienced fewer exacerbations if they took a medication called erdosteine, as well as their usual treatment for COPD. This study reexamined the clinical trial data by looking only at the group of patients with moderate breathing problems. The results showed that patients taking erdosteine had fewer exacerbations that not only took longer to occur, but also lasted a shorter amount of time. Thus, the overall burden of exacerbations was reduced in such patients. These findings suggest that erdosteine may be a useful medication for patients with less severe COPD.

Introduction

Exacerbations of COPD are significant events for patients leading to a worse quality of life, use more health care resources, and are at an increased risk of dying.¹ Preventing exacerbations is an important goal of COPD treatment,^1,2 but exacerbation reduction remains suboptimal with current treatment strategies.³ As lung function declines more rapidly in the early stages of the disease,^4,5 and is accelerated by exacerbations,^6,7 increasing treatment intensity to prevent exacerbations in patients with moderately severe airflow obstruction might be a useful treatment strategy.

Exacerbations of COPD are generally classified as mild, moderate, or severe according to the treatment and/or health care resource use required in their management.⁸ The duration of exacerbations can vary widely, but longer events are associated with greater morbidity, poorer health status, hospitalization, an increased risk of recurrence, and a faster decline in lung function.^9–11 Time to first or subsequent exacerbation has been used as an outcome measure in some clinical trials.^12,13 Moreover, determining exacerbation-free time is a useful way to assess the impact of exacerbations.¹⁴

A variety of treatment approaches to prevent exacerbations have been described,² including medications that improve lung mechanics,^13,15 or use of anti-inflammatory agents.^16,17 The latter agents appear to be most effective in individuals with higher blood eosinophil counts, who are at increased risk of exacerbation.^18,19 An alternative strategy is to use antioxidant-based therapies. However, until recently, the results of antioxidant therapy have largely been confined to patients living in Asia and at doses higher than recommended for safe use.^20,21

Erdosteine is an oral mucoactive agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that also reduces bacterial adhesiveness and enhances the effects of antibiotic therapy;²² all of these properties may be useful for the prevention and treatment of COPD exacerbations. In the RESTORE (Reducing Exacerbations and Symptoms by Treatment with ORal Erdosteine in COPD) study,²³ 467 patients with spirometrically-defined moderate or severe COPD (stage II/III according to Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] 2007 definition) were randomized to receive erdosteine (300 mg twice daily) or placebo for 12 months in addition to their usual COPD maintenance therapy. Erdosteine treatment was associated with a reduction in the rate and duration of exacerbations by 19.4% (P=0.01) and 24.6% (P=0.023), respectively, compared with placebo, but there was no significant treatment effect on the time to first exacerbation.²³ The reduced exacerbation rate was primarily due to a reduction in mild exacerbations.²³

In the community setting, more than half of all COPD patients (53.5%) have moderate COPD as defined using spirometry (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁] 50‒79% predicted).^24,25 In this post hoc analysis of the RESTORE study, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of erdosteine on COPD exacerbations in the subgroup of patients who had spirometrically-defined moderate COPD.

Methods

Study Design And Patients

The RESTORE study (NCT01032304) was a Phase III multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in 10 European countries. Full details of the study design, inclusion/exclusion criteria, ethical approval and results have been reported.²³ Briefly, following a 2-week run-in period of continued usual COPD therapy, 467 patients with moderate or severe COPD (grade II/III, GOLD 2007 classification) were randomized to receive either oral erdosteine (300 mg twice daily, n=228) or placebo (n=239) for 12 months in addition to their usual COPD therapy. Written informed consent was provided by each participant prior to enrolment. The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was granted locally as outlined in the Supplementary appendix.

For this post hoc analysis, we reclassified patients participating in the RESTORE study using the spirometry criteria from the GOLD 2017 guidelines.¹ Thus, patients with moderate COPD (GOLD 2) were defined as having a post-bronchodilator FEV₁ between 50% and 79% predicted, and patients with severe COPD (GOLD 3) had a post-bronchodilator FEV₁ between 30% and 49% predicted; both subgroups had a post-bronchodilator fixed ratio FEV₁/forced vital capacity [FVC] <0.70. Participants were outpatients aged 40‒80 years, current or ex-smokers (≥10 pack-years), on a stable therapeutic regimen for ≥8 weeks prior to inclusion who had experienced ≥2 acute COPD exacerbations requiring medical intervention in the previous 12 months, but with no exacerbations in the preceding 2 months.

Outcome Measures

A COPD exacerbation was defined as a worsening of symptoms beyond normal day-to-day variation that required a change in regular medication and/or health care resource utilization.²⁶ Exacerbations were confirmed by the investigators from the variation in daily symptom (dyspnea, cough, sputum) scores, changes in regular medication, use of additional medication or emergency hospitalization for COPD, as recorded in the patient diary. The severity of each exacerbation was graded by investigators as mild, moderate or severe (Table 1). The duration of an exacerbation was determined from the diary card data. The onset of a COPD exacerbation was defined by the presence of at least two days of symptomatic worsening and/or an increased level of health care utilization. Resolution of a mild exacerbation was determined by a return to pre-event symptomatology. Similarly, the end of a moderate or severe exacerbation was determined as the cessation of additional treatment and return to background therapy or hospital discharge and return to background therapy. At least 10 consecutive days without symptom variation and/or additional medication and/or re-hospitalization since the previous episode were required before a new event could be registered. Exacerbation-free time was defined as the number of days without an exacerbation present while the patient was participating in the study. All diary card assessments were conducted blind to treatment allocation as described in the appendix to the primary publication²³ and explained in the supplement to this manuscript.

Table 1.

Classification Of Exacerbation Severity In The RESTORE Study Based On Health Care Utilization²⁶

Exacerbation Severity	Level Of Health Care Utilization
Mild	Patient has an increased need for medication (bronchodilators), which he/she can manage in own normal environment
Moderate	Patient has increased need for medication (antibiotics and/or systemic corticosteroids) and feels the need to seek additional medical assistance
Severe	Patient/caregiver recognizes obvious and/or rapid deterioration in condition, requiring hospitalization or an emergency department visit

Other outcomes measured during the RESTORE study, but not used in this post hoc analysis, include physician assessment of disease severity, the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, hospitalization rate, morning pre-dose FEV₁, FVC, use of reliever medication, and the 6-min walk test; these have been reported in detail by Dal Negro et al.²³

Safety assessments included monitoring adverse events. Blood samples were collected at baseline (randomization) and at the end of the study (after 12 months of treatment) for evaluation of clinical laboratory parameters, including blood eosinophil counts.

Statistical Analysis

All post hoc efficacy analyses were conducted using intention-to-treat (ITT) principles on randomized patients who received at least one dose of study treatment and had at least one available post-baseline efficacy evaluation. Likelihood-based methods were used to handle missing data. The adverse events reported for the moderate COPD subgroup were based on all patients randomized to treatment.

Baseline characteristics are reported using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations [SD] or percentages). Comparisons between treatment groups were performed using the chi-squared test followed by Fisher’s exact test.

The frequency of exacerbations was analyzed using a Poisson mixed regression model, with correction for overdispersion and including the following covariates: treatment, age, sex, body mass index, and FEV₁ at baseline, as described previously.^23,27 The COPD exacerbation rate over the 12-month follow-up period was calculated as the mean exacerbation rate per-patient per-year. Differences in exacerbation rates between treatment groups were analyzed non-parametrically using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (data are reported as odds rations [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [CI]).

The duration of an exacerbation was calculated as the sum of days the patient was affected by a COPD exacerbation, as defined earlier. Time to first exacerbation was calculated as the time in days from the beginning of the study to the first exacerbation. Time free from exacerbation was calculated as the difference between the total days the patient was involved in the study and the number of days during which the patient experienced a COPD exacerbation. Comparisons between treatment groups used the Mann–Whitney U-test for exacerbation duration and the log rank test for time to first exacerbation.

All exacerbation analyses were repeated by concomitant use/non-use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Blood eosinophil counts are summarized using descriptive statistics. Exacerbation rate among patients with moderate COPD was analyzed by stratification of baseline blood eosinophil counts (<150 cells/μL and ≥ 150 cells/μL) in keeping with previous reports in patients not using dual bronchodilator therapy.¹⁹

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A two-sided P-value <0.05 was considered nominally significant for all tests in this post hoc analysis.

Results

Of the 407 patients randomized, 254 had a post-bronchodilator FEV₁ >50% predicted. Of these patients with moderate COPD, 126 received erdosteine and 128 placebo, as detailed in the modified CONSORT figure (Figure 1). The baseline characteristics of the subgroups of patients in this post-hoc analysis are summarized in Table 2 together with those of the total RESTORE population.²³ The patients receiving either erdosteine or placebo were similar in this subgroup analysis but, as expected, the FEV₁ and FVC values were significantly higher in the subgroup with moderate COPD than in the subgroup with severe COPD, while ICS were used less frequently in moderate COPD (Table 2).

Figure 1.

Patient disposition in RESTORE study.

Table 2.

Demographic And Baseline Characteristics Of Patients (ITT population)

	Moderate COPDa (N=254)		Severe COPDb (N=191)		All RESTORE Patientsc (N=445)
	Erdosteine	Placebo	Erdosteine	Placebo	Erdosteine	Placebo
Patients, n	126	128	89	102	215	230
Age, years	64.8 (7.6)	66.1 (7.3)	62.9 (8.9)	63.1 (8.8)	63.8 (8.3)	64.1 (8.2)
Male, %	65.9	72.7	74.5	73.9	71.8	74.6
BMI, kg/m2	27.6 (5.0)	28.2 (5.6)	27.0 (4.8)	27.8 (5.1)	27.2 (5.3)	28.0 (5.4)
Smoking status, %
Current smoker	31.7	28.9	25.8	27.5	27.1	28.0
Ex-smoker	68.3	71.1	74.2	72.5	72.9	72.0
ICS,d n (%)	88 (69.8)	91 (71.1)	80 (89.9)*	94 (92.2)*	165 (75.8)	173 (75.2)
FEV1, L	1.61 (0.35)	1.68 (0.42)	1.26 (0.39)	1.23 (0.43)	1.43 (0.40)	1.46 (0.47)
FEV1, % predicted	59.88 (6.3)	61.08 (6.8)	47.21 (10.83)	46.72 (11.69)	51.45 (12.82)	54.38 (13.33)
FVC, L	2.82 (0.66)	2.89 (0.72)	2.59 (0.99)*	2.54 (0.97)*	2.74 (0.93)	2.74 (0.94)
Post-BD FEV1/FVC, ratio %	58.76 (8.8)	58.00 (8.1)	51.92 (9.88)*	50.81 (10.03)*	54.01 (11.3)	53.26 (10.8)

Notes: Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) unless indicated otherwise. ^aModerate COPD group determined post hoc based on GOLD 2011 spirometry criteria (FEV1 50‒79% predicted); ^bSevere COPD group determined post hoc based on GOLD 2011 spirometry criteria (FEV1 30%‒49% predicted); ^cData from Dal Negro et al;^23dICS alone or combined with adrenergic agents. *P<0.05 versus moderate COPD group. (Categorical variables have been compared as continuous depending on the distribution: if normal with t-tested for independent samples, if not normal with comparisons between treatment groups used the Mann–Whitney U-test). All comparisons between the erdosteine and placebo groups were non-significant.

Abbreviations: BD, bronchodilator; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; ITT, intention-to-treat; NS, not significant for comparison between treatment groups.

There were 127 exacerbations during the 12 months of treatment in the moderate COPD subgroup (n=254): 53 in the erdosteine group (42.1% of patients) and 74 in the placebo group (57.8% of patients).

In the subgroup of patients with moderate COPD, there was a 47% reduction in the mean exacerbation rate with erdosteine treatment compared to placebo (0.27 vs 0.51 exacerbations per-patient per-year; P=0.003; Figure 2): OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32‒0.87; P=0.017. This compares to the 19.4% reduction seen for the total RESTORE population (Figure 2). In contrast, there were no differences in the exacerbation rate between active and placebo arms in the patients with an FEV₁< 50% predicted. In the subgroup with moderate COPD, erdosteine treatment was associated with a 58.3% reduction in the rate of mild exacerbations (0.23 vs 0.53 mild exacerbations per-patient per-year in the erdosteine and placebo groups, respectively; OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.37‒0.54; P=0.001). For the total RESTORE population, the reduction in the rate of mild exacerbations was 57.1% (0.23 vs 0.54 mild exacerbations per-patient per-year in the erdosteine and placebo groups, respectively; P=0.002).²³

Figure 2.

Exacerbation rate according to COPD severity subgroup and for all patients in the RESTORE study.

The mean duration of exacerbations was 26% shorter in patients with moderate COPD treated with erdosteine: 9.1 (SD 7.4) days compared with 12.3 (SD 9.6) days for the placebo-treated patients (P=0.022) (Table 3). The difference between treatments was significant for the duration of mild exacerbations and of moderate-to-severe exacerbations in this subgroup (Table 3). However, in the subgroup with severe COPD, the duration of exacerbations was similar for the erdosteine and placebo-treated patients (Table 3). In addition, there was no difference in exacerbation frequency and duration between moderate COPD patients who were ICS users and non-users (P>0.05) (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2).

Table 3.

Exacerbation Duration (In days) By Exacerbation Severity (Mild Or Moderate-To-severe), COPD Severity And Treatment Group

	Erdosteine	Placebo	%Change	P-value
Moderate COPD patients (N=254)
All exacerbations	9.1 (7.4)	12.3 (9.6)	−26.0 (5.6)	0.022
Mild exacerbations	7.7 (4.9)	9.8 (8.0)	−21.4 (5.0)	0.037
Moderate-to-severe exacerbations	10.5 (8.5)	13.7 (10.4)	−23.4 (4.8)	0.040
Severe COPD patients (N=191)
All exacerbations	10.9 (7.5)	12.8 (9.9)	−14.8 (4.7)	0.093
Mild exacerbations	8.7 (5.8)	10.4 (7.8)	−16.3 (4.8)	0.131
Moderate-to-severe exacerbations	13.9 (9.8)	15.0 (11.2)	−7.3 (3.4)	0.241
All RESTORE patients (N=445)
All exacerbations	9.5 (7.2)	12.6 (9.7)	−24.6 (5.3)	0.023
Mild exacerbations	8.4 (5.2)	10.4 (8.2)	−19.2 (4.9)	0.039
Moderate-to-severe exacerbations	11.1 (8.9)	14.1 (10.8)	−21.3 (5.2)	0.041

Note: Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) in days.

For patients with moderate COPD, the time to first exacerbation was 7.7% longer in the erdosteine group: mean 182 (SD 19) days vs 169 (SD 25) days in the placebo group; difference between treatment groups 13 days (95% CI: 8.93‒17.07), P<0.001. The effect of erdosteine on the time to first exacerbation in this subgroup was not influenced by the concomitant use of ICS (Supplementary Table 3).

Mean exacerbation-free time during the study period was significantly longer by a mean of 51 days (P<0.001) in the erdosteine group compared with the placebo group for the patients with moderate COPD, and by a mean of 39 days (P=0.008) for all RESTORE patients (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Exacerbation-free time (mean days) in patients with moderate COPD and for all patients in the RESTORE study.

In both subgroups of patients with moderate COPD and severe COPD, there were no significant differences in blood eosinophil counts between treatment groups or changes over time within each treatment group, but patients with severe COPD had significantly higher eosinophil counts than those with moderate COPD at both time points and in both treatment groups (Supplementary Table 4). Among patients with moderate COPD, the mean exacerbation rate was higher in patients with blood eosinophil counts ≥150 cells/μL, but erdosteine treatment significantly reduced the mean exacerbation rate compared with placebo in both subgroups with <150 cells/μL and ≥150 cells/μL (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Exacerbation rate by blood eosinophil count (<150 cells/μL and ≥150 cells/μL) for patients with moderate COPD by treatment group.

A total of 305 adverse events were reported during the study in the subgroup of patients with moderate COPD: 136 adverse events in the erdosteine group (3 serious adverse events) and 169 in the placebo group (4 serious adverse events). None of the serious adverse events was considered treatment-related or resulted in patient death. Erdosteine appeared to be well tolerated with no substantial differences from placebo.

Discussion

The RESTORE study demonstrated that erdosteine administered twice daily at the licensed dose (300 mg) reduced the overall exacerbation rate in COPD patients with a history of exacerbations in the previous year, many of whom were already receiving previously standard therapy with ICS.²³ The primary report of the RESTORE study did not seek to identify which subgroup of patients would benefit the most from erdosteine treatment, so we addressed this issue in the current exploratory post hoc analysis. The results suggest that erdosteine use has a significant effect on exacerbations in patients with less severe COPD defined spirometrically (FEV₁ 50‒79%), as the relative effect of treatment on the overall exacerbation rate was almost doubled compared to placebo. A similar effect was seen on mild exacerbations classified by treatment intensity, but there was no reduction in the number of exacerbations observed in patients with severe COPD. Similarly, the reduction in the duration of mild exacerbations was most evident in patients with moderate COPD. In this subgroup, erdosteine therapy was associated with a significant increase in both the time to first exacerbation and the total time without exacerbations in patients with a history of exacerbations. Unlike other anti-inflammatory agents, the positive effects of erdosteine were not restricted to patients with a higher blood eosinophil count. Encouragingly, there was no evidence of a significant adverse event profile in these less impaired COPD patients. These findings potentially impact the way in which we view COPD exacerbations and for the treatment options to be considered for preventing exacerbations.

Stratification of the treatment effect by baseline lung function has been examined with other treatments known to prevent COPD exacerbations, including inhaled bronchodilators¹⁵ and long-acting inhaled bronchodilator–ICS combinations.²⁸ In general, categorizing patients in this way has little impact on the overall efficacy of these treatments, although the results of the FLAME (Effect of Indacaterol Glycopyronium vs Fluticasone Salmeterol on COPD Exacerbations) study indicated that inhaled long-acting bronchodilator combination therapy may be relatively less effective in patients with very severe COPD (FEV₁ <30% predicted, GOLD stage IV).¹³ However, applying this approach to the RESTORE study data gave a different answer. Although the ITT analysis reported a 19% reduction in exacerbation rate of the total study population, this difference was driven by patients in the spirometrically-defined moderate COPD subgroup, where a 47% reduction in exacerbation rate was seen with erdosteine therapy compared to placebo. By contrast, there was little difference in the exacerbation rate among patients with worse spirometry when erdosteine therapy was compared with placebo. Although there were fewer patients in this severe COPD subgroup, it seems unlikely that the comparison is underpowered statistically given the lack of difference in event rates between the two treatment groups.

Recent reports have identified differences in the way that exacerbations are treated dependent on the background therapy taken.²⁹ The SUMMIT (Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity) study included patients with spirometrically-defined moderate COPD as in the RESTORE study but, unfortunately, did not characterize exacerbations as carefully as we did and so data about mild events, where routine treatment is intensified but new therapy is not started, were not available in that large study.²⁹ In the present analysis, we found significant reductions in the duration of mild exacerbations in the subgroup of patients with moderate COPD treated with erdosteine and this played an important role in increasing the time to first event for all exacerbations. Although meta-analysis of a number of studies of mucolytic drugs suggest that they are useful in preventing COPD exacerbations,³⁰ such an effect has not been reported in individual studies, which likely reflects their differing study designs and inclusion criteria. Our findings of a longer time to first exacerbation and a longer exacerbation-free time with erdosteine in patients with spirometrically-defined moderate COPD lends support to the major effect of this drug being in patients with milder airflow obstruction.

A particular strength of the RESTORE study was the prespecified recording of exacerbation duration. To date, only regular macrolide therapy has been shown to decrease exacerbation duration,³¹ which is a known risk factor for subsequent hospitalization in COPD patients.¹⁴ As anticipated, exacerbations did not last as long in patients with moderate COPD as compared to severe disease, and exacerbations classified as mild were shorter than those where antibiotics and/or corticosteroids were used. However, in all these subgroups, erdosteine treatment was associated with shorter exacerbation events compared with placebo, a difference that was statistically significant in patients with moderate spirometric impairment. Given the greater variation in exacerbation duration in the subgroup with severe COPD, it is likely that comparisons in these patients are underpowered to detect a significant difference; although, if present, the difference between erdosteine and placebo groups is likely to be of smaller magnitude than in the patients with moderate COPD. Overall the total number of days that patients experienced symptoms related to an exacerbation was lower in the erdosteine treated subjects when compared to those receiving placebo in addition to their usual treatments. This may be relevant as data from population studies and early disease cohorts suggests that exacerbations including unreported events have an important impact on patient health status and well-being at an earlier stage of COPD than previously appreciated.^32,33

There has been much discussion about the use of the blood eosinophil count as a stratifying variable when selecting anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with COPD. Like others we found that patients with higher blood eosinophil counts experienced more exacerbations, but unlike data obtained from patients treated with ICS and roflumilast^18,19 we saw no differential effect of treatment based on eosinophil numbers. However, our event rates were relatively low and we could not stratify for higher eosinophil counts as was done in some other trials. Nonetheless, the similarity of the mean data in the high and low eosinophil groups supports the idea that erdosteine’s effects are not substantially influenced by the blood eosinophil count.

Our study has several strengths beyond data collection of mild exacerbation events. Erdosteine was well tolerated in both subgroups of patients with moderate and severe COPD. This likely reflects its use at licensed doses rather than the high doses of other antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which were needed to show an effect on exacerbation rate in patients with COPD.²¹ Concerns about the potential of further harm at high-dose NAC has led some investigators to curtail clinical research with this formulation.³⁴ As erdosteine had so few side effects there was no substantial difference in the withdrawal rate from either treatment arm (see Figure 1), a factor that has complicated interpretation of other studies.^7,35 Our patients were predominantly Caucasian and were using appropriate background medication throughout the study, including ICS in 75% of patients. An earlier European trial found no benefit of NAC in patients with COPD who used ICS.³⁶ In the present analysis, we found no interaction between ICS use and the effects of therapy in our patients with moderate COPD in terms of exacerbation number or duration. Nonetheless, there are limitations to our analysis. This is a pre-specified post hoc analysis and so the significance levels we report should be considered as only nominally significant. We did not have information that would allow us to classify patients according to the current GOLD system, so our patients must be considered to be in either groups C or D of that classification system.¹ The entry criteria for the RESTORE study specified that patients should have a prior exacerbation history, but the mean exacerbation rate in the placebo arm of the study was lower than expected. This is not unique to our study, having been seen in other treatment studies with similar recruitment criteria.^37,38 This lower than expected exacerbation rate in the RESTORE study may reflect an improved patient adherence to existing therapy on study entry or the marked variability in exacerbations over time as seen in recent reports from the large SPIROMICS (SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures In COPD Study) and TIOSPIR (TIOtropium Safety and Performance in Respimat®) studies, where a large percentage of participants with a history of frequent exacerbations did not subsequently experience these events during 2–3 years of follow-up in the study.^39,40 The use of diary cards to define events can be criticized as being imprecise, but it has been used widely by other groups^6,9–11 and the methodology used here has been covered in detail in the appendix to the original RESTORE publication²³. Given the blinded nature of the study we believe the data on number and duration of events are likely to be correct.

This post hoc analysis has a number of clinical implications. It provides further evidence for the heterogeneity of exacerbation events, at least in terms of their response to therapy with differences in the ability of an oral antioxidant like erdosteine to prevent events according to the severity of the patient’s airflow obstruction and the type of treatment thought necessary to manage the episode. Whether this reflects differences in the etiology of the exacerbations, the host response to the triggering factor, or a combination of these two remains unclear. However, the present results do emphasize the value of knowing the severity of airflow obstruction when considering what prophylactic therapy to prescribe as erdosteine did not reduce the number of moderate or severe events reported by our patients. Currently, there is renewed interest in the factors in early COPD leading to disease progression,⁴¹ and a need to identify well tolerated treatments that can be used earlier in the natural history of COPD than those previously considered. Our data suggests that drugs like erdosteine, which are orally active, well tolerated and can prevent exacerbation events that are common in less severe disease, may prove useful in the management of the less severely impaired COPD patient with a history of exacerbations.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

EP is employed by Edmond Pharma. PC, CP, RDN, GF, MC, and AC report personal fees from Edmond Pharma. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.