Abstract
Purpose
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have been found to correlate with treatment response and prognosis in some cancers; however, such correlations have not been reported in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We aimed to determine the relationship between CTCs and the treatment response in NPC.
Patients and methods
In this prospective study, we ascertained the karyotype of CTCs and identified a possible correlation between karyotype and treatment response in locally advanced NPC (LANPC). We prospectively collected peripheral blood from LANPC patients. CTCs were measured by negative enrichment with immunofluorescence in situ hybridization (imFISH) and a centromere of chromosome 8 (CEP8) probe. Chromosome 8 was karyotyped in CTCs, which were identified as triploid, tetraploid or multiploid. Patients were then treated with platinum-based induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. CTCs were measured before and after treatment.
Results
We detected CTCs in 27 of 50 (54%) patients, which served as a baseline value. The results were independent of age, smoking history and NPC clinical stage. All of the 27 evaluable enrolled patients with detectable CTCs showed decreases in both total CTCs and CTCs of different ploidies after treatment (P<0.05). Reductions in CTCs were significantly more common in patients with a complete response (CR) than in those with a partial response (PR) (P<0.05). The presence of fewer tetraploid CTCs before treatment had a positive predictive value for a CR to chemoradiotherapy (P<0.05). CTC-positive patients had a shorter PFS after treatment (P=0.03).
Conclusion
The decrease in CTCs was correlated with therapeutic efficacy in patients with LANPC, and the presence of tetraploid CTCs before treatment is a potential predictive factor for clinical outcomes.
Keywords: CTC, NPC, therapeutic efficacy, chemoradiotherapy
Introduction
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are cells that have been shed from a primary tumour into the vasculature or lymphatics, thought which they move around the body.1,2 Due to this feature, CTCs have been used as a biomarker in various cancers. The frequency of CTCs can be influenced by the stage at diagnosis, detection methods and surgical intervention.3 The presence of CTCs indicates a poor prognosis and predicts tumour progression in many cancers, such as breast, lung, prostate, oesophageal and colorectal cancers.3,4
Several studies have focused on the association of CTCs with tumour stage and their predictive role in prognosis and treatment response in head and neck cancer, but the results are controversial.5 Some studies showed that a high frequency of CTCs was associated with nodal stage,6 while others showed that CTCs could not predict the cancer burden in head and neck cancer.5 Moreover, several studies indicated that therapeutic interventions such as surgery and radiotherapy had some impact on the frequency of CTCs.7–9 Therefore, it is difficult to determine the roles and activities of CTCs in heterogeneous patient populations with various cancer diagnoses and different clinical interventions. We focused on CTCs in a patient population with the same stage of a specific type of head and neck cancer on the same therapeutic regimen.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique type of head and neck cancer that originates in the nasopharynx and has a high risk of metastasis, and it is mainly treated with radiotherapy with/without chemotherapy due to inoperability based on anatomic features. CTC studies in NPC are quite limited, and the results are controversial, as are those in other types of head and neck cancer.10−12 To prevent potential bias related to stage and therapeutic interventions, we designed a prospective study to determine the role of CTCs in patients with locally advanced NPC (LANPC) who underwent the same induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimen. In this study, CTCs were detected before and after chemoradiotherapy in LANPC patients, and changes in CTCs and the clinical response after therapy were correlated. We further characterized the predictive value of clinical factors, including CTCs.
Materials and Methods
Patients
The study was approved by the local ethics committee at Hubei Cancer Hospital (2015 No. 6) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. There were 189 patients screened at our Department of Head and Neck Cancer from August 2015 to September 2016. Eligible criteria included (a) age between 18 and 70 years and (b) a histological and imaging-confirmed diagnosis of LANPC. The histological type of NPC was WHO type III. The seventh edition of the UICC/AJCC tumour-node-metastasis classification (TNM) for NPC was applied to stage all the patients, and stage III to IVb disease was defined as LANPC. After providing written informed consent, 89 consecutive patients were enrolled in this study; 50 patients finished the entire treatment regimen and had a 3-year follow-up. None of the patients received any anti-tumour therapy before the first blood sampling. Eighty-seven patients had blood drawn for testing at different time intervals before and after treatment to evaluate the number of CTCs at diagnosis and after treatment. The last CTC analysis was conducted at the first follow-up (3 months after treatment). Patient data were collected from August 2015 to June 2019, and the follow-up period ranged from 25 to 41 months.
All patients underwent two cycles of induced chemotherapy with raltitrexed and cisplatin,13,14 followed by the same regimen concurrent with radiotherapy (two cycles of concurrent combination chemotherapy plus radical intensity-modulated radiation therapy). The regimen was raltitrexed 2.5mg/m2, IV in 15 mins, d1 plus cisplatin, 25mg/m2, IV, d1-3, cycled every 21 days. The treatment response was evaluated with the same imaging techniques used for diagnosis (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and ultrasound [US]). These evaluations were performed for all enrolled patients 3 months after the completion of concurrent treatment and up to a follow-up of 3 years. The response was classified according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST 1.1) as follows. Complete response (CR): disappearance of all target lesions (tumour and lymph node lesions). Any pathological lymph nodes (whether target or non-target) must have a reduction in short axis to <10 mm. Partial response (PR): at least a 30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters. Progressive disease (PD): at least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum on study (this includes the baseline sum if that is the smallest in the study). In addition to the relative increase of 20%, the sum must also demonstrate an absolute increase of at least 5 mm. (Note: the appearance of one or more new lesions is also considered progression). Stable disease (SD): neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum diameters while on study.15
Isolation and Identification of CTCs
We used a negative enrichment method for CTCs. Six millilitres of peripheral blood were collected, and after lysing red blood cells with lysing buffer (Cyttel, Jiangsu, China), the resulting cell pellet was incubated with anti-CD45 antibody-conjugated immuno-magnetic beads. White blood cells were separated by gradient centrifugation. Using a magnetic stand, the resulting solution containing CTCs was smeared on one slide, fixed and dried for subsequent analysis. The slide was used for immunofluorescence in situ hybridization (imFISH) with immunostaining of the white blood cell surface marker CD45, the nucleus marker 4ʹ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and FISH with the centromere of chromosome 8 (CEP8) probe, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Cyttel, Jiangsu, China).
Cells were determined to be CTCs if they were negative for CD45, positive for DAPI and positive for more than two CEP8 signals (CD45-/DAPI+/CEP8≥3).16,17 The karyotyping of cells that met these criteria allowed for the identification of triploid, tetraploid and multiploid CTCs.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analysed using the statistical analysis software SPSS 24.0. The association of CTC positivity (defined by ≥1 CTC per 6 mL blood) with clinical parameters was assessed using Fisher’s exact test or the chi-squared test. Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to analyse the relationship between CTC count and clinical outcomes. Logistic regression was applied to identify predictive factors for a complete response (CR) to anticancer therapy as the dependent variable. Correlations were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. We defined progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) as the time from the date of diagnosis to the date of clinical disease progression, death, or the last follow-up. Log rank tests were used to detect significant differences between groups.
Results
CTC Detection and Patients’ Clinical Characteristics
ImFISH identified CTC cells in peripheral blood as positive for DAPI, negative for the white blood cell marker CD45 and positive for more than two CEP8 signals. Figure 1A shows a typical CTC and white blood cells that are positive for CD45 and have two CEP8 signals. According to the number of CEP8 signals, CTCs were karyotyped as triploid (3), tetraploid (4) or multiploid (5+) (Figure 1B).
Figure 1.
Typical CTCs and white blood cells. (A) imFISH identified DAPI-positive, CD45-negative CTCs with more than two CEP8 signals and DAPI-positive, CD45-positive white blood cells with two CEP8 signals. (B) CTCs according to the number of CEP8 signals: 3, triploid; 4, tetraploid; and 5 or more, multiploid. Arrows indicate CTCcells.
Among all the enrolled LANPC patients, 50 finished the entire treatment regimen and had evaluable clinical response by the 3-year follow-up. The clinical characteristics of these patients are presented in Table 1. The majority of the patients were male and aged 40–60 years. Ten patients (20%) had a history of lymph node biopsy, and 16 patients had a positive family history of cancer. Most patients (56%) were diagnosed with stage III disease. None of the collected demographic and clinical characteristics differed between patients with CTCs and those without CTCs. Before treatment, 27/50 patients (54%) were positive for CTCs, and 25 (50%), 13 (23%) and 12 patients (24%) were positive for triploid, tetraploid and multiploid CTCs, respectively. For CTC-positive patients, the baseline median CTC counts were 4 (range, 1–31) for total CTCs, 2 (range, 1–20) for triploid CTCs, 1 (range, 1–6) for tetraploid CTCs and 1.5 (range, 1–5) for multiploid CTCs.
Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with and Without Circulating Tumor Cells
| No. of Patients (%) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N=50 |
CTC-Negative (N=23) | CTC-Positive (N=27) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 30 (60) | 13 (57) | 17 (63) | 0.64 |
| Female | 20(40) | 10(43) | 10(37) | |
| Age | ||||
| <40 | 6(12) | 2 (9) | 4 (15) | 0.60 |
| 40–60 | 36 (72) | 16 (70) | 20 (74) | |
| >60 | 8 (16) | 5 (22) | 3 (11) | |
| Biopsy history | ||||
| Positive | 10 (20) | 5 (22) | 5 (19) | 1.0 |
| Family history | ||||
| With positive family history | 16(32) | 9(39) | 7(26) | 0.32 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Positivea | 25 (50) | 12 (52) | 13 (48) | 0.77 |
| Stage | ||||
| III | 28 (56) | 12 (52) | 16 (59) | 0.86 |
| IVa | 15 (30) | 8 (35) | 7 (26) | |
| IVb | 7(14) | 3(13) | 4(15) | |
| T stage | ||||
| T2 | 6 (12) | 2 (9) | 4 (15) | 0.66 |
| T3 | 28 (56) | 12 (52) | 16 (59) | |
| T4 | 16 (32) | 9 (39) | 7 (26) | |
| N stage | ||||
| N0–N1 | 11 (22) | 6 (26) | 5 (19) | 0.66 |
| N2 | 32 (64) | 14 (61) | 18 (67) | |
| N3 | 7 (14) | 3 (13) | 4 (15) | |
Note: aIncludes both former and current smokers.
CTC Changes Correlated with the Treatment Response
To determine whether the changes in CTCs correlate with the treatment response, we detected CTCs before and after treatment and analysed the results with the response evaluations. At 3 months after treatment, 30 patients (60%) were determined to have CR, 12 (24%) had PR and 4 (8%) had SD. At the last follow-up, 3 years after treatment, 35 (70%) patients had CR and 8 (16%) had PD. Seven patients were lost to follow-up. The median number of total CTCs was dramatically decreased after chemoradiotherapy, from 4 to 0, for patients with detectable CTCs at baseline (P<0.001). Only one patient harboured one CTC after chemoradiotherapy (Figure 2). For those patients with a CR to treatment, the numbers of triploid, tetraploid and multiploid CTCs were significantly decreased after treatment (P<0.05, Table 2). For those patients who did not achieve a CR, the changes in karyotyped CTCs were not statistically significant (Table 2). Baseline analysis showed that all types of CTCs were less frequent in patients with a CR than in those who did not achieve a CR, and the reduction was significant in only tetraploid CTCs (P=0.019).
Figure 2.
The change in total CTC count before and after treatment in baseline CTC-positive LANPC patients. **P<0.001.
Table 2.
CTC Changes Among Patients with and Without Complete Response to Treatment
| No. of CTC (Mean ± SD) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Before Treatment | After Treatment | ||
| Patients with CR | |||
| Triploidy | 2.61±2.25 | 0.91±2.37 | 0.017 |
| Tetraploidy | 0.48±0.67a | 0.09±0.29 | 0.015 |
| Multiploidy | 0.61±0.89 | 0 | 0.003 |
| Patients without CR | |||
| Triploidy | 5.67±7.45 | 0.5±0.84 | 0.151 |
| Tetraploidy | 2.00±2.27a | 0 | 0.136 |
| Multiploidy | 1.67±1.97 | 0.17±0.41 | 0.122 |
Notes: aNumbers of tetraploidy CTC before treatment was significantly different among patients with CR and patients without CR (P=0.019).
Abbreviations: CR, complete response; CTC, circulating tumor cell; NS, not significant; SD, standard deviation.
To further elucidate factors predictive of the treatment response, univariate and multivariate analyses were used. The predictors of a CR to treatment are reported in Table 3. An older age (odds ratio [OR] =1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.0, 1.2; P=0.008) and fewer tetraploid CTCs (OR=0.5; 95% CI =0.2, 1.1; P=0.045) were associated with a CR in patients with LANPC.
Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Regression Analyses of Predictors for Complete Response to the Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Nasopharynx Carcinoma
| Variable | Univariatea | Multivariateb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-Value | OR (95% CI) | P-Value | |
| Age | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.008 | 1.1 (1.1–1.3) | 0.005 |
| Gender | 2.6 (0.8–8.3) | 0.11 | ||
| Positive total CTC | 0.5 (0.1–1.4) | 0.17 | ||
| Triploidy CTC | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.31 | ||
| Tetraploidy CTC | 0.5(0.2–1.1) | 0.045 | ||
| Multiploidy CTC | 0.5(0.2–1.2) | 0.09 | ||
Notes: aUnivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate variables as potential predictors of complete response to the treatment. Variables included, age, gender, TNM stage, positivity of circulating tumor cells; bmultivariate analysis was performed using the backward method.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CTC, circulating tumor cells.
Correlation of Baseline CTCs with Clinical Response During Follow-Up
The chi-squared test showed no correlation between baseline CTC positivity before treatment and the clinical response at each indicated follow-up during a 3-year period (Table 4).
Table 4.
The Correlation Between the Number of Positive CTC Before Treatment and Clinical Response After Treatment and During Follow-Up
| Clinical Response | No. of Patients | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CTC-Negative | CTC-Positive | ||
| After treatment | |||
| CR | 13 | 10 | 0.17 |
| Non-CR | 10 | 17 | |
| First follow-upa | |||
| CR | 13 | 17 | 0.64 |
| Non-CR | 10 | 10 | |
| Second follow-upb | |||
| CR | 17 | 18 | 0.58 |
| Non-CR | 6 | 9 | |
Notes: aThree months after the treatment; bthree years after the treatment.
Abbreviations: CR, complete response; CTC, circulating tumor cell.
The correlation between CTCs and PFS and OS in LANPC patients is shown in Table 5. CTC-positive status was significantly correlated with a shorter PFS (P=0.03). However, there were no differences in OS among patients with different baseline CTC statuses.
Table 5.
Progression-Free and Overall Survival in LANPC Patients with Circulating Tumor Cells
| No. of Patients | No. of Relapses (%) | PFS Rate at 2 Years (95% CI) | p Value by log rank test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTC-positive | 27 | 7 (26%) | 75% (0.6–0.9) | 0.03 |
| CTC-negative | 23 | 1 (4%) | 92% (0.8–1.0) | |
| No. of patients | No. of deaths (%) | OS rate at 2 years (95% CI) | ||
| CTC-positive | 27 | 3 (11%) | 91% (0.8–1.0) | 0.09 |
| CTC-negative | 23 | 0 (0) | 100% |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CTC, circulating tumor cells; No, number; PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival.
Discussion
Our study showed that CTCs were detected by the negative enrichment method in 54% of the patients with LANPC. To date, this is the first study in NPC to show that changes in CTCs during chemotherapy and radiation therapy correlate with the treatment response. We also found that a fewer number of tetraploid CTCs and an older age before treatment were two predictive factors for achieving a CR to treatment.
The negative enrichment and imFISH methods have recently been tested and applied in patients with lung, bladder and gastric cancers, as well as NPC.18,19 The utility of this detection platform was confirmed in our study. Compared to the NPC study that showed diverse changes among patients with different responses,18,19 our study included only newly diagnosed patients; patients with disease relapse or distant metastasis were not included. Moreover, we monitored the variations in CTC count after chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which are currently the main therapeutic interventions for NPC. We found that after treatment, the number of CTCs significantly decreased in only patients with a CR. Although significant CTC changes might be due to a higher CTC count at baseline and/or a lower CTC count after treatment, CTC monitoring could be a complementary assessment for patients with a CR to confirm the clinical response to treatment.
CTCs in the bloodstream are thought to originate from the primary tumour, but the factors associated with the presence/absence of CTCs remain controversial in head and neck cancers. Some studies have shown that the presence of CTCs is associated with a high tumour burden,5,6,20 while others have not.21,22 Our study did not demonstrate that collected demographic or clinical factors were associated with CTC positivity in patients with LANPC. Similar studies on other potential factors could be performed. The regression analysis indicated that age was a predictive factor for CR, confirming that elderly patients with LANPC might have a better clinical response. Consistently, patient age has been reported to be a significant independent prognostic factor in NPC.23
Several studies focused on the karyotypes of CTCs in different types of cancer but failed to demonstrate any promising findings.18,19 Our study first indicated the importance of tetraploid CTCs in predicting a CR to treatment; more research should be conducted to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism.
Although there is active research on the prognostic and predictive implications of CTCs in liquid biopsies in head and neck cancers,3,24 there is no convincing evidence supporting either the prognostic or predictive role of CTCs. Some studies have indicated a prognostic role of CTCs pertaining to disease progression in head and neck cancers.5,7 However, our study did not demonstrate the prognostic role of CTCs in LANPC within 3 years of follow-up. Among fifty enrolled patients, eight had relapsed by the last follow-up at 3 years. Longer follow-up should be performed to explore the role of CTCs in cancer patients who might have a comparable long disease-free survival.
Despite a rigorous study design, there were several limitations of this study. First, the data were from a single institution with a small number of patients with LANPC. Therefore, these findings cannot be generalized to all NPC patients. More studies with larger sample sizes are necessary in the future. Second, only eight patients in this study reported disease progression within the 3-year follow-up, making it impossible to statistically analyse the correlation of CTCs with prognosis. Third, CTCs were evaluated at only the first follow-up, and it would be difficult to constantly count CTCs during a 3-year follow-up. More research is necessary to provide more information in this area.
Conclusion
A CR to treatment correlated with a significant reduction in CTCs. Older age and fewer tetraploid CTCs before treatment were two predictive factors for a better response in LANPC.
Acknowledgment
We thank Prof. Qin Liu in the Department of Statistics at Wuhan University for assistance with the statistical analysis.
Disclosure
Yuan Wu is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant: 81401913). The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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