Abstract
Background
We investigated the correlation between cavity formation, prognosis, and tumor stage for pathologic stage I invasive lung adenocarcinomas (IADCs) ≤3 cm in size.
Material/Methods
2106 candidates with pathologic stage I IADC were identified from Shanghai Chest Hospital between 2009 and 2014. There were 227 patients who were diagnosed as having cavity formation and another 1879 patients who were not (the non-cavitary lung cancer group). Kaplan-Meier analysis curves were conducted to compare the overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) between these 2 groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to discover the independent risk factors of OS and RFS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was done to determine the cutoff value of cavity size for predicting prognosis. Furthermore, subgroup analysis was stratified by the size of tumor and the 8th classification of T category.
Results
Compared with non-cavitary lung cancer group, patients with cavity formation were found to have a higher prevalence of male patients (P=0.015), older age patients (P=0.039), larger size tumors (P=0.004), and worse cancer relapse (P<0.001). Survival analysis found that patients with cavitary IADC had significantly shorter RFS than those with non-cavitary IADC (P=0.001). Further, subgroup analysis confirmed a significantly worse RFS in cavitary IADC group both in stage T1a (P=0.002) and T1b (P<0.001), but not for stage T1c (P=0.962) and T2a (P=0.364). Moreover, cavity formation was still less of a significant predictor of RFS in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 1.810, 95% confidence level [CI] 1.229–2.665, P=0.003). The ROC curve showed that the best cutoff value of maximum diameter of the cavity for judging RFS was 5 mm (sensitivity: 0.500; specificity: 0.783). At the same time, multiple cavities were more likely to lead to recurrence (sensitivity: 0.605; specificity: 0.439).
Conclusions
Cavitary adenocarcinoma was a worse prognostic indicator compared with non-cavitary adenocarcinoma, especially for cavity >5 mm and multiple cavities. Thus, for stage T1a and T1b, cavitary and non-cavitary IADC should be considered separately.
MeSH Keywords: Adenocarcinoma, Prognosis, Thoracic Cavity
Background
Cavitation is a frequent phenomenon discovered among a variety of pulmonary diseases when computed tomography (CT) is conducted. The diagnosis related to this condition varies, including infection, tuberculosis, fungal infections, abscess, and malignant tumors [1–6]. According to previous studies, cavitation noted on plain chest radiographs has been reported to range from 2% to 25% for primary lung cancers, and 22% with chest CT scans [7–12]. Compared with the non-cavitary lung cancer group, male patients, a larger tumor size, and squamous cell histology were found to be more prevalent in the cavitary group, and had worse survival outcomes [8,9,10–13]. Squamous cell carcinoma was found to be the most diagnosed histological type among cavitary lung cancer patients [7,14]. In recent years, due to the increasing incidence in lung adenocarcinoma, more and more cavitary adenocarcinomas have been identified [15,16].
Previous reports of clinical and radiological characteristics have been largely based on squamous cell carcinomas. However, information on clinical and radiological characteristics and corresponding clinical prognosis of cavity formation among adenocarcinoma patients have been relatively rare. Therefore, we need to understand the significance of the cavity formation and its prognosis for early-stage adenocarcinoma patients.
In this study we analyzed the clinical records of 2106 patients with pathologic stage I IADC to investigate the prognosis and clinicopathological features of cavitary lung adenocarcinoma.
Material and Methods
Patients
The institutional review board from Shanghai Chest Hospital approved this study and provided informed consent for this operation [KS(Y)1668]. Totally, 3312 patients with pathologic stage I adenocarcinoma according to the 8th TNM staging system undergoing curative surgery between 2009 and 2014 in Shanghai Chest Hospital were identified. The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this research are listed in Figure 1. Finally, 2106 patients were eligible and enrolled in this research.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of patient selection.
The patients underwent chest CT scan, abdominal color ultrasound, head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bone scan before operation to rule out distant metastasis. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan was performed if necessary.
Helical technique and additional continual thin section (collimation, 2.0 mm or 1.0 mm) scans were obtained in all 227 patients. Qiming Ni and Jing Jiao of the Radiology Department of Shanghai Chest Hospital examined the images according to high-resolution CT scans. The cavitary adenocarcinomas are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
A case of a high-resolution computed tomography image of a cavitary tumor.
The maximum diameter of cavitation, single or multiple, and the maximum cavitation diameter/maximum tumor diameter ratio were used as potential influencing factors to evaluate the effect on patient prognosis.
All the pathology reports were provided by the Department of Pathology in Shanghai Chest Hospital. All specimens were routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Predominant histology subtypes were divided into 4 groups according to the new classification categories published by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), American Thoracic Society (ATS), and European Respiratory Society (ERS) in 2011 [17]. In this novel proposal, they defined 5 distinctive subtypes of invasive lung adenocarcinoma in association with prognosis, stating lepidic as favorable, acinar and papillary as intermediate, and micropapillary and solid as poor. We also evaluated lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), and visceral pleural invasion (VPI) based on Elastica van Gieson staining.
Statistical analyses
All the clinicopathologic data and distributions of survival were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) or Prism 5 (Graphpad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The curves of RFS and OS, as well as their comparisons, were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method, testified by the log-rank test; t test was used in continuous variable analysis and χ2 test was used in categorical variable analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to identify the independent predictors for survival. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) cutoff point of the maximum diameter of the cavity and its relationship with the survival results were calculated. Two-sided P<0.05 was considered as statistical significance in this study.
Results
The patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. Of the 2106 patients included in this study, there were 844 males (40.1%) and 1262 females (59.9%), with an average age of 60.61 years (range from 24 to 85 years). The cavity adenocarcinoma group had more male patients (P=0.015), older age patients (P=0.039), much more common cancer recurrence (P<0.001), and larger tumor size (P=0.004) (Table 2). There were no significant differences in the T status and smoking history. Similarly, histologic findings showed that there were no significant differences in the LVI (P=0.462) and VPI (P=0.754) between the 2 groups. With respect to the predominant histologic subtypes, no significant differences were found between types with lepidic (P=0.603), papillary (P=0.353), acinar (P=0.785), solid (P=0.516), or micropapillary (P=0.177).
Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n=2106).
| Variable | Frequency | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 2106 | |
| <65 | 1393 | 66.1 |
| ≥65 | 713 | 33.9 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 844 | 40.1 |
| Female | 1262 | 59.9 |
| Cavity | ||
| Yes | 227 | 10.8 |
| No | 1879 | 89.2 |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||
| ≤1 | 365 | 17.3 |
| 1–2 | 1108 | 52.6 |
| 2–3 | 633 | 30.1 |
| p-T status | ||
| 1a | 347 | 16.4 |
| 1b | 930 | 44.2 |
| 1c | 423 | 20.1 |
| 2a | 406 | 19.3 |
| Predominant histology subtype | ||
| L | 233 | 11.1 |
| A+P | 1645 | 78.1 |
| M+S | 127 | 6.0 |
| Variant | 101 | 4.8 |
| Mediastinal lymph node assessed | ||
| Yes | 1824 | 86.6 |
| No | 282 | 13.4 |
| Surgical resection | ||
| Sublobectomy | 307 | 14.6 |
| Lobectomy | 1799 | 85.4 |
| Smoking history | ||
| Former or current smoker | 134 | 6.4 |
| Never smoker | 1972 | 93.6 |
| Visceral pleural invasion | ||
| Yes | 406 | 19.3 |
| No | 1700 | 80.7 |
| Lymphatic vessel invasion | ||
| Yes | 82 | 3.9 |
| No | 2024 | 96.1 |
Table 2.
Patient characteristics in cavitary adenocarcinoma and noncavitary adenocarcinoma groups.
| Variable | Cavity n (%) | Noncavity n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=2106) | N=227 | N=1879 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| Median | 59 | 61 | 0.039 |
| Range | 24–82 | 24–85 | |
| ≥65 | 69 (30.3) | 644 (34.3) | 0.244 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 108 (47.6) | 736 (39.2) | 0.015 |
| Female | 119 (52.4) | 1143 (60.8) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| Median | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.004 |
| Range | 0.6–3.0 | 0.5–3.0 | |
| >2 cm | 82 (36.1) | 551 (29.3) | 0.035 |
| p-T status | |||
| 1a | 30 (13.2) | 317 (16.9) | 0.161 |
| 1b | 100 (44.1) | 830 (44.2) | 0.973 |
| 1c | 55 (24.2) | 368 (19.5) | 0.099 |
| 2a | 42 (18.5) | 364 (19.4) | 0.754 |
| Predominant histology subtype | |||
| Lepidic | 23 (10.1) | 212 (11.3) | 0.603 |
| Papillary | 83 (36.6) | 626 (33.3) | 0.353 |
| Acinar | 104 (45.8) | 878 (46.7) | 0.785 |
| Solid | 10 (4.4) | 102 (5.4) | 0.516 |
| Micropapillary | 0 (0) | 15 (0.8) | 0.177 |
| Smoking history | |||
| Former or current smoker | 17 (7.5) | 117 (6.2) | 0.462 |
| Never smoker | 210 (92.5) | 1762 (93.8) | |
| Postoperative recurrence | 38 (16.7) | 138 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 42 | 364 | 0.754 |
| Lymphatic vessel invasion | 11 | 71 | 0.462 |
There were 176 patients who relapsed during follow-up; the 5-year RFS rate was 88.8%. Kaplan-Meier analysis shown a significantly shorter RFS in the cavitary adenocarcinoma group (Figure 3), P=0.001). In detail, adenocarcinoma patients with cavity formation showed 81.3% of 5-year RFS rate while 89.9% for patients without cavity formation.
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier curves of relapse-free survival for patients with and without cavitary lung adenocarcinoma.
Univariable analysis (Table 3) elucidated age, sex, cavity formation, tumor size, T status, predominant histology subtype, surgical resection, VPI, and LVI as potential predictors for RFS. The influence of cavity formation on the T stage found that the survival curve of cavitary adenocarcinoma was always between stage T1c and T2a (P<0.001) (Figure 4). Further, subgroup analysis was performed (Figure 5) and the survival outcome revealed that significantly shorter RFS was founded in cavitary adenocarcinoma patients with stage T1a (P=0.002) and T1b (P<0.001) but not stage T1c (P=0.962) and T2a (P=0.364). This suggests that patients with early-staged IADC with cavity formation should be considered separately, especially when stage T1a and T1b occurred. Subgroup analysis of OS in T status was also performed. Unfortunately, there was no significant difference among patients with or without cavity formation on neither stage T1a (P=0.530), T1b (P=0.288), T1c (P=0.969), or T2a (P=0.591).
Table 3.
Univariable analyses for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).
| Variable | RFS | P-value | OS | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
| Age (years) | 1.026 (1.010–1.043) | 0.002 | 2.244 (1.346–3.741) | 0.002 |
| Sex | 1.601 (1.192–2.152) | 0.002 | 2.125 (1.268–3.561) | 0.004 |
| Cavity (yes/no) | 1.788 (1.246–2.567) | 0.002 | 1.022 (0.484–2.158) | 0.955 |
| Tumor size (cm) | 2.016 (1.584–2.566) | <0.001 | 2.210 (1.443–3.382) | <0.001 |
| p-T status | 2.223 (1.869–2.645) | <0.001 | 2.292 (1.693–3.102) | <0.001 |
| Predominant histology subtype | 1.602 (1.309–1.961) | <0.001 | 1.806 (1.300–2.508) | <0.001 |
| Mediastinal lymph node assessed (yes/no) | 0.486 (0.341–0.693) | <0.001 | 0.465 (0.255–0.850) | 0.013 |
| Surgical resection | 0.403 (0.281–0.580) | <0.001 | 0.335 (0.185–0.605) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 1.172 (0.6662.063) | 0.581 | 2.701 (1.327–5.498) | 0.006 |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 3.837 (2.851–5.164) | <0.001 | 3.960 (2.373–6.608) | <0.001 |
| Lymphatic vessel invasion | 3.481 (2.195–5.521) | <0.001 | 2.139 (0.849–5.390) | 0.107 |
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier analysis for T stage and cavitary adenocarcinoma.
Figure 5.
Kaplan-Meier analysis for subgroup of T stage with and without cavity formation.
Multivariate analysis revealed that cavity formation was an independent prognostic factor in pathologic stage I IADC (P=0.003; Table 4). There were 59 patients who died during the follow-up, whose causes included 49 patients with lung cancer-specific death (LCSS) (83.0%), 5 patients with non-cancer-related death (8.5%), and unknown causes in 5 patients (8.5%). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences in the OS rate (Figure 6) or LCSS rate (Figure 7) between tumors with or without cavity formation (P=0.955 and P=0.628, respectively).
Table 4.
Multivariable analyses for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).
| Variable | RFS | P-value | OS | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
| Age, (years) | 1.011 (0.993–1.028) | 0.243 | 1.050 (1.017–1.084) | 0.003 |
| Sex | 1.405 (1.002–1.969) | 0.049 | 1.964 (1.077–3.583) | 0.028 |
| Cavity (yes/no) | 1.810 (1.229–2.665) | 0.003 | 0.908 (0.403–2.046) | 0.816 |
| Tumor size (cm) | 1.720 (1.200–2.466) | 0.003 | 2.098 (1.097–4.012) | 0.025 |
| p-T status | 1.093 (0.612–1.950) | 0.764 | 0.863 (0.311–2.392) | 0.776 |
| Predominant histology subtype | 1.356 (1.065–1.727) | 0.014 | 1.485 (1.000–2.205) | 0.050 |
| Mediastinal lymph node assessed (yes/no) | 0.698 (0.347–1.403) | 0.312 | 0.728 (0.237–2.232) | 0.579 |
| Surgical resection | 0.472 (0.260–0.857) | 0.014 | 0.513 (0.191–1.373) | 0.184 |
| Smoking history | 0.543 (0.260–1.134) | 0.104 | 0.917 (0.346–2.426) | 0.861 |
| Visceral pleural invasion | 2.505 (1.033–6.076) | 0.042 | 3.225 (0.691–15.042) | 0.136 |
| Lymphatic vessel invasion | 1.979 (1.231–3.183) | 0.005 | 1.106 (0.430–2.849) | 0.834 |
Figure 6.
Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival for patients with and without cavitary lung adenocarcinoma.
Figure 7.
Kaplan-Meier curves of lung cancer specific survival for patients with and without cavitary lung adenocarcinoma.
Moreover, sex, cavity formation, tumor size, predominant histology subtypes, surgical resection, VPI, and LVI were still significant predictors of RFS in multivariable analysis, while age, T status and mediastinal lymph node assessment were not (Table 4).
In order to further analyze the influence of cavity characteristics on prognosis, we carried out subgroup analysis of cavity lung adenocarcinoma. We measured the maximum diameter of the cavity, the maximum cavitation diameter/maximum tumor diameter ratio and recorded whether the cavity was multiple or not; the results are summarized in Table 5. We found that in the group with a maximum cavitation diameter/tumor diameter ratio of ≤15, the cavity was more likely to be in a multiple state (P<0.001), the ratio might not fully describe the actual situation of the cavity. Therefore, we conducted the ROC curve of the maximum diameter of the cavity, single or multiple, to judge the RFS (Figure 8). The results showed that the best cutoff value of maximum diameter of the cavity for judging RFS was 5 mm (sensitivity: 0.500; specificity: 0.783). At the same time, multiple cavities were more likely to lead to recurrence (sensitivity: 0.605; specificity: 0.439).
Table 5.
Summary of the characteristics of cavitation.
| Variable | |
|---|---|
| Total (n=227) | n (%) |
| Maximum cavitation diameter, mm | |
| 1–2 | 55 (24.2) |
| 2–5 | 112 (49.3) |
| >5 | 60 (26.5) |
| Maximum cavitation diameter/tumor diameter ratio,% | |
| ≤15 | 99 (43.6) |
| >15 | 128 (56.4) |
| Single or multiple | |
| Single | 98 (43.2) |
| Multiple | 129 (56.8) |
Figure 8.
Receiver operating characteristic curve of the maximum diameter of the cavity and single or multiple of the cavity to judge the relapse-free survival.
Discussion
In this study, we investigated the relationship between pathologic stage I IADC with and without cavity formation based on radiological and pathological features. Compared with non-cavitary IADC, we found that cavitation tumors tended to be larger and were significantly associated with worse prognosis. In our series, the incidence of cavitary IADC was 10.8%, which was in line with previous reports [8,15,18]. Squamous cell carcinoma was the major histological subtypes studied among cavity formation in the previous studies, however, we tried to focus on the other subtype of cavity cancer, invasive lung adenocarcinoma.
When compared with non-cavitary adenocarcinoma patients, male, older age, larger size of tumor, and patients with postoperative recurrence were more common among those patients with cavity formation. It was previously reported that cavitary squamous cell carcinoma tended to have a larger tumor size than its non-cavitary equivalent [19], and we have obtained similar findings with cavitary adenocarcinoma. Our results showed that cavitary adenocarcinoma were on average larger in size than non-cavitary adenocarcinoma, similar to previous studies. There was no significant difference with respect to the T stage and smoking history. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in VPI and LVI between tumors with and without cavity formation. Our results were in line with prior studies [8,9,11–13]. Whereas Watanabe et al. [18] found that cavity was more common in tumors located in the lower lobe with an advanced stage or with a predominantly papillary or solid histologic component. But their study included all lung adenocarcinoma patients from stage I to stage IV and the cavities they studied were all larger than 5 mm in diameter. This difference in patient tumors might partially explain the difference in results.
The cause of the cavity has been often discussed. In the course of tumor progression, cancer cells gradually replaced normal alveolar tissue, and due to the inclusion of normal lung tissue, the density on CT image is often uneven. At lower densities, there is a small bright bubble shadow, called cavitation. Lung adenocarcinomas, moreover, often can cause internal fibrous tissue formation, scar tissue contraction, cause alveolar wall break merger, expand, and form a cavity. In addition, when necrotic tissue is excreted, dehydrated and reduced in volume to form a vacuum, or when lung tissue inside the tumor is replaced by cancer tissue, it is also called cavitation. In addition, Zhang et al. [20] reported that the number of tumor blood vessels decreased with increasing tumor size in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), and the possibility that NSCLC can thus outgrow its own blood supply has been previously stated [21], so inadequate vascularization might partly account for cavity formation in lung carcinoma.
With respect to the prognosis of cavity adenocarcinoma, we analyzed the stage-specific survival between the cavitary and the non-cavitary groups. Compared with non-cavitary adenocarcinoma, cavitary adenocarcinoma had a worse prognosis in RFS. Onn et al. study [9] revealed that cavitary lesions were significantly associated with shorter LCSS (P=0.010) and shorter OS (P<0.007), but it did not distinguish between the pathological types of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Our findings provided the first evidence that pathologic stage I IADC with cavity formation was associated with a worse prognosis than without cavity.
The significance of cavity formation in the T stage of pathologic stage I IADC was unclear in our study. The subgroup analysis of T stage revealed that significantly shorter RFS was founded in cavitary adenocarcinoma patients with stage T1a and T1b but not stage T1c and T2a. This phenomenon was not found in stages 1c and 2a, which might be due to factors that determine the T stage, such as tumor size and LVI, which have a greater impact on staging than cavities. Therefore, upstaging of T stage when stage T1a and T1b IADC with cavity formation occurs is recommended. Unfortunately, our survival analysis demonstrated there was no significant differences in OS and LCSS rates between tumors with and without cavity formation.
Spread through air spaces (STAS) has been reported as a significant prognostic factor for NSCLC [22,23]. Tomizawa et al. [24] screened 59 patients with tumor cavitation from 602 patients with p-stage I–IIA primary lung cancer, and found STAS in 23 of 59 patients with tumor cavitation, 17 of 38 patients with adenocarcinoma (45%), and 3 of 17 with squamous cell carcinoma (18%). A higher proportion of STAS in cavitary lung cancer cases might be one of the reasons for poor prognosis, however, our study did not include STAS analysis.
There are some other limitations in this study. First, the number of patients was inadequate for some potential parameters such as size and cavity wall thickness, which limits clinical application. Second, data were retrospective in nature, and results should be confirmed in prospective trials. Nevertheless, our study provided important new findings on the clinical impact of the cavity formation in pathologic stage I IADC.
Conclusions
In summary, our findings indicated that cavitary adenocarcinoma has worse prognostic characteristics than non-cavitary adenocarcinoma, especially for cavities >5 mm and multiple cavities. For stage T1a and T1b, cavitary and non-cavitary IADC should be considered separately. Hence, we strongly recommended early stage IADC with cavity formation should be considered as an upstage situation, especially when stage T1a and T1b occurred.
Abbreviations
- NSCLC
non-small-cell lung cancers
- IADC
invasive adenocarcinoma
- SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
- RFS
relapse-free survival
- OS
overall survival
- LCSS
lung cancer-specific
- CT
computed tomography
- MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
- IASLC
International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer
- ATS
American Thoracic Society
- ERS
European Respiratory Society
Footnotes
Source of support: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773007); Three-year Action Plan Project for Promoting Clinical Skills and Clinical Innovation in Municipal Hospitals (16CR2013A); Shanghai Municipality: Shanghai Rising-Star Program (16QA1403500); Funding for Shanghai Fostering Talents by Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau (201706); Outstanding Youth Program by Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (2017YQ018)
Conflict of interest
None.
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