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Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM logoLink to Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
. 2019 Nov 26;2019:8957245. doi: 10.1155/2019/8957245

Study on the Multitarget Mechanism and Key Active Ingredients of Herba Siegesbeckiae and Volatile Oil against Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology

Xin Yang 1, Yahui Li 1, Runlin Lv 1, Haibing Qian 1, Xiangyun Chen 1, Chang Fu Yang 1,✉
PMCID: PMC6899322  PMID: 31885670

Abstract

Background

Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS, Xixiancao in Chinese) is widely used to treat inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthritis, and its molecular mechanisms and active ingredients have not been completely elucidated.

Methods

In this study, the small molecule ligand library of HS was built based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP). The essential oil from HS was extracted through hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The target of RA was screened based on Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). The key genes were output by the four algorithms' maximum neighborhood component (MNC), degree, maximal clique centrality (MCC), and stress in cytoHubba in Cytoscape, while biological functions and pathways were also analyzed. The key active ingredients and mechanism of HS and essential oil against RA were verified by molecular docking technology (Sybyl 2.1.1) in treating RA. The interaction between 6 active ingredients (degree ≥ 5) and CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 was researched based on the software Ligplot.

Results

There were 31 small molecule constituents of HS and 16 main chemical components of essential oil (relative content >1%) of HS. There were 47 chemical components in HS. Networks showed that 9 core targets (TNF, IL1β, CSF2, IFNG, CTLA4, IL18, CD26, CXCL8, and IL6) of RA were based on Venn diagrams. In addition, molecular docking simulation indicated that CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 had good binding activity with the corresponding compounds (degree > 10).The 6 compounds (degree ≥ 5) of HS and essential oil had good interaction with 5 or more targets.

Conclusion

This study validated and predicted the mechanism and key active ingredients of HS and volatile oil in treating RA. Additionally, this study provided a good foundation for further experimental studies.

1. Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects almost any joint of the human body [1]. IL-1β and IL-6 are known to be associated with the pathogenesis of RA [2]. IL-1β plays an exceedingly crucial role in the destruction of articular cartilage [3]. For increasing the release of collagenase and other proteolytic enzymes and inhibiting the cartilage cells for the synthesis of proteoglycans, IL-1β is able to stimulate the proliferation of the synovial and cartilage cells [4]. The primary functions of IL-6 are to stimulate the proliferation of B cells for the production of immunoglobulin and to stimulate the synovium for the production of the rheumatoid factor [5]. In addition, with the combination of soluble and membrane-bound tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α [6], a firm immune complex is formed that inhibits the binding of TNF and its receptors [7], thereby further blocking the signal transduction of TNF and reducing the release of IL-1β and IL-6 for the control of inflammatory response [8]. In conclusion, the activities of these cytokines or receptors are closely related to the occurrence and development of RA [9].

Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS, Xixiancao in China) consists of the dry aerial parts of compositae plants including Siegesbeckia orientalis L., S. pubescens Makino, and S. glabrescens Makino. HS is one of the widely used traditional Chinese medicines that are prescribed by Chinese doctors for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases such as RA and arthritis [10]. The main chemical constituents of HS consist of diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and flavonoids, and pharmacological studies suggested that diterpenoids are the main antirheumatic constituents of HS [11]. Clinically, HS is mainly used in the treatment of RA, limb paralysis, muscle weakness, etc. [12]. Modern Clinical Pharmacological Research confirmed that HS probably reduces the levels of immunoglobulin G and circulating immune complexes [13]. This action of HS leads to a restricting effect on the cellular immunity and humoral immunity, stimulation of proliferation of the T cells, improvement of IL-2 activity, restriction in the activities of IL-1β and IL-6, and obstruction in the release of nitric oxide and TNF-α [14]. In short, it effectively adjusts the immune function and restricts the inflammatory mediators of the local tissues for diminishing the local inflammatory response, thereby achieving an excellent therapeutic purpose for RA [15].

At present, the multidisciplinary crossover and the development of science and technology provide a more comprehensive platform and more powerful vehicle for evaluating the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) [16]. In a sense, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) is the important link between the TCMs and modern technology [17]. As a new field located on the general ideas of systems biology, it systematically and totally evaluates the pharmacological effects of multicomponent-target medicine [18, 19]. Due to the popularity of network pharmacology and molecular docking, several studies have used them to elucidate molecular mechanisms [20, 21]. Although several studies have indicated that HS can be effectively used for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases such as RA and arthritis [11–13], there is still an urgent need for further clarification and description of its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, RA target network with hub genes was constructed by performing gene ontology enrichment analysis, pathway analysis, interaction analysis, and hub gene analysis of the RA targets. The key active ingredients and mechanism of HS and volatile oil are verified by molecular docking technology (Sybyl 2.1.1) in the treatment of RA. This study further validated and predicted the mechanism and key active ingredients of HS and volatile oil in the treatment of RA. A detailed fowchart of the network pharmacology-based study is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The framework of systematic analysis approach.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemical Component Database Collection of Herba Siegesbeckiae

The information regarding the chemical candidates related to the HS was collected from the phytochemical database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP, http://ibts.hkbu.edu.hk/LSP/tcmsp.php) [22]. The TCMSP database provides information on ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties such as drug-likeness, oral bioavailability (OB), blood-brain barrier (BBB), molecular weight (MW), Caco-2 permeability (Caco-2), H-bond donors (HBD), and H-bond acceptors (HBA) [23].

The chemical composition of HS essential oil was determined by employing the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [24]. The method of gas chromatography essential oil flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was performed on the HS essential oil using the Agilent GC (Model 6890/5975C) instrument equipped with the Agilent FB-5MSI capillary column (5% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane, 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). Its initial temperature was 48°C (retained for 2 min), and then we heated it up to 220°C for 4 min. Thereafter, it was heated up to 310°C for 15 min and the heated sample was retained for 5 min. The total running time of the process was 56 min, whereas the temperature of the vaporization chamber was 250°C, the precolumn pressure was 7.65 psi, the carrier gas flew rate was 1.0 mL/min, the split ratio was 20 : 1, and the solvent delayed time was 5.0 min. The temperature of the ion source was 230°C, whereas the temperature of the quadrupole was 150°C. The EI source was the ion source, and the firing current had the value of 34.6 A. The values of electron energy and the multiplier voltage were 70 eV and 1659 V, respectively, with the interface temperature at 280°C, and the quality range was at 29–450 amu [25].

2.2. Rheumatoid Arthritis Target Identification by the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database

The RA targets were identified by the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD, http://ctdbase.org/). The CTD database is a robust, publicly available database for acquiring toxicogenomic information [26]. It provides manually curated core information about chemical diseases, chemical genes/protein interactions, and gene-disease relationships from peer-reviewed scientific literature. The candidate targets of RA were predicted using CTD with default parameters. The screening for potential target genes by the disease name “rheumatoid arthritis” or disease id “D015179” was done by selecting the target of “marker/memhanism (M)” or “thematic(T)” as the research object [27].

2.3. Functional and Pathway Enrichment Analysis

Gene ontology (GO) defines the concepts or classes that were used to describe the gene function and relationships [28]. GO_ MF (GO_molecular function), GO_BP (GO_biological progress) and GO_CC (GO_cell component) analyses were conducted for the RA target genes. The David database was also used to perform the pathway enrichment analysis with reference from the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database website [29, 30]. GO and KEGG analyses were applied using the David database for identification of the targets. The cut-off criterion of P value was set as <0.05.

2.4. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network and Module Analysis

175 RA gene interactions based on STRING database (https://string-db.org/). The version 11.0 of STRING was employed to seek for the PPI data [31], with the species which were limited to “Homo sapiens,” and a confidence score of ≥0.4 was set as the threshold. Cytoscape (version 3.5.1) was used to visualize the PPI network of RA targets [32]. The Cytohubba plug-in was used to explore hub genes, and the top ten were generated using stress, degree, MNC, and MCC methods.

2.5. Molecular Docking

Molecular docking is a powerful computational tool which can predict the interaction energy between receptor and ligand. It determined the orientation of a ligand which would form the lowest energy complex within the receptor's binding pocket [33]. In this docking assay, eight human receptors were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB): human TNF (hTNF, PDB ID: 2AZ5:2.1 Å), human IL6 (hIL6, PDB ID: 1ALU:1.9 Å), human IFNG (hIFNG, PDB ID: 1EKU:2.9 Å), human CTLA4 (hCTLA4, PDB ID: 3OSK:1.8 Å), human IL18 (hIL18, PDB ID: 3WO2:2.33 Å), human CD28 (hCD28, PDB ID: 1YJD:2.7 Å), human CSF2 (hCSF2, PDB ID: 5C7X:2.95:Å), and human IL1β (hIL1β, PDB ID: 1RWN:2.0 Å) [34]. In addition, the 3D structure of CXCL8 was not available. During this docking process, the threshold parameter was set at 0.5, and other parameters are of default value. The AMBER7 FF99 field was adopted to optimize energy and produce the active pocket by the Ligand model. Employ Sybyl 2.1.1 was used to evaluate the binding potential targets between RA targets and HS compounds. The Surflex–Dock score (total score) was expressed in −log10 (Kd) units [35].

2.6. Interaction between Compounds and Targets

This research was based on LigPlot + v.1.4.5. version [36], and the main ingredients of HS and CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 merg were preserved in PDB format, and at the same time, they were transferred to Ligplot software. The system is able to plot, in the same orientation, related sets of ligand-protein interactions. hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction are based on the HBPLUS program, and the structure is shown in the form of 2D, which is convenient for observation.

2.7. Target Identification and Network Construction

In order to interpret the pharmacological effect of active anti-RA compounds in HS, the C-T-P was constructed by connecting the active compounds, core targets, and their related pathway. The C-T-P network was visualized and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.5.1. In the network, the targets, compounds, and pathway were indicated by nodes, while edges represent the compound-target or target-pathway interactions.

3. Results

3.1. Chemical Composition Collection of HS and Volatile Oil

The chemical constituents of HS were searched by TCMSP database, and there were 31 small molecule constituents of HS (Supplementary .). In this paper, the chemical components of compound HS essential oil were determined by GC-MS (Figure 2). The essential oil of HS was analyzed, and the composition is shown in supplementary ; 53 constituents were found which represent 63.52% of the total volatile oil HS. 16 major components (relative content >1%) for 49.728% of the total volatile oil HS are shown in Supplementary . 31 chemical components screened from TCMSP data were excluded from the 16 volatile components of HS. There were 47 chemical components in HS.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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GC-MS chromatogram of compound HS essential oil.

3.2. RA Target Genes GO and Pathway Enrichment Analysis

RA-related genes were selected from the CTD database, selecting the target of “marker/memhanism (M)” or “thematic (T)” as the research object, where the label “marker/memhanism (M)” indicates an experimentally validated gene, and the gene labeled “thematic (T)” indicates a therapeutic effect, for a total of 175 RA genes. In this study, GO Ontology and pathways of target protein participation were mapped from GO enrichment analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis. The targets of molecular function (Figure 3) were most related to cytokine activity. The cellular component targets are related to the extracellular space. The biological process was most related to the inflammatory response. The KEGG analysis involved a total of 23 pathways, most related to the cytokine-cytokine receptor action signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and rheumatoid arthritis (Figure 4).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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GO analysis of potential targets. The Y-axis shows the enrichment scores of these terms or the counts of targets, and the X-axis shows percentage-enriched GO categories of the target genes (P value < 0.01).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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KEGG analysis of potential targets. In the picture, the X-axis represents the rich factor (P value < 0.01) and the Y-axis shows significantly enriched KEGG pathways of the target genes. The rich factor represents the ratio of the number of target genes belonging to a pathway to the number of all the annotated genes located in the pathway. The higher rich factor represents the higher level of enrichment. The size of the dot indicates the number of target genes in the pathway, and the color of the dot reflects the different P value ranges.

3.3. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network and Hub Gene of RA

175 RA genes entered into String database: a total of 174 nodes, number of edges of 1057, average node degree of 17.3, with PPI enrichment P value < 1.0E − 16. Many of these genes are operating together with others (Figure 5(a)). The RA target network was constructed based on coexpressed MNC, degree, MCC, and stress. Overlapping datasets were visualized using Venn diagrams (Figure 5(b)). 9 core targets (TNF, IL1β, CSF2, IFNG, CTLA4, IL18, CD28, CXCL8, and IL6) are shown in Figure 5(b). 9 core targets entered into String database: a total of 9 nodes, number of edges of 34, average node degree of 7.56, with PPI enrichment P value < 6.2E − 13 (Figure 5(c)).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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PPI network and hub clustering modules. (a) PPI networks of the RA targets. (b) Hub genes were screened from the PPI network using the MNC, MCC, degree, and stress methods. Overlapping datasets were visualized using Venn diagrams. (c) PPI network of hub genes.

3.4. Molecular Docking Verification

These 8 core targets (TNF, IL1β, CSF2, IFNG, CTLA4, IL18, CD26, CXCL8, and IL6) were inputted into sybyl 2.1.1 for molecular docking verification (Figure 6). A total of 47 compound combinations were delivered into docking. The docking scores of most of them were larger than 5, which showed that they possessed good binding activity (Table 1). HS exerted treatment effects on RA by regulating 4 core targets (CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL-6), the 6 compounds (phytol, heptacosane, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, vernolic acid, L-α-palmitin, and methyl icosanoate) of HS have good interaction with 5 or more targets (Table 2).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Yellow circles represent compounds in the volatile oil composition of HS. Red circles represent compounds in HS. Blue diamonds represent potential targets for RA. There is a positive proportional relationship between the node size and the degree.

Table 1.

The docking information of 8 targets with the corresponding compounds.

Target HS volatile components Score HS compound Score
TNF Phytol 7.5 Vernolic acid 7.6
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 7.1 3-(α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran 5.9
Heptacosane 6.6 L-α-Palmitin 5.8
Pentacosane ar-curcumene 6.2 Methyl icosanoate 5.6
Nonanoic acid 6.2 Orientin 5.2
  5.0 β-Sitosterol 5.2
    Hederagenin 5.0
    Stigmasterol 5.0
IL1β Phytol 7.2 Carboceric acid 10.8
Heptacosane 6.8 L-α-Palmitin 9.4
Pentacosane 6.4 Vernolic acid 7.9
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 5.8 Methyl icosanoate 7.4
Nonanoic acid 5.2 Henicosanol 7.2
Nonanal 5.1 3-(α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran 5.6
    Darutoside 5.6
    Orientin 5.3
    Stigmasterol-β-D-glucoside 5.0
CSF2 Heptacosane 6.8 Carboceric acid 7.8
Phytol 5.9 Methyl icosanoate 7.3
Nonanal 5.6 Darutoside 6.9
Nonanoic acid 5.4 Henicosanol 6.7
Oplopenone 5.3 L-α-Palmitin 6.4
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 5.2 Vernolic acid 6.3
    3-(α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran 5.7
    Alexandrin 5.7
    Orixine 5.6
    Chromolaevanedione 5.4
IFNG Phytol 5.4 Vernolic acid 6.7
L-α-Palmitin 6.6
Orientin 5.6
3-(α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran 5.2
CTLA4 Heptacosane 5.2 L-α-Palmitin 5.1
Methyl icosanoate 5.0
Vernolic acid 5.0
IL18 Nonanal 6.4 L-α-Palmitin 5.5
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 5.1 Stigmasterol 5.4
Phytol 5.0 Vernolic acid 5.3
Heptacosane 5.0 Carboceric acid 5.3
    Henicosanol 5.1
CD28 Heptacosane 6.4 Ferulic acid 5.2
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 6.2 Methyl icosanoate 5.0
Phytol 5.8    
Pentacosane 5.6    
IL6 Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 6.0 Vernolic acid 7.2
ar-Curcumene 5.8 L-α-Palmitin 6.5
Nonanoic acid 5.6 Chromolaevanedione 5.2
Nonanal 5.6 Ferulic acid 5.2
Heptacosane 5.5 Orixine 5.0
Phytol 5.3    
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Table 2.

Chemical composition and target molecule docking.

Tagret Degree Volatile oil (GS-MS) Degree Compounds (TCMSP) Degree
CSF2 16 Phytol 7 Vernolic acid 7
IL1β 16 Heptacosane 7 L-α-Palmitin 7
TNF 14 Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 6 Methyl icosanoate 5
IL6 11 Nonanoic acid 4 3-(α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl) tetrahydrofuran 4
IL18 9 Nonanal 4 Orientin 3
CD28 6 Pentacosane 3 Henicosanol 3
IFNG 6 ar-curcumene 2 Orixine 3
CTLA4 4 Oplopenone 1 Carboceric acid 3
Nerol 1 Chromolaevanedione 2
        Ferulic acid 2
        Stigmasterol 2
        Darutoside 2
        β-Sitosterol 1
        Hederagenin 1
        Stigmasterol-β-D-glucoside 1
        Alexandrin 1
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3.5. Analysis of Interaction between Core Compounds and Targets

The analysis of interaction between 6 active ingredients (degree ≧ 5) and CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 (degree > 10) was based on Ligplot1.4.5 software, and hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were outputted. Through the interaction verification analysis, it was found that the amino acid sites of Overnice acid, L-α-palmitin, methyl icosanoate, phytol, heptacosane, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone interacted with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 have great similarities, and these key amino acid sites may be closely related to the efficacy of HS (Tables 3 and 4).

Table 3.

The 2D protein-ligand interaction (hydrogen bond).

Compounds Hydrogen bond
CSF2 IL-1β TNF IL-6
Overnice acid Gly100 Tyr87 Ser236 Arg341 Arg179 — Arg182
L-α-Palmitin Lys166 Val348 Arg352 Gly121 Tyr151 Arg30 Arg179 Arg182
Methyl icosanoate Lys166 — Tyr151 Arg182
Phytol Leu104 Thr105 Arg179 Ser236 Gln283 Ser60 Leu178 Asp26
Heptacosane — — — —
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone — Arg352 Tyr151 Arg182
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Table 4.

The 2D protein-ligand interaction (hydrophobic interactions).

Compounds Hydrophobic interactions
CSF2 IL-1β TNF IL-6
Overnice acid Lys166 Ser165 Tyr172
Glu83 Ala84 Pro40
Lys103 Asp85 Lys43
Gly42 Leu104 Gly44		 Trp340 Arg383 Pro343
His342 Ser339 His237
Cys285		 Leu57 Leu120 Gly121
Tyr119 Tyr151 Ser60
Tyr59 Ile155		 Lys66 Glu172 Phe74
Ser176 Arg179 Gln175
Leu178
L-α-Palmitin Pro41 Lys43 Val189
Gly42 ASP85 Ser165
Tyr172 Pro40 Lys103
Lys39 Gln38 Gln39
Ala40		 Arg383 His342 Met345
Glu355 Gly351 Arg341
Trp340		 Tyr151 Tyr59 Leu120
Tyr119 Ser60 Glu148
Ser60 His15 Val17		 Ser176 Gln175 Asp26
Leu178 Phe74
Methyl icosanoate Ala84 Ser165 Tyr172
Pro40 Gly42 Lys43
Leu108 Pro41 Val189
Gln38 Gln39 Lys103
Asp85 Glu83		 Arg383 Trp340 Gly346
Ser347 Glu355 Gln358
Ile354 Gly351 Val348
His342 Pro343 Arg341		 Leu57 Ser60 Tyr119
Ser95 Gln125 Leu55
Leu120 Tyr59 Gly121
Gly122 Gln61		 Leu178 Arg179 Lys171
Gln175 Arg40
Phytol Glu83 Tyr172 Lys166
Gln38 Ser165 Pro164
Pro40 Asp85 Lys103
Ala84		 Thr180 Pro343 His342
Pro177 Trp340 Ser339
Cys285 Ala284 His237
Arg341		 Tyr119 Leu120 Leu57
Tyr151 Gly121 Tyr59
Gly122 Leu55 Leu157		 Arg179 Gln175 Arg30
Leu33 Asp34 Arg182
Heptacosane Gln6 Gly100 Gly101
Asp85 Gln38 Pro40
Ser165 Gln39 Gly42
Lys43 Tyr87 Lys103
Thr102 Pro8		 His342 Pro343 Trp340
Arg341 Arg179 Cys285
Gln283 Ser339 Ser236
His237 Arg383 Gly346
Val348		 Leu57 Leu157 Val123
Gly121 Tyr59 Tyr119
Tyr151		 Arg30 Leu178 Gln175
Arg179 Phe74 Lys66
Ser176 Glu172 Leu33
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone Lys43 Asp85 Tyr87
Thr102 Gly101 Pro8
Gl100 Lys103 GLY42		 Glu355 Val348 Gly346
His342 Trp340 Arg341
Arg383 Met345 Gly351		 Gly122 Tyr59 Leu57
Ile57 Ile155 Tyr151
His15 Leu120 Tyr119		 Leu178 Gln175 Ser176
Lys66 Glu172 Arg179
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3.6. Core Compounds and Target Analysis

In the present work, for screening the potential active compounds from HS compounds with good activity, it requires OB ≧ 30%, DL ≧ 0.18, BBB ≧ -0.3, HBD < 10, HBA < 10, MW < 500 Da, Caco-2 ≧ -0.4, and AlogP > 5. Core compounds basically conform to Lipinski's rule of five (Table 5). The 3D image of core compound was shown in Figure 7(a).

Table 5.

Physical and chemical properties of key chemical constituents.

Chemical compound MW AlogP HBD HBA OB% Caco-2 BBB DL
Overnice acid 296.50 5.40 1 3 37.63 0.72 0.18 0.19
L-α-Palmitin 330.57 5.57 2 4 26.66 0.30 −0.42 0.22
Methyl icosanoate 326.63 8.44 0 2 15.79 1.43 1.12 0.22
Phytol 296.60 7.34 1 1 33.82 1.23 0.85 0.13
Heptacosane 380.83 12.69 0 0 8.18 1.88 1.80 0.36
Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone 268.54 6.20 0 1 6.67 1.50 1.44 0.10
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Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Linkage of target compounds and target genes. (a) 3D image of core compound (degree ≧ 5). (b) Compound-target-pathway network. (c) Protein-protein interaction network; the size of the nodes represents the value of the degree.

Target fishing and C-T-P network construction. The results displayed that the most active compounds are linked with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL-6, exhibiting extensive pharmacological effects of the bioactive ingredients. For instance, 10 and more than 10 chemical components of HS can be combined with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6, which involved in 15 pathways such as rheumatoid arthritis, TNF signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (Figure 7(b)).4 core genes entered into String database, a total of 4 nodes, number of edges of 6, and average node degree of 3, with PPI enrichment P value < 0.0225 (Figure 7(c)). The coefficient of these four genes plays an important role in regulating the invasion of RA.

4. Discussion

This study based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology revealed the structure-activity relationship of HS compound, involving 47 active ingredients, including terpenoids, glycosides, and volatile components. Through molecular docking, it was found that the chemical constituents of HS mainly regulated four targets (CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6) to exert anti-RA effects. Overnice acid, L-α-palmitin, methyl icosanoate, phytol, heptacosane, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone components of HS were mainly active in anti-RA. Through the interaction verification analysis, it was found that the amino acid sites of overnice acid, L-α-palmitin, methyl icosanoate, phytol, heptacosane, and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone interacted with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 have great similarities. These key amino acid sites may be closely related to the efficacy of HS. The active components, RA targets, pathways, and interactions of HS were discussed in this study.

In recent years, it has been found that the active components in HS have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiallergic, and antitumor effects [37–39]. HS mainly contains diterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and other chemical components [37, 40, 41]. This paper takes the active components of HS as the breakthrough point for a study since no systematic structure-function relationship study has been carried out at present. Through molecular docking, it was found that 25 of 47 active components of HS had good binding with core targets, and 6 of them had strong binding, mainly including terpenes, glycosides, fatty acids, volatile oil, and coumarins. These active components have been extracted and separated from HS, and pharmacological experiments on gouty arthritis and foot swelling have proved that some active components have anti-inflammatory and wind-dampness expelling effects [42–44], among which terpenoids have better anti-inflammatory functions [45].

The analysis of protein interaction showed that there was a correlation between CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6, and 10 and more than 10 chemical components of HS can be combined with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 (degree > 10). In particular, the combination with CSF2 and IL1β (degree = 16), the results further indicate that the prevention and treatment of RA by HS may play a role through multicomponent-multitarget combination. There have been reports that HS is mainly used to treat RA, confirming Modern Clinical Pharmacological Research [10] and HS probably reduces the level of immunoglobulin G and circulating immune complex (CIC) [46], making inhibitory effect on cellular immunity and humoral immunity [10], stimulating the proliferating function of T cells, improving the activity of IL-2, and inhibiting the activity of IL-1β and IL-6, also inhibiting the release of nitric Oxide and TNF-α [47]. In short, it effectively adjusts the immune function and inhibits the inflammatory mediators of local tissue for retarding the local inflammatory response, which achieves the excellent therapeutic purpose on RA [48]. The results in this study were corresponded with the report of literatures completely. In conclusion, CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 may be a key target for HS in the treatment of RA.

More and more evidences have shown that the pathophysiological mechanism of RA is very complex, and there are various biological processes and signal pathways involved in the process of RA damage [49]. 175 RA targets screened in this study mainly take part in the release of inflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory factors by pathways such as TNF, NF-κB, and toll-like receptor signaling pathway [50, 51]. According to the constructed network model of “active component-core target-pathway,” HS may intervene the inflammation and immune pathways to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory factors through “multicomponent-multitarget” or “multicomponent-single-target.” Increasing pharmacological experiments have confirmed that the extract and monomer components of HS have an influence on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of cytokines through TNF-α, Wnt/β-catenin, JNK, and other signaling pathways [5, 52]. To sum up, HS may have significant potential to treat RA by a combination of multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways.

Through network pharmacology combined with molecular docking technology, the possible active components and molecular mechanisms of HS for treating RA were systematically screened in this study to provide a new breakthrough point for the treatment of RA. However, its rationality is only preliminarily explained in this study that still has some limitations.

5. Conclusions

In the present study, we found 31 small molecule constituents of HS and 16 main chemical components of essential oil (relative content >1%) of HS, involving 47 active ingredients, including terpenoids, glycosides, and volatile components. HS exerted treatment effects on RA by regulating 4 core targets (CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6), which involved in 15 pathways such as rheumatoid arthritis, TNF signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The 6 compounds (phytol, heptacosane, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, vernolic acid, L-α-palmitin, and methyl icosanoate) of HS have good interaction with 5 or more targets. The analysis of protein interaction showed that there was a correlation between CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6. The coeffection of these four genes plays an important role in regulating the invasion of RA. 10 and more than 10 chemical components of HS can be combined with CSF2, IL1β, TNF, and IL6 (degree > 10). In particular, the combination with CSF2 and IL-1β (degree = 16), the results further indicate that the prevention and treatment of RA by HS may play a role through multicomponent-multitarget combination.

In this study, the chemical components screened in this study included the main chemical components of HS, and also added volatile components, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were used to screen out key targets and active ingredients. Confirmed by the results, the network pharmacology method wonderfully validated and forecasted the molecular mechanism of HS in RA at a system level, which not only might build the solid foundation to deepen understanding of the mechanisms of HS and other anti-inflammatory TCMs but also facilitated the widespread application of HS in treating RA. No matter how, the results from our research are based on computational analysis, and further experiments are needed to verify these hypotheses.

Acknowledgments

This work was financed by the research projects on science and technology of Science and Technology Program in Guizhou Province (Qian kehe platform talents [2017] 5735–11,12); Fund of Guizhou for Construction of First-class Discipline in China (GNYL(2017)008); The Specialized Fund for the Top Talent of Science and Technology in Colleges and Universities in Guizhou (qian jiaohe KY [2016] 075); Science and technology of Science and Technology Program in Guizhou Province (Qian kehe [2009] 3104).

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the supplementary information files.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions

Xin Yang and Yahui Li conceived and designed the research; Xin Yang, Xiangyun Chen, Haibin Qian, and Changfu Yang analyzed the data; and Xin Yang and Runlin Lv wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials contain four tables. Supplementary Table S1: physical and chemical properties of HS chemical constituents. Supplementary Table S2: chemical composition in volatile oils of HS. Supplementary Table S3: major components (relative content >1%) in volatile oils of HS. Supplementary Table S4: RA target genes. Supplementary Figure S1: structure of interaction between main components and target point.

Click here for additional data file. (3.5MB, doc)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials contain four tables. Supplementary Table S1: physical and chemical properties of HS chemical constituents. Supplementary Table S2: chemical composition in volatile oils of HS. Supplementary Table S3: major components (relative content >1%) in volatile oils of HS. Supplementary Table S4: RA target genes. Supplementary Figure S1: structure of interaction between main components and target point.

Click here for additional data file. (3.5MB, doc)

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the supplementary information files.

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