Abstract
Background:
All adenoid and tonsils tissue specimens are routinely histologically examined in pediatric otorhinolaryngology practice worldwide. This study aimed at determining the sociodemographic features, clinical presentation, indications, postoperative management, and histological diagnosis of the adenoid and tonsils tissues.
Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective hospital-based study of patients who had adenotonsillectomy done between August 2008 and July 2018 at Golden Cross Infirmary Hospital, Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria. All data were obtained from the patients' record, case note, and theater operation register. All the data obtained were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 18.0.
Results:
There were 59.2% of males with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. Clinical presentation among the pediatric patients was 71.8% difficulty breathing, 64.8% snoring, 63.4% sleep apnea, 60.6% catarrh, and 54.9% noisy breathing. The most common indications for adenoid and tonsils surgery were obstructive sleep apnea in 64.8%. Adenoidectomy in 42.3% was the most common form of pediatric adenoid and tonsils surgery. The most common complication of adenoid and tonsils surgery was pain at surgical site/odynophagia in all the patients. Postoperative histological reports were reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in all the patients.
Conclusion:
Adenoid and tonsils surgeries are common pediatric otorhinolaryngology, head-and-neck surgical procedures. The most common indication found for adenoid and tonsils surgery was obstructive sleep. Adenoidectomy was the most common form of pediatric adenoid and tonsils surgery. All the adenoid and tonsils tissue specimens revealed histological benign diseases.
Keywords: Adenoid, adenoidectomy, histology, tonsillectomy, tonsils
INTRODUCTION
Adenotonsillectomy is the surgical removal of both adenoid and tonsils.1,2 Adenoidectomy is defined when only nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) are excised. Tonsillectomy is also defined when only palatine tonsils (tonsils) are excised.
This is one of the most common pediatric otorhinolaryngology, head-and-neck surgical procedures in the ear, nose, throat, and head and neck practice worldwide.3
Major indications for adenotonsillectomy in children include recurrent or chronic infections and obstructive adenoid with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.4 Other indications include peritonsillar abscess and impacted the tonsillar foreign body. Uncommon reasons for adenotonsillectomy in children are unilateral tonsillar enlargement and ulcerative tonsillar lesion for biopsy.5,8 The obtained specimen is sent for histological diagnosis to exclude the malignancy. In all surgical practices, every biopsy tissue specimen is evaluated by the pathologist to determine the histologic diagnosis, and adenotonsillar tissue specimens are not excluded.9,10 These tissue specimens are examined histologically to rule out a deadly disease like malignancy and tuberculosis which are usually missed during the clinical assessment. This is for the early diagnosis with appropriate treatment and to avoid litigation.
There is controversy on the mandatory adenotonsillar tissue specimen histologic evaluation in children. Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are performed secondary to inflammation/infection in children, not malignancy as in some adult cases.11,12 This is assumed to be a waste of money in low-income resource countries like ours. It is also waste to funding the surgical management of adenoid and tonsils disorders in children.13
There is a paucity of literature on adenoid and tonsils specimens' tissue histological diagnosis in developing countries and private hospital practice in particular. This study aimed at determining the sociodemographic features, clinical presentation, indications for adenoid and tonsil surgeries, postoperative management, and histological diagnosis of the adenoid and tonsils tissues in Golden Cross Infirmary Hospital, Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a retrospective hospital-based study which was carried out on the hospital records of patients who had adenotonsillectomy over a period of 10 years (between August 2008 and July 2018) at Golden Cross Infirmary Hospital, Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria.
All the hospital patients' record, case note, and patients' register including theater operation register were used.
Data obtained included patients' biodata: age, sex, and other sociodemographic features, indications for adenotonsillectomy, and histologic diagnosis of the tissue specimen.
Adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy was done for all patients using “cold steel” dissection in our operating theater, under general anesthesia through endotracheal intubation, under the aseptic situation, with hemostasis sustained. The obtained surgical adenoid and tonsils tissue specimens were immediately fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The tissue specimens were sent to the pathologist within 24 h for histological processing and analysis. The specimens were then embedded in paraffin and cut into thin sections of about 2–3 μm with a microtome and stained routinely with hematoxylin and eosin using standard operating procedures that apply to the Nigerian laboratories that are ISO compliant. All the slides were carefully viewed under light microscopy by the same pathologists. The hospital laboratory expertise was maintained, and the WHO classification of tumors was used for malignant cases.
All the data obtained were collated and analyzed using the SPSS Version 18.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2018. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). All the data results were presented and expressed in percentage, frequency tables, bar chart, and pie chart.
RESULTS
A total of 71 patients had adenoid and tonsils surgery done over the studied period.
The most common prevalence value was 47 (67.6%) at the age group of 1–5 years and this is followed by 12 (16.9%) at the age group of 6–10 years. Figure 1 demonstrates the age distribution of the patients.
Figure 1.
Age group distribution of the patients
There were 42 (59.2%) males and 29 (40.8%) females with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. Majority (61; 85.9%) of the patients resided in the city, whereas the remaining 8 (11.3%) and 2 (2.8%) resided in town and village, respectively. Table 1 illustrates the sociodemographic features of the patients.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic features of the patients
| Sociodemographic features | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 42 | 59.2 |
| Female | 29 | 40.8 |
| Residential | ||
| City | 61 | 85.9 |
| Town | 8 | 11.3 |
| Village | 2 | 2.8 |
Clinical presentation among the pediatric patients was 51 (71.8%) difficulty breathing, 48 (64.8%) snoring, 45 (63.4%) sleep apnea, 43 (60.6%) catarrh, and 39 (54.9%) noisy breathing. Table 2 shows the clinical presentation among the patients.
Table 2.
Clinical presentation among the patients
| Clinical presentation | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Difficulty breathing | 51 | 71.8 |
| Catarrh | 43 | 60.6 |
| Noisy breathing | 39 | 54.9 |
| Mouth breathing | 26 | 36.6 |
| Snoring | 48 | 64.8 |
| Sleep apnoea | 45 | 63.4 |
| Recurrent sore throat | 16 | 22.5 |
| Odynophagia | 19 | 26.8 |
| Fever | 9 | 12.7 |
The most common indication for adenoid and tonsils surgery was obstructive sleep apnea in 46 (64.8%). This was followed by 14 (19.7%) recurrent tonsillitis and 6 (8.5%) otitis media. Table 3 shows the indications for adenotonsillectomy among the patients.
Table 3.
Indication for adenotonsillectomy among the patients
| Indication | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Obstructive Sleep apnoea | 46 | 64.8 |
| Recurrent tonsillitis | 14 | 19.7 |
| Under weight | 2 | 2.8 |
| Otitis media | 6 | 8.5 |
| Quinsy | 1 | 1.4 |
| Persistent fever | 2 | 2.8 |
In this study, adenoidectomy in 30 (42.3%) was the most common form of pediatric adenotonsillar surgery. Others included tonsillectomy in 24 (33.8%) and adenotonsillectomy in 17 (23.9%). Figure 2 illustrates the types of adenotonsillectomy among the patients.
Figure 2.
Types of adenotonsillectomy among the patients
The most common complication of adenoid and tonsils surgery in this study was pain at surgical site/odynophagia in all the patients. Other encountered complications were 13 (18.3%) vomiting and 14 (19.7%) otalgia. Table 4 demonstrates the complications associated with adenotonsillectomy among the patients.
Table 4.
Complications associated with adenotonsillectomy among the patients
| Complications | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Pain at surgical site/odynophagia | 71 | 100 |
| Vomiting | 13 | 18.3 |
| Nasal regurgitation | 3 | 4.2 |
| Soft tissue injury | 2 | 2.8 |
| Otalgia | 14 | 19.7 |
| Haemorrhage | 6 | 8.5 |
Postoperative management of adenoid and tonsils were conservative management, analgesic and histological reports of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in all the patients. Antibiotics were administered on all our patients except one.
DISCUSSION
Pediatric adenoid and tonsils surgery is a very common procedure in all pediatric age group as demonstrated in this study. The prevalence of this surgery is higher in the preschool age group in our center. Similar prevalence in the children age group was reported in other studies in Nigeria.14
In this study, adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or both were performed in both males and females. The procedures are common in males than in females. Similar findings were reported in other studies.15
Injuries and infections rate is more common in males than in females. This may be due to male is more active and prone to injuries and infections as reported in other studies.1,2 As illustrated in this study, adenotonsillar surgeries are performed in all sociodemographic strata. Majority of the patients were city dwellers. This may be because the facility is located in the city. Accessibility and affordability are of greater advantage reported in the author's previous study.16,17
In this study, all the clinical presentations of the studied patients were those of inflammatory and infective pathology. They were difficult breathing, snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, catarrh, and noisy breathing. These were not suspicious of neoplastic diseases in the children age group. This is similar to the report from a study in South-Southern Nigeria.11
Detailed clinical evaluation of all the studied children does not give a pointer to childhood malignancy. The diagnoses revealed underground diseases from the various forms of pediatric inflammatory/infection diseases. Major diagnoses in this study were obstructive sleep apnea, recurrent tonsillitis, and otitis media. Other studies also reported similar findings in their studies.1,2
All the children had different forms of adenoid and tonsils surgeries. The most common of which is adenoidectomy followed by tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy. These findings are similar to a report from another study in Nigeria.1 Our findings during examination under anesthesia revealed no contact bleeding, well-encapsulated tonsils, some were fibrosed, and good hemostasis was achieved. These findings are not surprising as adenoid and tonsils malignancy are rare in children in the first decades in both sexes as documented in other studies.18,21
During intraoperative and postoperative care, our common encountered complications were pain at surgical site/odynophagia, referred otalgia, and vomiting. This was also reported in other studies.1,11 In this study, no mortality was recorded.
All the children had uneventful adequate postoperative care. They were managed on intravenous fluids and intravenous drug (antibiotic and analgesic). All patients were commenced on ice cream and cold fluid diet when fully awake. All the patients were discharged to ear, nose, and throat outpatient clinic between the 1st and 3rd postoperative days depending on the patients response to postoperative care. All the adenoid and tonsils specimens' tissue histological examination reported reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in this study as observed in previous studies.11,12,13,14,15,21
CONCLUSION
Adenoid and tonsils surgeries are common pediatric otorhinolaryngology, head-and-neck surgical procedures. The most common indication found for adenoid and tonsils surgery was obstructive sleep. Adenoidectomy was the most common form of pediatric adenoid and tonsils surgery. The entire adenoid and tonsils tissue specimen revealed histologic benign diseases. It is a necessity that all adenoid and tonsils tissue specimens in children should only be subjected to routine histologic analysis in the presence of suspected malignancy.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
We wish to thank all the staff of Golden Cross Infirmary hospital, Festac town, Lagos, Nigeria, that contribute to the development of this research.
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