Budget Impact Analysis Of Subcutaneous Belimumab In Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus In Spain

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the budget impact and the direct costs of the introduction of subcutaneous belimumab (SC) into the Spanish National Health Service (NHS) for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Spain.

Methods

This study was conducted from the Spanish NHS perspective with a time horizon of 3 years. The budget impact analysis compared the cost difference between two scenarios: current market (standard therapy (ST) and intravenous belimumab (IV)) and other market in which patients switched from belimumab IV to belimumab SC until reaching 17% of the total market share. The eligible population was calculated to receive treatment with belimumab, applying the EPISER (study of the prevalence of rheumatic diseases in adult population in Spain) prevalence (91 per 100,000 inhabitants), Autoimmune Systemic Diseases Study Group (GEAS) incidence (2 per 100,000 inhabitants), and the risk of annual mortality to the Spanish adult population. Patients with severe active lupus nephritis and with severe active CNS lupus were excluded. Patients’ characteristics, flare rates and severity, and healthcare resource consumption were evaluated based on data from the literature and interviews with an expert panel. A sensitivity analysis was performed.

Results

Currently, there is an estimated 34,697 adult patients with SLE in Spain and 3849 patients who are eligible to be treated with belimumab. The introduction of belimumab SC into the Spanish NHS could generate savings in direct healthcare costs of 6 million euros over the 3 years.

Conclusion

The introduction of belimumab SC shows direct savings for the Spanish NHS. These savings could contribute to sustainability and decision-making.

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease which can affect multiple organs¹ and which presents different clinical manifestations.² It can affect any organ or system, with joints, kidneys, and the skin the most commonly affected areas.³

Most patients have a relapsing and remitting clinical course in the form of flares or exacerbations interspersed with periods of inactivity. These flares can lead mainly to irreversible alterations of vital organs,¹ which may affect the survival rate of patients with SLE.² Likewise, SLE negatively impacts patient quality of life.⁴

The complexity of this disease and the time it takes before the appearance of severe symptoms make it difficult to make an early diagnosis in patients with SLE.⁵ A study carried out in Germany showed that it is possible to reduce the time until the first rheumatology appointment by making doctors and the health system aware of the seriousness of this disease. This would result in better management of the patient and disease activity, as well as a reduction in the healthcare resources and benefit patients to continue to work.⁵ Early diagnosis, disease control, and adjustment of therapies according to the treat to target concept are important in avoiding severe flares and irreversible organ damage and can maintain the patient in a state of remission or low disease activity.⁶ The SLE clinical practice guidelines from the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality,¹ the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER),⁷ and the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI)⁸ agree that the main objective of the drug therapy for patients with SLE is to avoid flares of disease in order to prevent irreversible organ damage.

The Systemic LUpus Erythematosus Cost of Care In Europe Study (LUCIE) on the burden of SLE illness carried out in 5 European countries, including Spain, concluded that inadequate management of SLE activity produces an increase in severe flares; this entails an increase in the associated costs, mainly in hospital admissions.⁹ In the retrospective study reviewing medical records across 5 hospitals in Spain, the healthcare resources associated with the managing and treating SLE and its flares, and the associated direct cost, were studied from a Spanish NHS perspective. We included adult patients with SLE (ACR criteria) with positive autoantibodies, receiving medical treatment and with active disease. The patients were classified into severe and not severe. Severe patients were defined as having at least one major domain involved at inclusion (renal, neurological, cardiovascular, or respiratory) and requiring prednisone equivalent dosages >7.5 mg/day and/or immunosuppressants. Patients’ disease activity and severity were assessed at baseline. In this study, only direct costs were included: laboratory and diagnostic tests, drug therapies, specialist visits, and hospital admissions. Despite treatment, management of disease activity was inadequate in the majority of patients, with 90.7% presenting at least one flare during a two-year follow-up period. The major component of the healthcare cost related to hospital admissions, which constituted 44.8% of the total cost. It was found that the average annual direct cost associated with the management of SLE was €4833 per patient. The cost associated with the treatment and management of patients with severe disease (€5968) was significantly higher than that of non-severe patients (€3604) (p = 0.003).¹⁰ This cost may have been higher if the social perspective had been taken into account in the study. A study showed that 36% of the employed patients with SLE and 40% of those with rheumatoid arthritis had had at least one period of sick leave during the past 12 months.¹¹

The budget impact has become a significant pharmacoeconomic element in decision-making. It allows us to estimate the financial viability of introducing new technologies, providing very useful information for healthcare decision-makers.¹² The objective of this study was to estimate the budget impact of incorporating belimumab SC within the Spanish National Health Service (NHS) as an adjuvant treatment for SLE in adult patients with positive autoantibodies and high disease activity in Spain. Patients with severe active lupus nephritis or severe active Central Nervous System (CNS) lupus were excluded.

Materials And Methods

A budget impact model was developed from the perspective of the Spanish NHS. Direct health costs: pharmacological treatments, administration, and management of flares were evaluated. The costs were estimated for a time horizon of 3 years (2018 to 2020) without applying a discount rate, as indicated in the international guidelines.¹¹ Indirect costs were not included.

The model was completed with data from published literature, official publications, market research data, and through a questionnaire conducted with a panel of experts comprising specialists in Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, which addressed those assumptions where data were not available. In addition, the panel of experts also validated the data used. This study was funded by GlaxoSmithKline and the panel of experts were not blinded about the study.

The budget impact model compared the cost difference in each year in two scenarios: a current market scenario: standard therapy and belimumab IV without belimumab SC; and a new market scenario: in which the patients switched from belimumab IV to belimumab SC until reaching approximately 17% of the market share. The assumption of the proportion of patients in both scenarios according to their distribution in the different drug therapies over the 3-year horizon was made taking into account the company’s internal data, market research, and assessment by the expert panel. The following distribution of patients was assumed as a percentage in the different scenarios:

• Current scenario: belimumab IV + standard therapy (22.8% in year 1, 23.7% in year 2, 23.2% in year 3) and standard therapy (77.2% in year 1, 76.3% in the year 2, 76.8% in year 3).

• New scenario: belimumab SC + standard therapy (7.5% in year 1, 14.5% in year 2, 16.8% in year 3); belimumab IV + standard therapy (15.3% in year 1, 9.2% in year 2, 6.4% in year 3) and standard therapy (77.2% in year 1, 76.3% in year 2, 76.8% in year 3).

Population Eligible For Treatment With Belimumab

The estimated eligible population to receive belimumab treatment was calculated from the general population of adults in Spain (≥18 years), according to data from the National Institute of Statistics.¹³ Epidemiological data on the prevalence of SLE from the EPISER epidemiological study (91 per 100,000 inhabitants) were applied,¹⁴ of which 88% of the cases are diagnosed.¹⁵ Based on the study by Somers et al¹⁶ and the Spanish study by Rúa-Figueroa et al¹⁷ 32% of the SLE population was excluded due to suffering from severe active lupus nephritis or severe active Central Nervous System (CNS) lupus, as set out in Summary Product of Characteristics.¹⁸ Likewise, only 59% of the population had positive autoantibody tests (99% based on ANA) and active disease.¹⁹ Finally, we identified the subgroup of patients with high disease activity despite standard therapy (35%)⁹ and who are on pharmacological treatment (90%).¹⁴

In order to estimate the direct cost offsets related to belimumab SC, a pharmacoeconomic study was conducted. This model was developed in Excel 2010 and complies with the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR)¹² best practice guidelines.

In the model, the annual incidence of SLE (2 per 100,000 population-year) from the GEAS group²⁰ and the adjusted Spanish mortality²¹ for patients with SLE were taken into account. In order to estimate the mortality, the SLE specific mortality risk from Bultink²² for patients under 40 years (RR: 4.87) and from the Bernatsky study²³ for the other patients (between 40 and 59 years RR: 3.5 and for 60 years or more RR: 1.5) was applied to the all-cause mortality risk in Spain. The age distribution of the Spanish Rheumatology Society SLE Registry (RELESSER-T) study was used.²⁴ The risk of annual mortality of patients with SLE for Spain is 0.129% for patients <40 years, 0.635% for patients of 40–59 years, and 5.484% for patients of ≥60 years.

The pharmacoeconomic model assumed that in the first year the prevalence includes the mortality and the new cases of the first 6 months. For this reason, the incidence of the first year would be half that of subsequent years.

Treatments And Costs

Annual treatment costs of different pharmacological treatments were calculated using the ex-factory price.²⁵

According to Summary Product of Characteristics, the recommended dose of belimumab IV is 10 mg/kg on days 0, 14, and 28, and then at 4-week intervals.²⁶ Therefore, in the first year, the patient receives 15 administrations and from the second year receives 13 administrations. As Benlysta IV depends on weight, the average weight (69 kg) of the Study of Belimumab Subcutaneous in Subjects with SLE trial [BLISS-SC] was used as a reference for calculating annual treatment cost.²⁷

According to Summary Product of Characteristics, the recommended dose of belimumab SC is 200 mg once a week, administered subcutaneously and the dosage is not based on weight.²⁸ We estimate 52 administrations per year.

The standard therapy, according to the Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality¹ and the distribution allocated by the panel of experts, encompassed 83% corticosteroids, 83% anti-malarials, 52% non-biological immunosuppressants (non-biological immunosuppressants: methotrexate, intravenous cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate), 20% NSAIDs, 13% other biologic immunosuppressants used off-label such as rituximab, 2% intravenous immunoglobulins, and 0.07% plasmapheresis. Drug cost price was based on ex-factory price.²⁵ Taking into account, the weight of SLE patients (69 kg)²⁶ and the body surface area (1.8 m²),²⁹ in necessary cases, and the rate of plasma exchange,^30–32 the average annual treatment cost calculated of standard therapy was €1034.71. Doses of different pharmacological treatments were validated by the expert panel. In the case of standard therapy administered with belimumab SC and IV, the average annual treatment cost calculated of standard therapy was €438.42, because it did not include other biologic treatments.

Estimated Cost Of Administration

The cost of administration of intravenous treatments was calculated using administration hospital fees (€260.67).^32–40

The average cost calculated for standard therapy administration was €205.62 per patient. However, the average cost of standard therapy administration when it was administered together with belimumab SC and IV was €103.96 per patient, because it did not include other biologic treatments.

Estimated Costs Of Managing Severe And Non-Severe Flares

The number of flares per treatment was estimated based on changes in the SELENA-SLEDAI score, changes in the signs or symptoms of disease activity, changes in prednisone dose, use of new drugs due to disease activity, and changes in the physician’s global assessment (PGA). Non-severe flares were defined as flares triggered by an increase of ≥3 in the SELENA-SLEDAI score. Serious flares were defined as flares triggered by an increase of >12 in SELENA-SLEDAI score or a flare requiring hospital admission. Considering that the efficacy of belimumab SC and IV is equivalent,⁴¹ the same number of severe and non-severe flares was used for both formulations of belimumab. Adding belimumab to standard therapy showed an average of 2.15 non-severe flares per year, while standard therapy alone showed an annual average of 2.5 non-severe flares. Likewise, adding belimumab to standard therapy showed an annual average of 0.54 severe flares compared to 1.01 with standard therapy alone.⁴²

To calculate the cost of management severe flares, the average cost of hospital admission for connective tissue disorder with complications was assumed at €4840.29/event.⁴³ This cost was based on DRG (Diagnosis Related Groups) 240: Connective tissue disorders with complications that group patients according to admission for a connective tissue disease such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, amyloidosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, etc. To calculate the cost of management non-severe flares was assumed: a visit to the specialist (€92.54), a laboratory test (€68.32)^43–49,50 and that 10% of the patients required hospital admission, applied to the average cost of DRG 241: Connective tissue disorders without complications (€386.26/event).⁴² This means the cost of treating a non-severe flare was €547.12.

Sensitivity Analysis

Taking into account that economic models have a certain level of uncertainty associated with the assumptions made, in this budget impact analysis a sensitivity analysis was carried out using a tornado diagram to assess the robustness of the results. The various assumptions were the percentage of patients with high disease activity, the percentage of patients with positive autoantibodies and active disease, the percentage of patients without severe active lupus nephritis or severe active CNS lupus, the percentage of patients treated, weight, the percentage of patients diagnosed, the percentage of patients according to age, and relative risk of mortality. These assumptions were validated and agreed with the panel of experts.

Results

It is currently estimated that there are 34,697 adult patients with SLE, 88% (30,533) of whom have been diagnosed. A total of 20,610 of these are patients without severe active lupus nephritis or severe active CNS lupus, decreasing to around 3849 patients with positive autoantibodies and high disease activity on pharmacological treatment (Table 1). The 3-year projection for this subgroup of patients with SLE with positive autoantibodies and high disease activity is 3891 patients in the first year, 3943 in the second year, and 3995 in the third year, assuming an average annual incidence of 85 patients and an annual mortality of 33 patients.

Table 1.

Estimated Adult Population With SLE With High Disease Activity And Positive Autoantibodies In Spain

	N	References
Spanish adult population	38,128,226	National Institute of Statistics (INE) 201713
Population with SLE	34,697	EPISER14 and systemic auto-immune disease (GEAS) group
Diagnosed with SLE	30,533	Expert panel15
SLE population without severe active lupus nephritis or severe active CNS lupus	20,610	Adapted from: Somers EC et al 200916 and Rúa-Figueroa I et al 201417
SLE population with positive autoantibodies and disease activity	12,220	Lupus Monitor19
SLE population with high disease activity	4277	Adapted from Cervera et al 201310
On pharmacological treatment	3849	Expert panel15

Direct Costs

The annual cost of treatment with belimumab SC was €11,902.80 per patient. The annual cost of treatment with belimumab IV was €12,448.28 per patient on ongoing phase (13 administrations per year) and €14,363.40 per patient on loading phase (15 administrations per year).

Likewise, the annual cost of administration calculated for treatment with belimumab IV was €3388.72 per patient on ongoing phase and €3910.07 per patient on loading phase.

Table 2 shows the annual costs per patient associated with flares according to severity and the direct savings associated with flares treated with belimumab. Treatment with belimumab shows an annual reduction in the cost of non-severe and severe flares per patient versus standard therapy of €2444.48.

Table 2.

Annual Costs Per Patient Associated With Flares According To Severity

Treatment	Cost Of Non-Severe Flares	Cost Of Severe Flares
Belimumab SC + Standard Therapy	€1172.41	€2640.22
Belimumab IV + Standard Therapy	€1172.41	€2640.22
Standard Therapy	€1367.81	€4889.30
Reduction in annual costs	€195.40	€2249.08
Total reduction in annual costs	€2,444.48

Budget Impact Analysis

The total budget impact of introducing belimumab SC treatment in the Spanish NHS for adult patients with SLE with positive autoantibodies and high disease activity despite standard treatment was calculated as the cost difference between the current scenario and the new scenario. Direct health costs were considered in order to calculate total budget impact: pharmacological treatments, administration, and management of flares. The introduction of belimumab SC into the Spanish NHS could generate savings in direct healthcare costs of €6,038,803 over the 3 years. The results are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Total budget impact of the introduction of belimumab SC in the Spanish NHS.

Pharmacological budget impact was calculated, considering only pharmacological costs. The introduction of belimumab SC within the Spanish NHS could generate savings of €863,193.20 over the 3 years. The results of pharmacological budget impact are shown in Table 3. This saving comes from the lower annual treatment cost of belimumab SC compared to belimumab IV on loading or ongoing phase.

Table 3.

Pharmacological Budget Impact Of The Introduction Of Belimumab SC

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
Total number of patients eligible for belimumab	3891	3943	3995
Total patients on belimumab treatment	889 (22.8%)	934 (23.7%)	927 (23.2%)
Scenario without belimumab SC
Belimumab IV + ST	€11,002,596.27	€11,568,022.00	€11,481,887.90
Standard Therapy	€1,693,285.12	€1,716,054.31	€1,738,631.99
Total	€12,695,881.38	€13,284,076.31	€13,220,519.90
Scenario with belimumab SC
Belimumab SC + ST	€3,452,758.06	€6,763,692.63	€7,932,655.42
Belimumab IV + ST	€7,385,521.46	€4,482,603.39	€3,172,082.01
Standard Therapy	€1,693,285.12	€1,716,054.31	€1,738,631.99
Total	€12,531,564.63	€12,962,350.33	€12,843,369.43
Net Impact	- €164,316.75	- €321,725.98	- €377,150.47

Abbreviation: ST, standard therapy.

Sensitivity Analysis

The sensitivity analysis confirmed the estimated savings to the Spanish NHS, due to the introduction of belimumab SC to the pharmacological treatments available for treating adult patients with SLE. This cost saving ranges between 3 and 7 million euros for the total budget impact (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Tornado diagram: univariate sensitivity analysis.

Discussion

The introduction of belimumab SC shows relevant savings for the Spanish NHS in the 3-year period studied. The results of this study show that direct healthcare costs were lower in patients treated with belimumab SC compared to those treated with belimumab IV. This new subcutaneous formulation will not only reduce the direct costs derived from its administration and acquisition but it will also be able to free-up healthcare facilities mainly in day hospitals, to the benefit of patients and healthcare professionals. In addition, subcutaneous administration is a less invasive treatment than intravenous administration and has a reduced administration time of only a few minutes. It can be a self-administered treatment.

Taking into account that belimumab SC is administered as a weekly fixed-dose regimen of 200 mg regardless of patient weight, there will therefore be a predictable budget impact.

The introduction of belimumab SC into the Spanish NHS could, in its first 3 years of commercialization, generate a saving of approximately 800 thousand euros in pharmacological costs, and a total saving of direct health costs of 6 million euros.

SLE is a chronic, serious condition that affects patients of working age. Given that the disease occurs in women with an average age of 38 years,⁵¹ there are also significant indirect costs associated with SLE. A real clinical practice study conducted in Spain evaluated variables of healthcare resource consumption and absence from work, after 6 months of treatment with IV belimumab in patients with SLE. The patients treated with belimumab IV presented a reduction in the use of healthcare resources directly related to the management of the disease, such as the use of corticosteroids, as well as a substantial reduction in the days of absence from work.⁵² Additionally, the subcutaneous formulation will offer greater comfort and ease of administration, reducing absence from work as the drug may be administered outside the hospital and even offers an option for patients in whom it is difficult to access veins for injection.

It should also be noted that this disease has associated direct costs derived from clinical management, highlighting the recurrent hospital admissions of patients mainly due to flares and associated organ damage. The LUCIE study showed that the major component of the health cost corresponded to hospital admissions.⁹ Patients treated with belimumab in addition to standard therapy showed a reduced average number of flares per year compared to patients treated with standard therapy alone.⁴²

The use of belimumab is recommended in different national clinical guidelines: clinical practice guide on SLE from the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality¹ clinical practice guide of the Study Group of Autoimmune Diseases (GEAS) of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine (SEMI)¹⁹ and the Consensus of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) on the use of biological therapies in SLE.⁶

To carry out this study and develop the budget impact model, the same efficacy has been set out for both formulations. In a network meta-analysis with the objective of establishing the comparability of both formulations of belimumab IV and SC in patients with SLE, it was demonstrated that in patients with high disease activity, the efficacy of the SC formulation was comparable to that of the IV formulation.⁵³ This means that both formulations have the same costs in terms of disease management, but with different administration and pharmacological direct costs.

Belimumab has been shown to have a positive effect on the quality of life of patients, both in the physical component and in the vitality domain of the SF-36 and in the fatigue score (FACIT-Fatigue).⁵⁴ These clinically significant improvements are consistent with the reduction of disease activity. Therefore, the use of belimumab in patients with positive autoantibodies and high disease activity despite standard therapy may offer benefits both economically and clinically.

Study Limitations

Our study is not free from the limitations inherent to estimating the budget impact made using models. However, the information with the most available evidence has been used. Also, the data have been validated by a panel of clinical experts with real experience in the management and treatment of patients with SLE in Spain.

It should be noted that the estimated number of patients being treated who will eventually receive SC belimumab is obviously speculative, and may depend on various aspects, including the low prevalence of the disease, the detection of positive autoantibodies, as well as the clinical criteria and the difficulty in accessing all patients who received treatment. However, the estimated number of patients receiving treatment comes from the EPISER study,¹³ which was conducted more than a decade ago, and the results may be outdated. For this reason, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology has re-launched the study⁵⁵ and, therefore, our results could be affected by the new estimate. In addition, it would be advisable to have long-term epidemiological studies in the future that allow the relevance of SLE to be demonstrated with real data, both at a clinical and economic level, thus better contextualising the consequences of the disease.

Conclusions

This study provides pharmacoeconomic information that can aid in decision-making related to the prescription of treatments for patients with SLE. The introduction of belimumab SC demonstrates direct savings for the Spanish NHS. This decrease in direct costs will allow a better management of Spanish NHS resources, contributing to its sustainability. This is a study based on estimates and assumptions about future impact. Further developments could be possible to demonstrate the real impact in a retrospective study.

Disclosure

This study was funded by GlaxoSmithKline (Study code: HO-17-18309). M Cevey is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline. Jaime Calvo, Carlos Crespo, Angel Robles, Lee Smolen and Josefina Cortés received consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline during their participation in the study. Dr. Crespo Palomo reports personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from advising outside the submitted work; and he received grants or personal fees from Novartis, Pfizer, Abbvie, Gebro, Takeda, Shire, Mundipharma, Almirall, Boston Scientific, Dexcom, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Ferrer, Daichi, Boehringer, Gilead, IESE, Sanofi, Roche, Roche diagnostic, Vifor, EuroQoL, Angellini and Medtronic. Lee J Smolen over the course of the past 36 months Medical Decision Modeling has received financial remuneration from GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) for consultant services related to pharmacoeconomic investigations regarding the use of belimumab in the treatment of system lupus erythematosus (SLE). The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.