Abstract
Introduction:
Predicting the outcome of patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the area of interest for in charge physicians as well as patients and their associates. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of SUSPEKT score in predicting one-month outcome of patients with hemorrhagic stroke.
Methods:
This prospective cross sectional study was conducted on > 18 years old patients with non-traumatic supra-tentorial ICH admitted to emergency department, from February 2017 to January 2018. SUSPEKT score was measured for each patient and its screening performance characteristics in prediction of one-month mortality were calculated.
Results:
169 cases with the mean age of 63.09± 15.45 (21 – 96) years were studied (56.8% male). After one month follow up 47 (27.8%) cases had died, 30 (17.7%) cases were bed ridden, and 72 (42.6%) could walk without help or with a cane. Non-survived patients had significantly larger intra-ventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (p < 0.001) and hematoma (p < 0.001) volume, higher serum glucose (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p = 0.028), higher frequency of IVH (p < 0.001), and higher WBC count (p = 0.037). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of SUSPEKT score at the 65 cut point were 82.97% (95% CI: 68.65% – 91.86%), 74.59% (95% CI: 65.76% – 81.84%), 55.71% (95% CI: 43.38% – 67.40%), and 91.91% (95% CI: 84.23% – 96.16%), respectively.
Conclusion:
Total accuracy of SUSPEKT score in predicting one-month mortality of non- traumatic ICH patients is in good range and it has 82% sensitivity and 92% NPV in this regard. It seems that we need further studies before applying the score in routine practice.
Key Words: Intracranial hemorrhages, stroke, decision support techniques, prognosis, patient outcome assessment, mortality
Introduction
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is accountable for 15% of all strokes but it is one of the most disabling forms of stroke (1). Spontaneous non-traumatic ICH is associated with high mortality rate worldwide (2). More than thirty percent of patients with ICH will not survive and only 20% of them will go on to be functional and live independently (3). The Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study showed a 47% increase in the absolute number of hemorrhagic strokes throughout the world during 1990-2010. The largest proportion of ICH incident cases (80%) and deaths (63%) occurred in low- and middle-income countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and Southeast Asia (4). Mortality of ICH is estimated as forty percent in one month and 54% in one year (5).
Therefore, outcome prediction of these patients is the area of interest for in charge physicians as well as patients and their associates. Predicting stroke outcomes is widely studied, and a lot of factors such as age, Glasgow coma scale, hematoma volume and location, and presence of intra-ventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are introduced and discussed as the risk factors of mortality in these patients (6-8).
Despite previous investigations, there is no validated clinical scoring system for wide use in predicting the prognosis of ICH patients. In a recent study, SUSPEKT score was proposed as a simple, cheap and reproducible scoring system for 30-day clinical outcome prognosis in ICH patients. This score consists of six parameters: serum glucose, total hematoma volume, systolic blood pressure, existence of intra-ventricular hemorrhage, serum potassium level, and age (9).
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the mentioned clinical rule in predicting one-month mortality of ICH patients referred to emergency department.
Methods
Study design and setting
This prospective cross sectional study was conducted on patients with primary non-traumatic ICH admitted to Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from February 2017 to January 2018. SUSPEKT score was measured for each patient and its accuracy in prediction of one-month mortality was calculated. The study protocol was approved by ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.SMBU.RETECH.REC.1395.295). An informed consent form was completed by participants or their legal guardian. Patients had the right to decline to continue in every stage the study.
Participants
Hemorrhagic stroke patients over 18 years old who were admitted to emergency department within 24 hours after the stroke were included. Patients with unstable hemodynamic status, pregnancy/ breastfeeding, previous neurologic deficit, sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), infra-tentorial hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations, and history of brain tumor, as well as those who underwent neurosurgical evacuation or drainage, and had incomplete data were excluded.
All patients were transported to our emergency department within 24 hours of stroke onset. If this point of time could not be ascertained, we used the last time when the patient was known to be well.
Data gathering
A researcher-made checklist was completed for each patient, which consisted of age, gender, history of smoking and alcohol usage, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the time of admission to emergency department. We also recorded laboratory data of patients including serum potassium, hemoglobin, serum glucose, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts. A senior emergency medicine resident was responsible for data gathering under the direct supervision of an emergency medicine specialist.
Outcome
The main outcome was one-month mortality. We also categorized patients in five outcome categories as dead, walking without help, walking with help, bedridden and wheel-chair dependent.
Procedure
After providing critical care and monitoring, all patients underwent brain computed tomography (CT) scan without contrast within 30 minutes of arrival, and if ICH was confirmed via CT scan the patient was evaluated for eligibility. Two consultant radiologists, who were blinded to the outcome, performed image analysis, independently. Brain CT scans were performed on 16-slice multi-detector CT scanners. Slice thickness was 5 to 10 mms for supra-tentorial and 2.5 to 4 mms for infra-tentorial regions. Images were transferred to an offline image processing workstation as DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) files. Radiologists separated intracranial space from the skull and non-brain structures for analysis. The following variables were evaluated: total intracranial volume; total hematoma volume; intra-parenchymal hematoma volume; and intra-ventricular hematoma volume, each expressed as cm3. Additionally, relative volumes were defined as the ratio of total, intra-parenchymal, and intra-ventricular hematoma volumes to intra-cranial volume yielding variables (without unit).
SUSPEKT score
We calculated SUSPEKT score according to the previously published article by Rita Szepesi and colleagues in 2014 (9). This score is developed to predict the 30-day mortality of ICH patients using 6 factors including serum glucose, total hematoma volume, systolic blood pressure, presence of IVH, serum potassium level, and age.
Statistical analysis
The sample size, considering α = 0.05, standard deviation = 3.5, d = 7.4, and power = 80%, was calculated to be 170 cases. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical software. Mean ± standard deviation or frequency and percent were used for descriptive statistics. For comparison of the findings between groups, we used T-Test and Chi square test. The screening performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR)) of SUSPEKT score in prediction of one-month mortality was calculated using VassarStats medical calculator with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Total accuracy and the best cut point of SUSPEKT in this regard were calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Accuracy of 0.90-0.100 was considered as excellent, 0.80-0.90 as good, 0.70-0.80 as fair, 0.60-0.70 as poor, and 0.50-.60 as fail. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Figure1.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of SUSPEKT score in predicting one-month mortality of patients with intracranial hemorrhage
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
169 cases with the mean age of 63.09 ± 15.45 (21 – 96) years were studied (56.8% male). The baseline characteristics of patients are listed in table1. More than 90% of cases were in > 40 years range. The mean IVH and total hematoma size in this series were 0.010± 0.026 cm3 and 0.039± 0.048 cm3, respectively. After one month follow up 47 (27.8%) cases had died, 30 (17.7%) cases were bed ridden, and 72 (42.6%) could walk without help or with a cane. Table 2 compares the baseline characteristics of survived and non-survived cases. Non-survived patients had significantly larger IVH (p < 0.001) and hematoma (p < 0.001) volume, higher blood glucose level (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p = 0.028), and higher WBC count (p = 0.037). 72.3% (34 cases) of non-survived patients had IVH, while only 15.6% (19 cases) of survived cases had simultaneous ventricular hemorrhage (p < 0.001).
Table1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | |
| 20-39 | 13 (7.7) |
| 40-59 | 49 (29.0) |
| >60 | 107 (63.3) |
| Gender | |
| Male | 96 (56.8) |
| Female | 73 (43.2 |
| History | |
| Smoking | 19 (11.2) |
| Alcohol abuse | 75 (44.4) |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |
| Systolic | 159.10 ± 34.95 |
| Diastolic | 80.22 ± 16.98 |
| Blood glucose level (mmol/L) | |
| Mean ± SD | 8.80± 4.29 |
| Laboratory parameters | |
| Serum Potassium (meq/L) | 3.99 ± 0.53 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.24± 1.90 |
| Platelet count (109cells /liter) | 234.18± 74.95 |
| WBC count (109cells/liter) | 9.60± 3.21 |
| IVH size (cm 3 ) | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.010± 0.026 |
| Total hematoma size (cm 3 ) | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.039± 0.048 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (%). WBC: white blood cell; IVH: intraventricular hematoma.
Table2.
Comparing the baseline characteristics of survived and non-survived cases
| Variable | Survived (n=122) | Dead (n= 47) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 52 (42.6) | 21 (44.7) | 0.47 |
| Male | 70 (57.4) | 26 (55.3) | |
| Age (year) | |||
| Mean± SD | 62.04 ± 15.60 | 65.83 ± 14.78 | 0.81 |
| Serum potassium (meq/L) | |||
| Mean± SD | 4.00 ± 15.60 | 3.95 ± 0.48 | 0.74 |
| Bleeding size (cm 3 ) | |||
| IVH size | 0.007 ± 0.017 | 0.026 ± 0.036 | <0.001 |
| Total hematoma | 0.027 ± 0.037 | 0.069 ± 0.0589 | <0.001 |
| IVH presence | |||
| Yes | 19 (35.8) | 34 (64.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 103 (88.8) | 13 (11.2) | |
| Serum glucose (mmol/L) | |||
| Mean± SD | 7.9 ± 2.7 | 11.1 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 155.4 ±31.2 | 168.5 ± 42.1 | 0.028 |
| Diastolic | 77.9 ± 15.8 | 86.1 ± 18.5 | 0.005 |
| Cell blood counts | |||
| WBC (109 cells/L) | 9.2 ± 2.8 | 10.4 ± 3.9 | 0.037 |
| Platelet (109 cells/L) | 235.3 ± 63.8 | 231.2 ± 98.9 | 0.754 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dl) | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 2.0 | 0.131 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (%). IVH: intraventricular hematoma; WBC: white blood cell.
Accuracy of SUSPEKT score
The mean SUSPEKT score of non-survived patients was significantly higher than survived cases (78.51 ± 22.64 vs 48.85 ± 28.3; p < 0.0001). The area under the ROC curve of SUSPEKT score in prediction of one-month mortality of ICH patients was 0.803 (95% CI: 0.727-0.879; P<0.001). The best cut point for the score in this regard was 65 (based on ROC curve). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR, and NLR of SUSPEKT score at the 65 cut point were 82.97% (95% CI: 68.65% – 91.86%), 74.59% (95% CI: 65.76% – 81.84%), 55.71% (95% CI: 43.38% – 67.40%), 91.91% (95% CI: 84.23% – 96.16%), 1.25 (95% CI: 0.89 – 1.75), and 0.09 (95% CI: 0.05 – 0.17), respectively.
Discussion
Based on the findings of the present study, the total accuracy of SUSPEKT score in predicting one-month mortality of ICH patients is in good range and it has 82% sensitivity and 92% NPV in this regard.
Despite wide researches performed on predicting mortality of primary ICH cases, there is no reliable and widely used scoring system in this regard (6, 10, 11). There are different prognostic models in predicting mortality of ICH (12, 13). These studies have been focused on age, low level of consciousness, location or volume of hemorrhage, existence of hydrocephalus in CT scan, and focal neurologic symptoms on admission as possible prognostic factors of outcome (14-17).
Tsikriki et al., in their study regarding the prognostic factors of mortality following ICH, demonstrated the independent association of Apache II score, Sofa score, GCS on admission, and ICH volume with 30-day mortality (18).
In line with Szepesi et al. study, we showed that each item of SUSPEKT score, except for two variables of age and serum potassium level, significantly correlated with the 30-day outcome of ICH patients, independently (9).
It is shown that serum glucose level is significantly associated with mortality in ICH patients (19, 20). Some other investigations showed that hypoglycemia is not a strong predictor for mortality (13, 21-23). It is also demonstrated that, acute hyperglycemia in patients with stroke, can be reflective of adverse findings in MRI and stereoscopy studies (23). In the present study, non-survived patients had significantly higher serum glucose level.
In line with the findings of Taha Nisa, et al. and in disagreement with SUSPEKT score, there was no significant association between the mean age of patients and mortality (24).
It is shown that volume of ICH can significantly predict 30-day mortality (11, 25). In addition, existence and size of IVH, is significantly associated with final outcome (26, 27). It is shown that increased hemorrhage predisposes patients to die within 4 weeks after stroke (28). Based on our findings, both IVH and total hematoma size were significantly higher in non-survived patients.
Regarding the association of serum potassium level and mortality, the finding of this study was in disagreement with the findings of the SUSPEKT score derivation study.
The SUSPEKT score is difficult to calculate and based on our findings it seems that we need further comprehensive research before considering the SUSPEKT score as a screening test in our routine practice. The weight of some variables, such as serum potassium and age, in predicting mortality should be reevaluated and some factors such as the location of hemorrhage, cause of hemorrhage, and etc. should be more considered in future studies. Performing large-scale and multi-centric studies for assessing the value of SUSPEKT score can be helpful for evaluating the generalizability of findings.
Limitations
Small sample size and focusing on the patients of one center were among the limitations of the present study.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the present study, the total accuracy of SUSPEKT score in predicting one-month mortality of ICH patients is in good range and it has 82% sensitivity and 92% NPV in this regard.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank all the staff of Imam Hossain Hospital who helped us perform this research. This paper is derived from the thesis project of Dr. Saljughi to earn her specialist degree in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
Authors’ contribution
The authors met the standard criteria for authorship based on the recommendations of the international committee of medical journal editors.
Funding and support
None.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
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