Table 2.
Characteristics and comparisons of European American and African Americans kidney transplant recipients with and without acute rejection; % (no. of recipients)
| European Americans | African Americans | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All | No AR | AR | P-value | All | No AR | AR | P-value |
| Total | 2390 | 82.4% (1969) | 17.6% (421) | 482 | 85.3% (411) | 14.7% (71) | ||
| Ethnicity; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 99.4% (2318) | 99.4% (1909) | 99.5% (409) | 0.831 | 99.5% (446) | 99.5% (381) | 100% (65) | 0.5593 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.6% (13) | 0.6% (11) | 0.5% (2) | 0.5% (2) | 0.5% (2) | |||
| Gender; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Female | 37.2% (890) | 38.0% (749) | 33.5% (141) | 0.079 | 37.1% (179) | 36.7% (151) | 39.4% (28) | 0.664 |
| Male | 62.8% (1500) | 62.0% (1220) | 66.5% (280) | 62.9% (303) | 63.3% (260) | 60.6% (43) | ||
| Mean age at transplant in years; years (SD): | ||||||||
| 50.39 (14.7) | 50.88 (14.3) | 48.11 (15.9) | 0.0004 | 46.94 (12.2) | 47.17 (12.2) | 45.56 (12.0) | 0.301 | |
| Primary Cause of End Stage Kidney Disease; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 27.2% (650) | 27.3% (537) | 26.8% (113) | 0.024 | 23.7% (114) | 24.6% (101) | 18.3% (13) | 0.218 |
| Glomerular disease | 25.2% (601) | 24.4% (481) | 28.5% (120) | 19.1% (92) | 18.0% (74) | 25.4% (18) | ||
| Hypertension | 6.2% (149) | 6.9% (135) | 3.3% (14) | 38.2% (184) | 38.7% (159) | 35.2% (25) | ||
| Other | 21.5% (513) | 21.3% (420) | 22.1% (93) | 11.2% (54) | 11.0% (45) | 12.7% (9) | ||
| Polycystic kidney dis. | 15.8% (378) | 16.3% (320) | 13.8% (58) | 5.2% (25) | 4.6% (19) | 8.5% (6) | ||
| Unknown | 4.1% (99) | 3.9% (76) | 5.5% (23) | 2.7% (13) | 3.2% (13) | |||
| Donor Status; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Deceased | 32.3% (773) | 33.5% (659) | 27.1% (114) | 0.011 | 67.8% (327) | 68.9% (283) | 62.0% (44) | 0.251 |
| Living | 67.7% (1617) | 66.5% (1310) | 72.9% (307) | 32.2% (155) | 82.6% (128) | 38.0% (27) | ||
| Mean donor age in years; years (SD): | ||||||||
| 41.99 (13.53) | 41.58 (13.74) | 43.89 (12.34) | 0.0014 | 36.93 (13.93) | 37.01 (14.13) | 36.52 (12.86) | 0.788 | |
| Donor Gender; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(1) | .(1) | 0.316 | .(5) | .(4) | .(1) | 0.072 | |
| Female | 53.4% (1275) | 52.9% (1041) | 55.6% (234) | 44.4% (212) | 42.8% (174) | 54.3% (38) | ||
| Male | 46.6% (1114) | 47.1% (927) | 44.4% (187) | 55.6%6 (265) | 57.2% (233) | 45.7% (32) | ||
| Cold Ischemia Time; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(98) | .(87) | .(11) | 0.125 | .(62) | .(58) | .(4) | 0.185 |
| <= 24 h | 96.5% (2213) | 96.3% (1812) | 97.8% (401) | 80.7% (339) | 79.6% (281) | 86.6% (58) | ||
| >24 h | 3.5% (79) | 3.7% (70) | 2.2%(9) | 19.3% (81) | 20.4% (72) | 13.4% (9) | ||
| Prior Kidney Transplant; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| No Prior Transplants | 83.9% (2006) | 84.8% (1669) | 80.0% (337) | 0.017 | 89.0% (429) | 89.3% (367) | 87.3% (62) | 0.624 |
| Prior Transplant | 16.1% (384) | 15.2% (300) | 20.0% (84) | 11.0% (53) | 10.7% (44) | 12.7% (9) | ||
| Need for dialysis in the first 14 days post-transplant; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| No Dialysis | 92.8% (2217) | 93.1% (1834) | 91.0% (383) | 0.119 | 83.2% (401) | 84.9% (349) | 73.2% (52) | 0.015 |
| Dialysis | 7.2% (173) | 6.9% (135) | 9.0% (38) | 16.8% (81) | 15.1% (62) | 26.3% (19) | ||
| Panel Reactive Antibodies; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(5) | .(5) | 0.244 | |||||
| Zero % | 46.7% (1115) | 47.3% (929) | 44.2% (186) | 56.2% (271) | 59.1% (243) | 39.4% (28) | 0.002 | |
| Greater than zero | 53.3% (1270) | 52.7% (1035) | 55.8% (235) | 43.8% (211) | 40.9% (168) | 60.6% (43) | ||
| T or B Cell Crossmatch; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(37) | .(29) | .(8) | 0.0027 | .(2) | .(2) | 0.0013 | |
| Negative | 93.8% (2207) | 94.5% (1833) | 90.6% (374) | 94.2% (452) | 95.6% (391) | 85.9% (61) | ||
| Positive | 6.2% (146) | 5.5% (107) | 9.4% (39) | 5.8% (28) | 4.4% (18) | 14.1% (10) | ||
| Plasmapheresis Prior to Transplant; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(129) | .(110) | .(19) | <.0001 | .(10) | .(9) | .(1) | 0.0013 |
| No Plasmapheresis | 97.2% (2198) | 98.0% (1822) | 93.5% (376) | 97.2% (459) | 98.3% (395) | 91.4% (64) | ||
| Plasmapheresis | 2.8% (63) | 2.0% (37) | 6.5% (26) | 2.8% (13) | 1.7% (7) | 8.6% (6) | ||
| HLA mismatches; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(18) | .(17) | .(1) | <.0001 | .(1) | .(1) | 0.582 | |
| Greater than zero | 87.3% (2070) | 85.7% (1673) | 94.5% (397) | 94.4% (454) | 94.2% (386) | 95.7% (68) | ||
| Zero | 12.7% (302) | 14.3% (279) | 5.5% (23) | 5.6% (27) | 5.8% (24) | 4.3% (3) | ||
| Type of Antibody Induction; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Combination | 2.6% (63) | 2.1% (42) | 5.0% (21) | <.0001 | 2.5% (12) | 2.7% (11) | 1.4% (1) | 0.0046 |
| Monoclonal | 36.0% (861) | 37.6% (740) | 28.7% (121) | 42.7% (206) | 45.0% (185) | 29.6% (21) | ||
| None | 2.2% (52) | 2.4% (47) | 1.2% (5) | 1.7% (8) | 1.7% (7) | 1.4% (1) | ||
| Polyclonal | 59.3% (1416) | 58.0% (1142) | 65.1% (274) | 53.5% (258) | 51.1% (210) | 67.6% (48) | ||
| Smoking status; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(90) | (80) | .(10) | 0.678 | .(9) | .(8) | .(1) | 0.179 |
| Current | 7.9% (181) | 8.1% (152) | 7.1% (29) | 12.3% (58) | 11.2% (45) | 18.6% (13) | ||
| Past | 36.4% (837) | 36.5% (691) | 35.5% (146) | 24.7% (117) | 25.5% (103) | 20.0% (14) | ||
| Never | 55.7% (1282) | 55.4% (1046) | 57.4% (236) | 63.0% (298) | 63.3% (255) | 61.4% (43) | ||
| Preemptive Transplan; % (no. of recipients)t: | ||||||||
| Not Preemptive | 62.4% (1491) | 62.3% (1227) | 62.7% (264) | 0.880 | 92.1% (444) | 92.5% (380) | 90.1% (64) | 0.504 |
| Preemptive | 37.6% (899) | 37.7% (742) | 37.3% (157) | 7.9% (38) | 7.5% (31) | 9.9% (7) | ||
| Steroid Use at Day 14 Post-Transplant; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| On Steroids | 60.6% (1448) | 61.5% (1211) | 56.3% (237) | 0.047 | 58.9% (284) | 58.2% (239) | 63.4% (45) | 0.408 |
| Off Steroids | 39.4% (942) | 38.5% (758) | 43.7% (184) | 41.1% (198) | 41.8% (172) | 36.6% (26) | ||
| Calcineurin Inhibitor Type at Transplant; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Both | 0.1% (2) | 0.1% (1) | 0.2% (1) | <.0001 | 0.2% (1) | 0.2% (1) | 0.0002 | |
| Cyclosporine | 23.2% (555) | 21.8% (429) | 29.9% (126) | 11.2% (54) | 8.8% (36) | 25.4% (18) | ||
| None | 2.0% (47) | 1.6% (31) | 3.8% (16) | 3.1% (15) | 2.7% (11) | 5.6% (4) | ||
| Tacrolimus | 74.7% (1786) | 76.6% (1508) | 66.0% (278) | 85.5% (412) | 88.3% (363) | 69.0% (49) | ||
| Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney Transplant (SPK); % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| non-SPK | 93.9% (2245) | 94.1% (1854) | 92.9% (391) | 0.316 | 96.5% (465) | 97.1% (399) | 93.0% (66) | 0.082 |
| SPK | 6.1% (145) | 5.9% (115) | 7.1% (30) | 3.5% (17) | 2.9% (12) | 7.0% (5) | ||
| Prior Non-kidney Transplants; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| No Prior Transplants | 87.5% (2091) | 88.1% (1735) | 84.6% (356) | 0.045 | 96.1% (463) | 96.6% (397) | 93.0% (66) | 0.146 |
| Prior Transplant | 12.5% (299) | 11.9% (234) | 15.4% (65) | 3.9% (19) | 3.4% (14) | 7.0% (5) | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Recipient/Donor Status; % (no. of recipients): | ||||||||
| Missing | .(76) | .(67) | .(9) | 0.199 | .(12) | .(8) | .(4) | 0.950 |
| Recipient(-)/Donor(-) | 28.0% (647) | 27.5% (523) | 30.1%(124) | 8.1% (38) | 7.9% (32) | 9.0% (6) | ||
| Recipient (+) | 51.8% (1199) | 52.7% (1002) | 47.8% (197) | 78.9% (371) | 79.2% (319) | 77.6% (52) | ||
| Recipient(-)/Donor(+) | 20.2% (468) | 19.8% (377) | 22.1% (91) | 13.0% (61) | 12.9% (52) | 13.4% (9) | ||