The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and conservation status

Abstract Abstract

An annotated checklist of the 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) of vascular plants in Mozambique is provided. Together, these taxa constitute c. 9.3% of the total currently known flora of Mozambique and include five strict-endemic genera (Baptorhachis, Emicocarpus, Gyrodoma, Icuria and Micklethwaitia) and two near-endemic genera (Triceratella and Oligophyton). The mean year of first publication of these taxa is 1959, with a marked increase in description noted following the onset of the two major regional floristic programmes, the “Flora of Tropical East Africa” and “Flora Zambesiaca”, and an associated increase in botanical collecting effort. New taxa from Mozambique continue to be described at a significant rate, with 20 novelties described in 2018. Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae s.s. There is a high congruence between species-rich plant families and endemism with the notable exceptions of the Poaceae, which is the second-most species rich plant family, but outside of the top ten families in terms of endemism, and the Euphorbiaceae, which is the seventh-most species rich plant family, but third in terms of endemism. A wide range of life-forms are represented in the endemic and near-endemic flora, with 49% being herbaceous or having herbaceous forms and 55% being woody or having woody forms. Manica Province is by far the richest locality for near-endemic taxa, highlighting the importance of the cross-border Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands shared with Zimbabwe. A total of 69% of taxa can be assigned to one of four cross-border Centres of Endemism: the Rovuma Centre, the Maputaland Centre sensu lato, and the two mountain blocks, Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue. Approximately 50% of taxa have been assessed for their extinction risk and, of these, just over half are globally threatened (57% for strict-endemics), with a further 10% (17% for strict-endemics) currently considered to be Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for targeted conservation of Mozambique’s unique flora. This dataset will be a key resource for ongoing efforts to identify “Important Plant Areas – IPAs” in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites and species, thus enabling Mozambique to meet its commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Introduction

Endemic species are an important component of a country’s biodiversity stewardship and natural capital (Mapaura 2002). Narrowly restricted endemics are often amongst the species most sensitive to environmental change and disturbance, and so at highest risk of extinction (Crisp et al. 2001; Işik 2011; Borokini 2014; Abdelaal et al. 2018; Orsenigo et al. 2018). These species therefore form important components for a range of methods for identifying and conserving biodiversity priorities, such as Important Plant Areas (Darbyshire et al. 2017), Key Biodiversity Areas (IUCN 2016), and the site criteria of the Alliance for Zero Extinction (Ricketts et al. 2005; http://zeroextinction.org/the-alliance/about-the-alliance/). Furthermore, endemic species can be an important consideration when applying the mitigation hierarchy in environmental impact assessments associated with industrial or commercial development projects, particularly at the avoidance and offsetting stages. Therefore, it is important for countries to have an accurate record of their endemic flora, including how many and which species are endemic, and where they are found. At this time of unparalleled rates of biodiversity loss, it is essential to mobilise such information so that countries can effectively prioritise the conservation and sustainable management of their natural resources (Onana 2013). This paper presents the first detailed account of the endemic flora of Mozambique, a biodiversity-rich country in southern tropical Africa (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Map of Mozambique showing the ten provinces and neighbouring countries. Provincial borders are shown in pale grey, country borders are in black.

Mozambique: species richness, phytogeography and centres of endemism

Despite its obvious diversity and interest, the flora of Mozambique has received only limited and patchy coverage, particularly when compared to the floras of neighbouring countries. Frodin (2001) estimated the total Mozambican flora as approximately 5,500 species, but noted this was likely to be an under-estimate as “many parts of the country remain imperfectly known” (p. 529). Da Silva et al. (2004) listed only 3,932 indigenous species in their SABONET checklist of Mozambique, of which 177 were noted as endemic. However, it was acknowledged that this list, compiled primarily using specimens held at the LMA and LMU herbaria in Maputo (herbarium acronyms follow Thiers [continuously updated]) with additional records from literature sources, was only provisional, and it has proven to be under-representative. As a good example, da Silva et al. (2004) record nine species of Barleria L. (Acanthaceae), but in the “Flora Zambesiaca” (F.Z.) account of Acanthaceae, 33 species of Barleria are listed for Mozambique (Darbyshire et al. 2015). In an independent, and more comprehensive analysis, Timberlake et al. (2006) documented 5,692 taxa and 251 endemics in Mozambique including cross-border range-restricted endemics, with an endemism rate of 4.4%. With F.Z. (1960–present) nearing completion, a more accurate measure of species richness in Mozambique is now possible. As of August 2019, the “Flora of Mozambique” website (Hyde et al. 2019a) and associated database of species records, which combine data from F.Z. with updates from relevant literature and field surveys, lists 6,157 native and naturalised species. This figure continues to grow at a rapid rate as targeted botanical surveys of new and botanically interesting areas are conducted, adding new records and new species to science. For example, during surveys of the coastal dry forests in the most north-eastern part of Mozambique in Cabo Delgado Province between 2003 and 2009, during which over 3,000 botanical collections were made, a total of 738 plant taxa were recorded. Of these, 68 were new records for Mozambique, and a further 36 taxa were either entirely new to science or previously known only from fragmentary material and so undescribed (Timberlake et al. 2011).

Mozambique (Fig. 1) derives its rich and varied plant life in part from its diverse geography, geology and climate, including the influence of its extensive Indian Ocean coastline. These factors have resulted in a wide range of habitats and complex biogeography. Thirteen terrestrial ecoregions are recorded in Mozambique (https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/; Olson et al. 2001; Burgess et al. 2004; Dinerstein et al. 2017). Moreover, Mozambique features several recognised Centres of Plant Endemism. The majority of the country is included within the Zambezian Regional Centre of Endemism (White 1983), which is widely distributed across southern tropical Africa. Of greater significance in terms of concentrations of range-restricted species, are four cross-border Centres of Endemism (Fig. 2). The first is the recently proposed Rovuma Centre (Burrows and Timberlake 2011) of northeast Mozambique and southeast Tanzania, an extension of the previously recognised Lindi Local Centre in Tanzania (Clarke 2001) or a part of the wider Swahelian Centre of Endemism in coastal East Africa (Clarke 1998). The Rovuma Centre extends along the Mozambique coast through Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambézia Provinces approximately as far south as the city of Quelimane (J. Burrows, pers. comm.). The second is the Maputaland Centre (van Wyk 1996; van Wyk and Smith 2001), shared with South Africa and eSwatini (formerly Swaziland), which extends along the coastal lowlands of southern Mozambique to the Limpopo River. This region has several recognised Sub-Centres including the Lebombo Mountains, which straddle the border of the three countries (van Wyk and Smith 2001; Loffler and Loffler 2005). In a wider sense, the Maputaland Centre potentially also extends further northwards from the mouth of the Limpopo River all the way to the mouth of the Save River in Inhambane Province, although this has also been proposed as a putative Centre of Endemism in its own right, the Inhambane Centre (J. Burrows, pers. comm.; A. Massingue, unpubl. data). The third cross-border Centre of Endemism is the Chimanimani-Nyanga (or Manica) Highlands that run along the border with Zimbabwe and form the north-eastern-most extent of the Great Escarpment of southern Africa (Clark et al. 2011). These mountains are well known for their rich floras and high plant endemism (Wild 1964; Mapaura 2002; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017; Cheek et al. 2018). The fourth comprises the larger massifs of the belt of inselbergs running from southern Malawi to Zambézia and Nampula Provinces of northern Mozambique (Bayliss et al. 2014). The most significant peaks are Mount Mulanje (including Mount Mchese) and the Zomba Plateau in Malawi, and Mounts Namuli, Mabu, Inago and the Ribaue Mountains in Mozambique – here shortened to the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains. Mount Mulanje is well established as a site of botanical importance with high endemism (Strugnell 2002, 2006), but the botanical importance of the Mozambique massifs and their links to Mulanje are also becoming increasingly evident (Timberlake et al. 2009, 2012; Harris et al. 2011; Bayliss et al. 2014; Downes and Darbyshire 2017). The latter two Centres form a part of the Africa-wide Afromontane Archipelago-like Centre of Endemism of White (1983).

Figure 2.

Cross-border Centres of Plant Endemism in Mozambique. Note that the boundaries of these Centres of Endemism are only intended to be indicative; further research is required to more accurately delimit these centres. The two montane Centres (Chimanimani-Nyanga and Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue) are drawn as continuous blocks for clarity, but in reality they are a discontinuous series of peaks.

As these four important Centres of Plant Endemism all cross national borders, it is clearly evident that the political boundary of Mozambique does not reflect species distributions and biogeographic patterns. When considering endemic taxa, therefore, it is pertinent to include within this review those cross-border range-restricted taxa that have a globally significant portion of their range in Mozambique, rather than restricting coverage to taxa that only occur within the political border. Hence the definition of the endemic plants is here extended to include all such relevant near-endemic taxa.

Motivation for the current study: conservation of the Mozambique flora

In order to address Mozambique’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the “National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of Mozambique 2015–2035” (MITADER 2015) sets out a series of detailed national targets for documenting and conserving the biodiversity of Mozambique. Target 6 of this strategy aims to “by 2025, have at least 30% of habitats of endemic and/or threatened flora and fauna species with strategies and action plans for their conservation in place” with a series of related priority actions, including:

• Action 6.1: establish and implement coordinated programs for the systematic assessment of the conservation status of endemic and endangered species;

• Action 6.2: identify and describe the Areas of Plant Importance;

• Action 6.3: disseminate the Red data Book on national flora and fauna.

To address these targets, and to enable effective conservation of Mozambique’s plant diversity in light of increasingly severe pressure on natural resources, a number of botanical initiatives have been launched. A plant Red Listing programme and working group was established in 2011 through the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group, with the current aim to complete at least 400 new or updated plant species assessments in the period 2017–2020, focussing on strict-endemic and near-endemic species of Mozambique (IUCN SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group 2017; Matimele 2019). In 2015, the Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (the Agrarian Research Institute of Mozambique – IIAM) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kew), together with in-country and international collaborators, launched the “Tropical Important Plant Areas: Mozambique" project (https://www.kew.org/science/projects/tropical-important-plant-areas-tipas-mozambique). This project aims to combine existing data and expertise with targeted field survey data to identify and document Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Mozambique, and to promote the conservation and sustainable management of these critical sites. This builds on the provisional identification of IPAs through the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) programme (Smith 2005). Further, it draws on the series of extensive botanical surveys in sites of high biodiversity interest across Mozambique that have been conducted by IIAM, Kew and collaborators over the past 15 years. Documentation of the endemic taxa and where they occur is an important step in the IPA and Red Listing programmes, and so provides the motivation for the detailed checklist presented here.

Materials and methods

Key resources for compiling the checklist

Compilation of the checklist was based primarily upon extensive reviews of literature on the taxonomy and floristics of Mozambique and neighbouring countries, combined with reference to relevant herbarium collections (notably at BM, BNRH, EA, K, LISC, LMA, LMU, NH, P, PRE and SRGH; herbarium codes follow Thiers [continuously updated]), and the authors’ collective knowledge of the Mozambican flora. A key source for information on the plants of Mozambique, and the starting point for this current work, is the “Flora Zambesiaca” series (F.Z.; 1960–present; http://apps.kew.org/efloras/search.do). This Flora is currently c. 90% complete, with 13 volumes and 47 parts published to date (Exell and Wild 1960, Timberlake and Martins 2015). We have also had access to completed and partially completed accounts for the outstanding volumes: Apocynaceae (Part 2), Commelinaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae) in part, Cyperaceae, and Hyacinthaceae. However, it should be noted that Asteraceae may be under-represented in this checklist in view of the fact that this family has not yet been completed for F.Z.

The “Flora de Moçambique” project ran alongside F.Z. from 1969, but was discontinued in 1981. The accounts in this Flora were derived from F.Z., but with some additional specimen citations and Mozambique-relevant habitat information, thus providing useful additional information for the current work. However, Beentje (2016) estimates that this Flora is less than 40% complete. Other key published works used repeatedly are the recently published landmark volume “Trees and Shrubs [of] Mozambique” (T.S.M.; Burrows et al. 2018); the first national Plant Red List for Mozambique produced through the SABONET programme (S.R.D.L.; Izidine and Bandeira 2002); the field guide to wild flowers of southern Mozambique (Bandeira et al. 1997); and reports on recent botanical surveys and checklists of key localities in Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016a, 2016b; Bayliss et al. 2010; Harris et al. 2011; Müller et al. 2012; Clark et al. 2017; Wursten et al. 2017). The “Flora of Tropical East Africa” (1952–2012; Beentje 2012, 2016) was also an important source of information for many northern near-endemic species. Key online sources that were widely consulted are the “Flora of Mozambique and Flora of Zimbabwe” sites (Hyde et al. 2019a, 2019b), the African Plant Database (2019), the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2019), the Botanical Database of Southern Africa / Plants of Southern Africa (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2019), the Red List of South African Plants (South African National Biodiversity Institute 2017) and Plants of the World Online (POWO 2019).

Definitions of endemism and near-endemism

The taxa treated in the checklist are either strictly endemic to Mozambique (i.e. they only occur within its political borders – labelled E), or are “near-endemic” (NE), as defined by one or more of the following criteria:

(a) the majority of the taxon’s range lies within Mozambique, and they are scarce and/or highly range-restricted beyond (NE1); and/or

(b) the global range of the taxon is less than 10,000 km² (NE2); and/or

(c) the taxon is known globally from five or fewer localities (NE3).

The aim is to include all taxa for which Mozambique has a particularly high responsibility for their global survival and protection, thus those taxa that have the majority of their range in Mozambique, but are also widespread and/or frequent in other parts of southeast tropical Africa are excluded. For example, Barleria repens Nees (Acanthaceae) is widely distributed along the East African coast, but with the majority of its distribution in Mozambique because of the vast length of the country’s coastline. However, we do include under (b) and (c) those taxa that do not necessarily have the majority of their range in Mozambique but, because of their highly restricted range and/or scarcity, the Mozambique portion of the population is of global significance to their future survival. We acknowledge that no definition of “near-endemic” is perfect, but we have tried to be as objective as possible when applying the criteria set out above. We have tried to be exhaustive, but our intention is to maintain this list and publish additions and amendments as they are uncovered.

Estimates of range size used in (b) above are based on mapping of known locality data. An offline BRAHMS database (https://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/) of all known collections and sight records of endemic, range-restricted and threatened species is in advanced progress at RBG Kew and IIAM, with approximately 6,000 records compiled to date. Hence, for most of the species on the list we have an accurate measure of range size. For others, where the data are yet to be finalised, ranges have been estimated, aided where available by use of data available via the GeoCAT tool (http://geocat.kew.org/; Bachman et al. 2011); this includes access to relevant GBIF data (GBIF.org 2019). In most cases, the range size is based on the Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) method commonly applied in the calculation of extent of occurrence (EOO) in the IUCN Red List criteria (Joppa et al. 2016; Bachman et al. 2011; IUCN 2012). However, in a few circumstances where species have highly disjunct distributions with unsuitable habitat in most of the intervening areas, we have estimated range based on the known localities. Of particular note are montane species that are found in the Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands along the Mozambique-Zimbabwe border, but which also extend to Mount Gorongosa, an isolated peak over 100 km to the east in Sofala Province. This usually results in a MCP range of over 10,000 km² (depending on the distribution within the Manica Highlands), but as there is no suitable montane habitat in the intervening region, we treat this range as being less than 10,000 km², and include these species as near-endemics.

Taxonomy and literature sources

Plant family circumscription follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) classification for flowering plants (Stevens 2001 onwards; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016), the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG 1; 2016) classification for pteridophytes, and Christenhusz et al. (2011) for gymnosperms. Accepted names of species and infraspecific taxa generally follows the African Plant Database (2019; henceforth APD) except in rare cases where the APD has not been updated to the most recent name, or in the few cases where we disagree with the species circumscription adopted by APD, e.g. Elaeodendron fruticosum N.Robson, which is treated as a synonym of E. matabelicum Loes. in APD, but we follow Burrows et al. (2018) in recognising it as distinct. Where the taxonomic concept adopted is not universally accepted, or where a taxon has been very recently re-combined, the alternative name is given in brackets. Included on the checklist are all published endemic and near-endemic taxa, together with eight new taxa that are currently either in press or in the late stages of preparation (e.g. Cyanotis namuliensis Faden, Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & de Block) such that we are confident of their status. Only species, subspecies and varieties are included in this list; we do not include endemic or near-endemic forms. We have additionally compiled a list of undescribed taxa that are provisionally considered to be endemic or near-endemic to Mozambique, but that have not yet been studied in sufficient detail or are represented by incomplete specimens, for example Dicliptera spp. B, C and E of F.Z. (Darbyshire et al. 2015). These are not presented in the checklist, but are available on request from the corresponding author, and included in some of the analyses in the Results and Discussion. Highly doubtful and imperfectly known taxa are excluded. For example, both Acacia purpurea Bolle and Oxyanthus querimbensis Klotzsch were described from collections made in Mozambique by Wilhelm Peters in the mid-nineteenth century (Peters 1861), and are believed to have been destroyed during the bombing of the Berlin Herbarium in World War II. These species were treated in F.Z. as insufficiently known, and potentially conspecific with other, more widespread species (Brenan 1970; Bridson and Verdcourt 2003).

The date of the original publication (the protologue) is recorded for each taxon. As the aim is to chart the discovery of Mozambique’s endemic flora, it is the date of first publication of the taxon that is of importance, rather than the publication date of the currently accepted name. In many cases these are one and the same, for example Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch (in Peters 1861: 92) has been the accepted name ever since its first publication. However, many taxa have changed genus or taxonomic rank since they were first published; for example, the combination for the endemic Barleria setosa (Klotzsch) I.Darbysh. was first published in 2015 (Darbyshire et al. 2015), but is based on B. prionitis L. var. setosa Klotzsch, published in Peters (1861: 209), hence 1861 is the date of first publication of this taxon.

For each taxon, we include key references for further information on the plant and its distribution and ecology. Wherever relevant, we include the F.Z. volume and page number, and the page number in T.S.M. and S.R.D.L. For taxa that have been described since the relevant F.Z. volume, we cite the protologue. For those taxa that have changed name or taxonomic rank since F.Z. (for example, have been transferred to a different genus), we cite the relevant F.Z. volume and page number for the taxon account, but also cite the protologue for the currently accepted name.

Plant life-forms

The growth habit and life cycle of each species are recorded using a simple classification, with six main categories: tree, shrub, liana, herb, pteridophyte and cycad. The herb category is further subdivided into annual (a), perennial (p), succulent-perennial (s), epiphytic-perennial (e), climbing-perennial (c), geophyte (geo), graminoid (gram-a for annual and gram-p for perennial) and seagrass. Trees and shrubs also have a succulent subdivision. Species with variation in growth habit and/or life cycle are recorded in two or more categories.

Distribution and phytogeography

Taxa known only from the type specimen or type locality are noted. The distribution of each taxon within Mozambique is then recorded, first by scoring which of the provinces it is recorded in (Maputo City Province is included within Maputo Province, hence 10 provinces, Fig. 1), and second by recording key localities in Mozambique arranged by province. The latter are taken from the BRAHMS database noted above, and from additional site observations from the authors. We have attempted to standardise the Mozambican place names, but have used anglicised forms where they are in common use in the literature and/or in gazetteers (such as Mt Mabu and Ribaue Mts, rather than Serra de Mabu and Serra do Ribáuè), and we have avoided use of Portuguese accents on place names, as these are often inconsistently applied. This locality information is provided to help with future study of these species, and to assist with the identification and demarcation of Important Plant Areas. It is not intended to be exhaustive and should not be read as such.

For near-endemic species, the other country (or countries) in which the species occurs is recorded, together with a brief note of key localities; these are not intended to be exhaustive or specific, rather to show how far the species extends beyond Mozambique.

Finally, in order to provide phytogeographic context, the taxa are provisionally assigned where possible to botanical Centres of Endemism (see Introduction). We exclude the widespread Zambezian Regional Centre (White 1983), instead focussing on the more restricted cross-border Centres: (1) Rovuma; (2) Maputaland sensu lato, which we subdivide into (2a) Maputaland sensu stricto (coastal lowlands north to Limpopo River), (2b) Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre, and (2c) Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; (3) Eastern Afromontane, which we subdivide into (3a) Chimanimani-Nyanga (Manica) Highlands, and (3b) Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains.

Extinction risk using the IUCN Red List

Using the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012, 2019), the extinction risk is recorded if the taxon has been assessed; the Red List provides additional information on these species, and so can be considered a further key reference. Red List assessments in need of updating are marked with an asterisk; in most cases these were assessed using an earlier version of the Red List criteria. Red List assessments that have been finalised, but not yet published are listed in italics. Only global Red List assessments are included; we do not list the national assessments of Izidine and Bandeira (2002), as these were highly provisional and are in the process of being re-evaluated on a global scale.

Results

An annotated checklist of the strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique is presented in Suppl. material 1, with a summary of the checklist provided in Appendix 1. It includes all taxa (species, subspecies and varieties) that have been described to date or are in the process of being described. In total, 658 taxa (572 species) are documented, comprising 271 strict-endemic taxa (235 species) and 387 near-endemic taxa (337 species) (Table 1, Fig. 3). In addition, 105 currently undescribed but potentially new taxa (98 species) that are believed to be strict-endemic or near-endemic are noted, but not included in Suppl. material 1 or Appendix 1. If the total number of native and naturalised vascular plant species in Mozambique is taken as ± 6,157 (as per Hyde et al. 2019a), then approximately 3.8% of the species are strict-endemics, whereas the strict-endemics and near-endemics combined account for 9.3% of the plants in Mozambique at the species rank, discounting undescribed taxa. If undescribed taxa are included then approximately 10% of the flora of Mozambique is endemic or near-endemic.

Table 1.

Summary of endemic taxa in Mozambique. Note that genera are not included in the “Total taxa” row.

Taxon rank	Mozambique strictendemics	Mozambique nearendemics	Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
Genus	5	2	7
Species	235	337	572
Subspecies	18	28	46
Variety	18	22	40
Total taxa	271	387	658

Figure 3.

Examples of the strict-endemic and near-endemic plants of Mozambique. ASclerochiton coeruleus, Maronga, Manica (I. Darbyshire) BAloe ribauensis, Ribaue, Nampula (I. Darbyshire) CStreptocarpus brachynema, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) DRaphia australis, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) EVangueria monteiroi, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) FMemecylon incisilobum, Bilene, Gaza (H. Matimele) GJamesbrittenia carvalhoi, Tsetserra, Manica (J. Osborne) HCryptostephanus vansonii, Mount Gorongosa, Sofala (B. Wursten) IOrbea halipedicola, Gorongosa National Park, Sofala (B. Wursten) JHelichrysum moorei, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) KEriolaena rulkensii, Palma Bay, Cabo Delgado (T. Rulkens) LBarleria torrei, Njesi Plateau, Niassa (J. Osborne) MXylopia torrei, Licuati Forest, Maputo (H. Matimele) NAeschynomene grandistipulata, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) OLobelia cobaltica, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) PEuphorbia crebrifolia, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) QDissotis pulchra, Chimanimani Mountains, Manica (B. Wursten) RPavetta pumila, Cheringoma, Sofala (B. Wursten).

Mozambique currently has five strict-endemic genera, all of which are monospecific: Baptorhachis Clayton & Renvoize (Poaceae) from the granite inselbergs of Nampula Province; Emicocarpus K.Schum. & Schltr. (Apocynaceae) from sandy soils around Maputo Bay; Gyrodoma Wild (Asteraceae) widespread on alluvial plains, estuaries and margins of lagoons in coastal Mozambique from Zambézia Province southwards; and Icuria Wieringa (Fabaceae) and Micklethwaitia G.P.Lewis & Schrire (Fabaceae), both occurring as locally dominant trees in the coastal dry forests of northern Mozambique. A further two potential new strict-endemic genera in Asparagaceae (former Hyacinthaceae) are currently under research (T. Rulkens, pers. comm.). In addition, two monospecific genera are near-endemic to Mozambique: Triceratella Brenan (Commelinaceae), occurring in moist sands in coastal Zambézia Province, but also known from one locality in Zimbabwe; and Oligophyton H.P.Linder & G.Will. (Orchidaceae), restricted to the Chimanimani Mountains on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Two other genera have their sole African representative in Mozambique: Dolichandrone Fenzl (Bignoniaceae) and Eriolaena DC. (Malvaceae), both of which are predominantly Asian genera (Diniz 1988; Dorr and Wurdack 2018).

Of the near-endemic taxa, 179 are shared with Zimbabwe, 93 with Tanzania, 79 with South Africa, 59 with Malawi, 20 with eSwatini, two with Madagascar and one each with Kenya and Zambia.

Tables 2–6 provide further summaries of the findings presented in Suppl. material 1, namely the most important plant families for strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa (Table 2); the range of life forms of these taxa (Table 3); their geographic distribution by province in Mozambique (Table 4); their distribution within recognised and proposed Centres of Endemism (Table 5); and the extinction risk status of these taxa (Table 6). These tables exclude unpublished taxa. Figure 4 charts the history of publication of the currently accepted strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa in scientific literature.

Table 2.

Important plant families for published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The 10 plant families with the highest number of endemic taxa, with comparison to the ten most species-rich plant families for the total Mozambican flora (derived from Hyde et al. 2019a). Numbers refer to number of taxa; where two or more plant families share the same number of taxa, the “=” symbol is used to denote that these families have an equal standing in the table.

Mozambique strict-endemics		Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics		Total vascular plants of Mozambique
1. Fabaceae	40	1. Fabaceae	84	1. Fabaceae	759
2. Euphorbiaceae	26	2. Rubiaceae	71	2. Poaceae	445
3. Rubiaceae	23	3. Euphorbiaceae	42	3. Rubiaceae	377
4. Malvaceae	12	4. Lamiaceae	30	4. Asteraceae	352
5. Apocynaceae	11	5.= Apocynaceae	27	5. Orchidaceae	232
6.= Acanthaceae	10	5.= Asteraceae	27	6. Acanthaceae	219
6.= Lamiaceae	10	7. Acanthaceae	26	7.= Euphorbiaceae	194
8. Lythraceae	9	8.= Malvaceae	21	7.= Malvaceae	194
9.= Asphodelaceae	8	8.= Orchidaceae	21	9. Lamiaceae	185
9.= Melastomataceae	8	10. Asphodelaceae	20	10. Apocynaceae	156

Table 6.

Summary of the extinction risk status of published endemic taxa in Mozambique. The “% of taxa” figure for “Total taxa assessed” is given as a percentage of all the endemic (left) and endemic plus near-endemic (right) taxa listed in Appendix 1; for each of the Red List categories (LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered; DD = Data Deficient), the “% of taxa” is given as a percentage of those taxa that have been assessed.

IUCN Red List Category	Mozambique strict-endemics		Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
	Number of taxa	% of taxa	Number of taxa	% of taxa
Total taxa assessed	145	53.5	332	50.5
LC	33	22.8	107	32.2
NT	4	2.8	19	5.7
VU	32	22.1	86	25.9
EN	32	22.1	69	20.8
CR	19	13.1	19	5.7
DD	25	17.2	32	9.6

Table 3.

Life forms (growth habits) of published endemic taxa of Mozambique. Note that species can fall under more than one habit category or sub-category. Numbers refer to number of taxa.

Life form (growth habit)		Mozambique strict-endemics	Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
Tree	Non-succulent	54	134
	Succulent	2	9
	Tree Total	56	143
Shrub	Non-succulent	103	283
	Succulent	19	27
	Shrub Total	122	310
Liana		7	28
Woody life forms Total		144	363
Herb	Annual	27	51
	Perennial – non-succulent	67	175
	Perennial -succulent	12	28
	Perennial -epiphyte	1	4
	Perennial – climber/twiner	4	12
	Perennial – geophyte	14	43
	Graminoid – annual	2	4
	Graminoid – perennial	5	11
	Seagrass	1	2
	Herb Total	136	324
Pteridophyte		0	1
Cycad		4	11
Unknown		1	1

Table 4.

Summary of the geographic distribution of published endemic taxa in the ten provinces of Mozambique. The table is ordered alphabetically by Province; numbers refer to number of taxa.

Province	Mozambique strict-endemics	Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics	Provincial endemics	Strict-endemics and near-endemics restricted to one Province
Cabo Delgado (CD)	56	125	27	54
Gaza (G)	26	62	5	7
Inhambane (I)	48	93	15	17
Manica (Mn)	22	192	20	150
Maputo (Mp)	36	119	13	50
Nampula (Na)	86	154	29	38
Niassa (Ni)	19	40	10	21
Sofala (S)	47	105	16	21
Tete (T)	7	18	2	3
Zambézia (Z)	81	159	34	56

Table 5.

Number of published endemic taxa restricted to Centres and Sub-Centres of Endemism. For the Sub-Centres under (2) Maputaland and (3) [Eastern] Afromontane, taxa are only recorded if they are exclusive to that Sub-Centres.

Centre of Endemism code	(Sub-) Centre of Endemism	Mozambique strict-endemics	Mozambique strict-endemics and near-endemics
1	Rovuma	55	110
2	Maputaland sensu lato (including Inhambane)	50	114
2a	Maputaland sensu stricto	13	32
2b	Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre	3	17
2c	Inhambane (Sub-) Centre	20	20
3	[Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato	46	229
3a	Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre	16	158
3b	Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue (Sub-) Centre	30	59

Figure 4.

History of publication of the endemic taxa of Mozambique. Cumulative publication dates (basionyms) for currently accepted strict-endemic taxa (green line), and combined strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa (red line), 1840 to present. Also highlighted are the date ranges for the three relevant Tropical African Flora programmes: "Flora of Tropical Africa" (1868–1937), "Flora of Tropical East Africa" (1952–2012) and "Flora Zambesiaca" (1960–present).

In Suppl. material 2, we provide a list of taxa that were considered for inclusion in the checklist during its preparation but were ultimately excluded as they did not meet the criteria set out in the Methodology.

For the sake of brevity in the following Discussion, we refer to the combined strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa as “endemics”, whilst we refer to “strict-endemics” if referring only to those taxa unique to Mozambique; the two groups are separated out in the accompanying tables.

Discussion

Species richness and endemism in the flora of Mozambique

Based on extrapolation from the RAINBIO mega-database – one of the most comprehensive datasets for plant diversity in tropical Africa, with distribution data for 25,356 native species (Dauby et al. 2016) – Sosef et al. (2017) estimated species richness in Mozambique as between 5,220–5,309 and recorded a relatively high rate of endemism (8.4%, equating to c. 440 spp.) compared to neighbouring countries of southern tropical Africa (Malawi 6.5%, Zambia 7.2%, Zimbabwe 7.6%), although notably lower than Tanzania to the north (19.4%). Current evidence demonstrates that the RAINBIO figure for total species richness is a significant under-estimate, with the total vascular flora currently at 6,157 species (Hyde et al. 2019a), over 15% higher than the upper estimate of Sosef et al. (2017). The known strict-endemism rate of 3.8% is considerably lower than the predicted endemism of Sosef et al. (2017), but if we use the broader definition of endemism applied here to include cross-border near-endemics, then 9.3–10% of taxa are endemics (depending on omission or inclusion of unpublished taxa), which is comparable with the RAINBIO estimate. This figure is considerably higher than the 4.4% endemism rate earlier recorded by Timberlake et al. (2006).

Whilst new discoveries are likely to continue to be made in Mozambique (see below), the percentage endemism of the flora is unlikely to increase, and may even decline as the rate of new country records of non-endemic taxa outstrips the rate of new taxon discovery. For example, in the surveys of the coastal dry forests of northeast Cabo Delgado in 2003–2009, the 68 records of taxa new to Mozambique (Timberlake et al. 2011) included only six near-endemic taxa following the definition applied here. Hence, whilst the discovery of 36 putative new, endemic taxa during these surveys was quite exceptional for eastern tropical Africa in the twenty-first century, it was surpassed at the rate of 1.7:1 by the discovery of new country records of more widespread, non-endemic taxa.

Discovery of the endemic flora of Mozambique

There have been concerted efforts to document the tropical African flora for over a century and a half, with the first major sub-continental work – the “Flora of Tropical Africa” – dating back to 1868–1937 (Beentje 2016), and the first strict-endemic plant species described in Mozambique as early as 1849 [Fornasinia ebeniferaBertolini (1849) = Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter; see Burrows et al. 2018]. Given these facts, the relatively recent discovery and/or description of many of Mozambique’s endemic plants – the mean year of first publication being 1959, or 1967 for strict-endemics (Fig. 4) – is somewhat surprising. A marked increase in taxon description is observed post-1950, which coincides with the onset of the major eastern African Flora projects – the first fascicle of “Flora of Tropical East Africa” was published in 1952 and the first part of “Flora Zambesiaca” in 1960 (Beentje 2016). Coupled with these Flora projects was major regional-scale botanical exploration to collect herbarium material on which the Flora volumes could be based, and to fill the many gaps in our knowledge of these floristic regions. It was these combined efforts that resulted in the major discoveries of the Mozambique flora, a clear demonstration of how important an active Flora project can be in unlocking information on national and/or regional plant diversity. The completed Floras have, in turn, highlighted localities of high botanical interest, encouraging targeted collecting efforts in Mozambique particularly over the past two decades. Mozambique remains one of the African countries with the highest rates of new species publication. For example, in 2018, 20 new species and one new variety of vascular plants were described from the country, including eight new woody species in the “Trees and Shrubs [of] Mozambique” (Burrows et al. 2018), and four new species of Memecylon L. in the Melastomataceae family (Stone et al. 2018).

Of the published endemics, 60 (47 species, 3 subspecies, and 10 varieties) are known only from the type specimen and/or the type locality. This comprises nearly one quarter (22%) of the strict-endemics of Mozambique. A small number of these taxa are of somewhat doubtful status, for example Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae) from Zambézia Province, and some may be subsumed within other, more widespread taxa following further research. However, most are accepted in all relevant taxonomic and floristic works (African Plant Database 2019), and in many cases have been upheld in multiple treatments. The fact that these taxa are so poorly known demonstrates how limited our knowledge of the Mozambique flora remains, and reinforces the likelihood that further discoveries of narrowly range restricted endemics in Mozambique will be made through future botanical exploration.

Important plant families for endemic and near-endemic taxa in Mozambique

There is generally a high congruence between total species richness per plant family in Mozambique and those families that contain the highest number of endemics, with all but two of the families featuring in both lists of top ten families (Table 2). Fabaceae (Leguminosae) is the most species-rich plant family in Mozambique, and also has the highest number of published endemics. As in most of the African continent, the Fabaceae have diversified significantly in nearly all habitats and ecoregions of Mozambique, and display a large variety of life-forms (Lewis et al. 2005). This, coupled with the high rate of endemism, indicates that the Fabaceae may be considered a suitable proxy group for the study of vascular plant distribution and diversity in Mozambique. Other families that combine high species diversity and high rates of endemism include Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. In total, the ten most endemics-rich families contain over half (56%) of the total endemic taxa.

Some species-rich families do not, however, feature prominently in the endemics list, most notably the Poaceae, which is the second largest family in Mozambique, but falls outside the top ten families (twelfth) for endemics. This phenomenon is not isolated to Mozambique, and high proportions of grass taxa globally are known to have large ranges. Linder et al. (2017) noted a range of ecological adaptations that enable grasses to successfully colonise and dominate many ecosystems, including effective long-distance dispersal through wind pollination and seed dispersal, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance, and an ability to modify environments by changing fire regimes and mammalian herbivory. Many of these factors could also facilitate wide ranges and abundance of individual grass species.

Conversely, some plant families feature more highly on the endemics list than in terms of total species richness. Euphorbiaceae is the third highest family for endemism, but only equal-seventh for total species richness; this is primarily a result of the high number of range-restricted Euphorbia species that occur in Mozambique, most of which are succulents (see Plant life forms below). Furthermore, three plant families feature on the list of families with the highest number of strict-endemics, but not amongst the most species-rich families. The first is Asphodelaceae, which is a result of the high number of Aloe L. species. Aloe is the single largest genus for endemics in Mozambique with many species being narrowly range-restricted in montane areas and inselbergs (Carter et al. 2011). This is a general trend amongst aloes: while a few species are widespread, the majority have restricted distribution ranges (Reynolds 1950; Grace et al. 2011). The second is Lythraceae, a result of the high number of Ammannia L. (including Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth.) species that typically occur as small herbs in seasonal wetlands and ephemeral pools. This genus is one of the few groups of aquatic plants to support large numbers of narrowly restricted endemics, with many species known from only one or few collections (see Fernandes 1978; Verdcourt 1994). Ammannia should be considered a priority for future study here and elsewhere in tropical Africa with targeted field surveys required in order to better understand the diversity and distribution of this group. The third is Melastomataceae, which is driven largely by the closely related genera Memecylon and Warneckea Gilg, both of which are primarily forest taxa with high numbers of narrowly range-restricted species throughout their global range (see Stone 2014). As an example, Burrows et al. (2018) note that Namacubi Forest (at Quiterajo in Cabo Delgado Province) is home to seven species in these two genera, three of which are known nowhere else, and a further three of which are strict-endemics or near-endemics to northern Mozambique.

Plant life forms

A wide range of plant life forms are represented in the checklist (Table 3). Overall, just under half (49%) of taxa listed are herbaceous or have herbaceous forms, whilst just over half (55%) are woody or have woody forms – the small overlap is due to taxa that can be either perennial herbs or shrubs/lianas. Such a range of life forms is unsurprising in view of the wide range of habitats containing endemic and near-endemic species. As with the endemic flora of Zimbabwe (Mapaura 2002), succulent taxa are well represented, with 58 taxa (c. 9%). This reflects the importance of rock outcrops and mountain ranges as key habitats for endemics, as these often support a specialised, drought-tolerant flora.

Geographic distribution of the endemic and near-endemic taxa of Mozambique

A detailed analysis of the geographic distribution of the endemic flora of Mozambique is premature until the collation of all the specimen and observation data is completed. However, some initial observations can be noted.

By far the most frequently recorded locality for endemics (see Suppl. material 1) is the Chimanimani Mountains (Manica Province, 128 taxa), which has more than double the number of these taxa when compared to the second-most frequently recorded site, Mount Namuli (Zambézia, 60 taxa). The Chimanimani Mountains were also noted as the principal locality in Zimbabwe for strict-endemic and near-endemic species (Mapaura 2002). Other localities rich in endemics, with over 20 taxa each, include Quiterajo, the lower Rovuma River, Quirimbas National Park, and Palma and environs (Cabo Delgado); Pomene and Vilanculos (Inhambane); Tsetserra (Manica); Maputo municipality and Inhaca Island (Maputo); Nampula and environs, and the Ribaue Mountains (Nampula); Gorongosa National Park including Mount Gorongosa (Sofala); and Mocuba and environs (Zambezia). All of these localities are of high national and global importance for their assemblages of endemic and range-restricted taxa, and are clear candidates for inclusion in the Important Plant Areas network, although some have been heavily degraded by man and so are in danger of losing their botanical value. The most notable example is the Maputo municipality, where intact habitats are now reduced to small and isolated pockets, or have been largely destroyed by the rapid expansion of the capital city. Such loss of habitat may have resulted in local extinction of important taxa or, as with Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum. & Schltr. (Matimele et al. 2016), potentially even global extinction.

There is considerable variation in the number of endemics at the provincial level (Table 4). When only strict-endemics are considered, Nampula and Zambézia provinces register the highest numbers. These two provinces are adjacent to one another and both combine significant stretches of coastal vegetation within the Rovuma Centre of Endemism and inselbergs and massifs associated with the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue belt of mountains. The wide range of associated habitats (including coastal dry forest and thickets, granite outcrops, submontane forest, montane grassland) are known to support significant numbers of endemic species. However, when near-endemics are included in the analysis, Manica is found to surpass Nampula and Zambézia in terms of both total numbers of taxa and taxa unique to a single province in Mozambique. This highlights the great importance of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands for cross-border endemism. This also explains the high number of near-endemic taxa shared with Zimbabwe. The least rich province for endemics is Tete, despite being the third largest province in the country. Much of Tete is characterised by a prolonged dry season with extreme high temperatures, and with extensive stands of low-diversity mopane [Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) Léonard] woodland. However, it is of note that parts of Tete are amongst the least well-explored regions botanically in Mozambique, and so numbers of endemics may be under-represented in this province.

Approximately 69% of taxa (453) can be assigned with confidence to one of the Centres or Sub-Centres of Endemism (Table 5), highlighting the importance of these mainly cross-border regions in terms of their unique and rich floras. Further, the two sub-centres of the [Eastern] Afromontane phytochorion – the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands and the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue Mountains – are well-defined, with most species readily assigned to one or the other, strengthening the case for treating them as separate Centres of Endemism. The Lebombo Mountains Sub-Centre of Maputaland is also well-represented by endemics, with 17 of the endemics confined to that Sub-Centre. Similarly, there is support for recognition of the Inhambane Sub-Centre with 20 strict-endemics confined to that region, although there is also considerable overlap between Inhambane and Maputaland sensu stricto, with 42 of the endemics shared between the two regions. Further research may nevertheless conclude that both the Lebombo Mountains and the Inhambane region should be considered as separate Centres of Endemism in their own right. The most important Centre of Endemism for numbers of endemics is again that of the Chimanimani-Nyanga Highlands. However, the Rovuma Centre is also notable for its high number of strict-endemics, a reflection of the high rates of species turnover between dry coastal forest patches within this phytogeographic region (Timberlake et al. 2010, 2011), with many species restricted to few or even single forest blocks.

Extinction risk in the endemic flora of Mozambique

To date, the global extinction risk status has been assessed for 332 (approximately 50%) of the endemics of Mozambique using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012; Table 6). Of those assessed, 52% (57% of the strict-endemics) are considered to be globally threatened. The main causal factors behind this high rate of extinction risk are habitat loss and degradation driven by high population growth and resultant increasing demands for land, agricultural products and supplies of a range of natural resources, all of which place increasing pressure on natural habitats. This high rate of threat emphasises the urgent need for effective site-based conservation action and sustainable management to safeguard the future of Mozambique’s unique flora. Added to this is the fact that nearly 10% of the endemics (and over 17% of the strict-endemics) assessed are listed as Data Deficient, i.e. there is insufficient information on these taxa to provide a full assessment. This highlights how little is known about many of these apparently rare and poorly documented taxa, and the urgent need for targeted field surveys to gather information on range size, population size, and threats. It is quite possible that the percentage of threatened taxa will increase once these Data Deficient taxa are reassessed with more information to hand.

On a more positive note, approximately one third of endemics assessed are currently considered to be of Least Concern (LC) – i.e. they are not currently threatened on a global scale. Some of the endemics are widespread within Mozambique and can be locally abundant. For example, the strict-endemic Grewia transzambesica Wild (Malvaceae) has an extent of occurrence of c. 220,000 km² and is frequent in the central lowlands of the country (Darbyshire et al. 2019). However, many of the LC species are much more range-restricted, but are not under threat owing to their habitat preferences. Many occur in rocky terrain and/or montane grasslands that are some of the least threatened habitats in Mozambique, due to a combination of remoteness, inaccessibility and limited agricultural value. A good example is the Chimanimani montane quartzite endemics, the majority of which are not significantly threatened (Timberlake et al. 2016b).

For the Mozambique flora as a whole, as of July 2019, 1,050 plant taxa (c. 17% of the total vascular flora) are listed on the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org). A total of 812 (77%) of these taxa are listed as LC, a much higher percentage than the equivalent for the endemics. Therefore, whilst there is still a long way to go before an exhaustive Red List can be achieved for Mozambique, the focus of the IUCN-SSC Southern African Plant Specialist Group on the endemic flora appears to be an effective strategy in identifying the taxa in most urgent need of conservation action.

Conclusion: future priorities for the study of the endemic flora of Mozambique and its conservation

The checklist of endemic plants presented here provides a useful basis from which to build the evidence-base for effective conservation of the unique flora of Mozambique, for which the following next steps are underway:

• Complete the collation of existing data on endemic and near-endemic taxa, so that a detailed spatial analysis can be conducted to more accurately define Centres of Endemism and specific localities with concentrations of endemics. These results will allow for identification of critical knowledge gaps, and help effectively target sites for future field surveys.

• Complete a Red List of globally threatened species in Mozambique, with the eventual aims to assess the extinction risk for all endemic and near-endemic taxa, gather more information on species currently assessed as Data Deficient, and take active steps towards the conservation of all threatened species.

• Apply the accumulated plant distribution and Red List data, together with information on critical habitats, to identify and document Important Plant Areas. These data will also provide the botanical component for the identification of Key Biodiversity Areas.

Critical to the success of this work is the continued development of in-country capacity in field botany, taxonomy and conservation science in Mozambique, so that Mozambican practitioners are well placed to take forward the implementation of Mozambique’s commitments to protecting plant diversity under the CBD.

Appendix 1

Summary checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique. Strict-endemic taxa are listed in bold. “Endemism” categories are abbreviated as follows: E = strict-endemic; NE1 = majority of range in Mozambique; NE2 = global range < 10,000 km², NE3 = taxon known from five sites or fewer. Under “Life form”, (a) = annual; (c) = herbaceous climbing perennial; (e) = epiphytic perennial; (geo) = geophyte; (gram-a) = annual graminoid; (gram-p) = perennial graminoid; (p) = perennial (terrestrial, non-succulent); (par) = parasitic perennial; (s) = succulent. Under “Type only”, Y = known only from the type specimen or type locality. “Provinces” of Mozambique are abbreviated as follows CD = Cabo Delgado; G = Gaza; In = Inhambane; Mc = Manica; Mp = Maputo; Na = Nampula; Ni = Niassa; S = Sofala; T = Tete; Z = Zambezia. Under “Other Countries”, provinces of South Africa are abbreviated as follows: KN = KwaZulu Natal; LP = Limpopo; MP = Mpumalanga. Centres of Endemism (“CoE”) are coded as follows: 1 = Rovuma; 2 = Maputaland sensu lato; 2a = Maputaland sensu stricto; 2b = Lebombo Mountains (Sub-) Centre; 2c = Inhambane (Sub-) Centre; 3 = [Eastern] Afromontane sensu lato; 3a = Chimanimani-Nyanga (Sub-) Centre; 3b = Mulanje-Namuli-Ribaue (Sub-) Centre. See Materials and methods section for further explanation.

Family	Taxon	Endemism	Life form	Type only	Provinces	Other countries	CoE
Pteridophyta
Pteridaceae	Adiantum mendoncae Alston	NE1	fern		Mc, Na, S	Zimbabwe
gymnospermae
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos aplanatus Vorster	NE2+3	cycad		Mp	eSwatini	2b
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos chimanimaniensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.	NE2+3	cycad		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp. emersus P.Rousseau, Vorster & A.E.van Wyk	E	cycad		In		2c
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos ferox G.Bertol subsp. ferox	NE1	cycad		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos gratus Prain	NE1	cycad		Z	Malawi	3b
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos munchii R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.	E	cycad		Mc		3a
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos ngoyanus I.Verd.	NE2	cycad		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2b
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos pterogonus R.A.Dyer & I.Verd.	E	cycad		Mc		3a
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos senticosus Vorster		cycad		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP	2b
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos turneri Lavranos & D.L.Goode	E	cycad		Na, Ni
Zamiaceae	Encephalartos umbeluziensis R.A.Dyer	NE2	cycad		Mp	eSwatini	2b
Angiospermae: Magnoliids
Annonaceae	Hexalobus mossambicensis N.Robson	E	shrub, tree		CD, Na		1
Annonaceae	Huberantha mossambicensis (Vollesen) Chaowasku	E	shrub		Z		1
Annonaceae	Monanthotaxis maputensis P.H.Hoekstra	NE1	shrub, liana		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Annonaceae	Monanthotaxis suffruticosa P.H.Hoekstra INED.	NE1+3	shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Annonaceae	Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels) Verdc.	NE1	shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Annonaceae	Monodora carolinae Couvreur	NE2+3	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Annonaceae	Monodora stenopetala Oliv.	NE1	shrub, tree		S, T	Malawi
Annonaceae	Uvaria rovumae Deroin & Lötter	E	liana		CD		1
Annonaceae	Xylopia lukei D.M.Johnson & Goyder	NE2	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Annonaceae	Xylopia tenuipetala D.M.Johnson & Goyder	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Annonaceae	Xylopia torrei N.Robson	E	shrub		G, In, Mp, Na		2a, 2c
Angiospermae: Monocots
Amaryllidaceae	Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd.	NE1	herb (geo)		Mc, S, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Amaryllidaceae	Tulbaghia friesii Suess.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Araceae	Stylochaeton euryphyllum Mildbr.	NE1	herb (geo)		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Araceae	Stylochaeton natalense Schott subsp. maximum (Engl.) Bogner & Haigh	NE3	herb (geo)		Mp	Tanzania
Araceae	Stylochaeton tortispathum Bogner & Haigh	E	herb (geo)	Y	CD		1
Arecaceae	Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey	NE1	tree		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Asparagaceae	Asparagus chimanimanensis Sebsebe		shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asparagaceae	Asparagus petersianus Kunth	NE1	shrub		CD, S, Z	Tanzania
Asparagaceae	Asparagus radiatus Sebsebe	NE2+3	shrub		Mp	eSwatini	2b
Asparagaceae	Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.) Kativu subsp. rhodesianum (Rendle) Kativu	NE2	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asparagaceae	Dracaena pedicellata (la Croix) Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix)	NE1	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asparagaceae	Dracaena subspicata (Baker) Byng & Christenh. (=Sansevieria subspicata Baker)	E	herb (s)		Mp, Na, S, Z
Asparagaceae	Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Baker subsp. phippsii (Wild) P.L.Perry	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodelaceae	Aloe argentifolia T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista	E	shrub (s)		CD
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis Ellert	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodelaceae	Aloe cannellii L.C.Leach	E	herb (s)		Mc		3a
Asphodelaceae	Aloe decurva Reynolds	E	herb (s)		Mc		3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe excelsa A.Berger var. breviflora L.C.Leach	NE2	tree (s)		Na, Z	Malawi
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. hazeliana	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe inyangensis Christian var. kimberleyana S.Carter	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp. orientalis Glen & D.S.Hardy	NE1	tree (s)		G, Mp, S	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe mawii Christian	NE1	tree (s)		CD, Na, Ni, Z	Malawi, Tanzania
Asphodelaceae	Aloe menyharthii Baker subsp. ensifolia S.Carter	E	herb (s)		Na, Z
Asphodelaceae	Aloe mossurilensis Ellert	E	herb (s)		Na		1
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe munchii Christian	NE2	shrub (s), tree (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe plowesii Reynolds	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodelaceae	Aloe ribauensis T.A.McCoy, Rulkens & O.J.Baptista	E	herb (s)		CD, Na
Asphodelaceae	Aloe rulkensii T.A.McCoy & O.J.Baptista	E	herb (s)		Na		3b
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe suffulta Reynolds	NE1	herb (s)		Mp	Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa KN
Asphodelaceae	Aloe torrei I.Verd. & Christian	E	herb (s)		Z		3b
Asphodeleaceae	Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds	NE2	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asphodeleaceae	Aloidendron tongaense (Van Jaarsv.) Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. (=Aloe tongaensis Van Jaarsv.)	NE1	tree (s)		In, Mp, S	South Africa KN
Commelinaceae	Aneilema arenicola Faden	NE2	herb (a)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Commelinaceae	Aneilema mossambicense (Faden) Faden INED. (=A. dregeanum Kunth subsp. mossambicense Faden)	E	herb (p)		Na, Z		1
Commelinaceae	Cyanotis chimanimaniensis Faden INED.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Commelinaceae	Cyanotis namuliensis Faden INED.	E	herb (p)		Z		3b
Commelinaceae	Triceratella drummondii Brenan	NE3	herb (a)		Z	Zimbabwe
Cymodoceaceae	Thalassodendron leptocaule Maria C.Duarte Bandeira & Romeiras	NE2	herb (seagrass)		Mp	South Africa KN
Cyperaceae	Cyperus longispicula Muasya & D.A.Simpson	NE3	herb (gram-p)		Mc	Zimbabwe
Eriocaulaceae	Eriocaulon infaustum N.E.Br.	E	herb (a)	Y	Z
Eriocaulaceae	Eriocaulon mulanjeanum S.M.Phillips	NE1+3	herb (a)		Z	Malawi	3b
Eriocaulaceae	Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Hydrocharitaceae	Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f. subsp. linearis (Hartog) Hartog	E	herb (seagrass)		In, Mp
Iridaceae	Dierama inyangense Hilliard	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Iridaceae	Dierama plowesii Hilliard	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Iridaceae	Freesia grandiflora (Baker) Klatt subsp. occulta J.C.Manning & Goldblatt	E	herb (geo)	Y	Z
Iridaceae	Gladiolus brachyphyllus F.Bolus	NE2	herb (geo)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa MP	2b
Iridaceae	Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt	NE1	herb (geo)		Mc, Z	Zimbabwe	3a
Iridaceae	Hesperantha ballii Wild	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Iridaceae	Moraea niassensis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning	E	herb (geo)	Y	Ni
Iridaceae	Tritonia moggii Oberm.	E	herb (geo)		G, In, Mp, Z		2a, 2c
Orchidaceae	Bonatea pulchella Summerh.	NE1+3	herb (geo)		Mp	South Africa KN, LP, MP	2a
Orchidaceae	Bulbophyllum ballii P.J.Cribb	NE1	herb (e)		Mc, Na, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Orchidaceae	Cynorkis anisoloba Summerh.	NE2	herb (geo)		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Cyrtorchis glaucifolia Summerh.	E	herb (e)		Na
Orchidaceae	Disa chimanimaniensis (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Disa zimbabweensis H.P.Linder	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Disperis mozambicensis Schltr.	E	herb (geo)	Y	S
Orchidaceae	Eulophia biloba Schltr.	E	herb (?geo)	Y	S
Orchidaceae	Eulophia bisaccata Kraenzl.	E	herb (geo)	Y
Orchidaceae	Habenaria hirsutissima Summerh.	E	herb (geo)		Na, Ni
Orchidaceae	Habenaria mosambicensis Schltr.	E	herb (?geo)	Y	S
Orchidaceae	Habenaria stylites Rchb.f. & S.Moore subsp. johnsonii (Rolfe) Summerh.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Ni	Tanzania
Orchidaceae	Liparis hemipilioides Schltr.	E	herb (geo)	Y	S
Orchidaceae	Neobolusia ciliata Summerh.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Oeceoclades perrieri (Schltr.) Garay & P.Taylor	NE3	herb (p)		Mp, S	Madagascar
Orchidaceae	Oligophyton drummondii H.P.Linder & G.Will.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Polystachya songaniensis G.Will.	NE2	herb (e)		Z	Malawi	3b
Orchidaceae	Polystachya subumbellata P.J.Cribb & Podz.	NE2	herb (e)		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Polystachya valentina la Croix & P.J.Cribb	NE1	herb (p)		Mc, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Orchidaceae	Satyrium flavum la Croix	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orchidaceae	Schizochilus lepidus Summerh.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Poaceae	Alloeochaete namuliensis Chippind.	E	herb (gram-p)		Z		3b
Poaceae	Baptorhachis foliacea (Clayton) Clayton	E	herb (gram-a)	Y	Na		3b
Poaceae	Brachychloa fragilis S.M.Phillips	NE2	herb (gram-a)		Mp	South Africa KN, LP	2a
Poaceae	Brachychloa schiemanniana (Schweick.) S.M.Phillips	NE1	herb (gram-p)		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Poaceae	Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (J.B.Phipps) Clayton	NE2+3	herb (gram-p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Poaceae	Digitaria appropinquata Goetgh.	E	herb (gram-a)	Y	Z		3b
Poaceae	Digitaria fuscopilosa Goetgh.	E	herb (gram-p)	Y	Mc		3a
Poaceae	Digitaria megasthenes Goetgh.	E	herb (gram-p)		Ni, Z
Poaceae	Eragrostis desolata Launert	NE2+3	herb (gram-p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Poaceae	Eragrostis moggii De Winter	NE1	herb (gram-p)		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Poaceae	Eragrostis sericata Cope	E	herb (gram-p)		In		2c
Poaceae	Eriochloa rovumensis (Pilg.) Clayton	NE1	herb (gram-a)		Na, Ni, Z	Tanzania
Poaceae	Trichoneura schlechteri Ekman	E	herb (gram-p)		In, Mp		2a, 2c
Restionaceae	Platycaulos quartziticola (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder & C.R.Hardy	NE2+3	herb (gram-p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta argentea (Wild) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu	NE2+3	shrub, herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta kirkii (Hemsl.) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu	NE1	shrub, tree		Ni, Z	Malawi	3b
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta pseudopinifolia Behnke	NE1	shrub		Na, Ni, Z	Malawi
Velloziaceae	Xerophyta splendens (Rendle) N.L.Menezes	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Z	Malawi	3b
Xyridaceae	Xyris asterotricha Lock	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Xyridaceae	Xyris makuensis N.E.Br.	NE2	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Zingiberaceae	Siphonochilus kilimanensis (Gagnep.) B.L.Burtt	E	herb (geo)		Na, S, Z
Angiospermae: Eu-Dicots
Acanthaceae	Barleria delagoensis Oberm.	NE1	herb (p), shrub		G, In, Mp, S	South Africa KN
Acanthaceae	Barleria fissimuroides I.Darbysh.	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Acanthaceae	Barleria fulvostellata C.B.Clarke subsp. mangochiensis I.Darbysh.	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Ni	Malawi
Acanthaceae	Barleria laceratiflora Lindau	NE2+3	herb (p)		Na	Tanzania	1
Acanthaceae	Barleria oxyphylla Lindau	NE2	herb (p)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa MP
Acanthaceae	Barleria setosa (Klotzsch) I.Darbysh.	E	herb (p), shrub		Na		1
Acanthaceae	Barleria torrei I.Darbysh.	E	shrub		Ni
Acanthaceae	Barleria vollesenii I.Darbysh.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Ni	Tanzania
Acanthaceae	Blepharis dunensis Vollesen	E	herb (p)		Na, Z		1
Acanthaceae	Blepharis gazensis Vollesen	E	herb (p)		G, S
Acanthaceae	Blepharis swaziensis Vollesen	NE2	herb (p)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2b
Acanthaceae	Blepharis torrei Vollesen	NE2+3	herb (p)		Ni	Tanzania
Acanthaceae	Cephalophis lukei Vollesen	NE3	herb (p)		S	Kenya
Acanthaceae	Dicliptera quintasii Lindau	NE2	herb (p)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Acanthaceae	Duosperma dichotomum Vollesen	E	herb (p), shrub		CD		1
Acanthaceae	Ecbolium glabratum Vollesen	NE1	herb (p)		G, Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP	2a, 2b
Acanthaceae	Ecbolium hastatum Vollesen	E	herb (p), shrub		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Acanthaceae	Isoglossa namuliensis I.Darbysh. & T.Harris	E	herb (p)	Y	Z		3b
Acanthaceae	Justicia attenuifolia Vollesen	NE1	herb (p)		Ni	Tanzania
Acanthaceae	Justicia gorongozana Vollesen	E	herb (p)		CD, S
Acanthaceae	Justicia niassensis Vollesen	E	shrub		CD, Na		1
Acanthaceae	Justicia subcordatifolia Vollesen & I.Darbysh. (=J. hedrenii Vollesen)	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Acanthaceae	Lepidagathis plantaginea Mildbr.	NE1	herb (p)		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Acanthaceae	Sclerochiton apiculatus Vollesen	NE1+2	shrub		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Acanthaceae	Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau) S.Moore	NE1	shrub		G, In, Mc, Na, Z	Zimbabwe
Acanthaceae	Sclerochiton hirsutus Vollesen	E	shrub		Z		3b
Aizoaceae	Trianthema mozambiquense H.E.K.Hartmann & Liede	E	herb	Y	Mp		2a
Amaranthaceae	Caroxylon littoralis (Moq.) Akhani & Roalson	NE2	herb (p), shrub		In	Madagascar, Europa Is.
Amaranthaceae	Celosia nervosa C.C.Towns.	E	herb		In, Mp, Na
Amaranthaceae	Celosia pandurata Baker	E	herb		S, Z
Amaranthaceae	Salicornia mossambicensis (Brenan) Piirainen & G.Kadereit	E	herb (p)		In		2c
Anacardiaceae	Ozoroa gomesiana R.Fern. & A.Fern.	E	shrub, tree		In		2c
Anacardiaceae	Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R.Fern. & A.Fern. var. elliptica R.Fern. & A.Fern.	NE1	shrub, tree		G, In, Mc, Mp, S, T, Z	Zimbabwe
Anacardiaceae	Rhus acuminatissima R.Fern. & A.Fern. (=Searsia acuminatissima (R.Fern. & A.Fern.) Moffett)	NE1	shrub, tree		Na, Z	Malawi
Apiaceae	Afrosciadium rhodesicum (Cannon) P.J.D.Winter	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apiaceae	Centella obtriangularis Cannon	E	herb (p)		Mc		3a
Apiaceae	Pimpinella mulanjensis C.C.Towns.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Apocynaceae	Asclepias cucullata (Schltr.) Schltr. subsp. scabrifolia (S.Moore) Goyder	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Asclepias graminifolia (Wild) Goyder	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Aspidoglossum glabellum Kupicha	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Aspidoglossum hirundo Kupicha	NE1	herb (geo)		Na, Z	Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia aloicola M.G.Gilbert INED.	E	herb (s)		Mp		2b
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia chimanimaniensis M.G.Gilbert INED.	NE2+3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia cyperifolia Bruyns	E	herb (geo)		Ni
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia gracilidens Bruyns	E	herb (geo)		CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia monteiroae Hook.f.	NE1	herb (s)		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia muchevensis M.G.Gilbert INED.	E	herb (s)		S
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia nutans (Bruyns) Bruyns	E	herb (geo)		Z		3b
Apocynaceae	Ceropegia vahrmeijeri (R.A.Dyer) Bruyns	NE1+2	herb (geo)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Apocynaceae	Cynanchum oresbium (Bruyns) Goyder	E	herb (s)		Na
Apocynaceae	Emicocarpus fissifolius K.Schum.& Schltr.	E	herb (p)		Mp		2a
Apocynaceae	Huernia erectiloba L.C.Leach & Lavranos	E	shrub (s)		CD, Na, Z
Apocynaceae	Huernia leachii Lavranos	NE1+2	herb (s)		Mc	Malawi
Apocynaceae	Huernia verekeri Stent subsp. pauciflora (L.C.Leach) Bruyns	E	shrub (s)		In, S
Apocynaceae	Huernia volkartii Werderm. & Peitsch. var. repens (Lavranos) Lavranos	NE2+3	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae	Marsdenia cynanchoides Schltr.	NE1	liana		CD, S, Z	Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Apocynaceae	Marsdenia gazensis S.Moore	NE2	liana		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Orbea halipedicola L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		S
Apocynaceae	Orbea longidens (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach	NE1+2	herb (s)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Apocynaceae	Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp. arenicola Goyder	NE2	herb (geo)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Apocynaceae	Raphionacme pulchella Venter & R.L.Verh.	NE3	herb (geo)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Apocynaceae	Secamone delagoensis Schltr.	NE1	liana		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Apocynaceae	Stapelia unicornis C.A.Luckh.	NE2	herb (s)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2b
Apocynaceae	Stomatostemma pendulina Venter & D.V.Field (=Cryptolepis pendulina (Venter & D.V.Field) P.I.Forst.)	E	shrub		Na, Z
Araliaceae	Cussonia arenicola Strey	NE1	shrub		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Asteraceae	Adelostigma athrixioides Steetz [uncertain species]	E	herb		In		2c
Asteraceae	Anisopappus paucidentatus Wild	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Aster chimanimaniensis W.Lippert (=Afroaster chimanimaniensis (W.Lippert) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt)	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Bothriocline moramballae (Oliv. & Hiern) O.Hoffm.	E	herb (s), shrub (s)		Na, Z		3b
Asteraceae	Bothriocline steetziana Wild & G.V.Pope	E	herb (a)		In, Na, Z
Asteraceae	Chrysocoma mozambicensis Ehr.Bayer	NE1	shrub		In, Mp	South Africa KN, MP	2a, 2c
Asteraceae	Cineraria pulchra Cron	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Distephanus inhacensis (G.V.Pope) R.G.C.Boon & Glen	NE1	shrub, liana		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Asteraceae	Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild & G.V.Pope	NE1+2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Gyrodoma hispida (Vatke) Wild	E	herb (a)		G, In, Mp, S, Z
Asteraceae	Helichrysum acervatum S.Moore	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum africanum (S.Moore) Wild (=Calomeria africana (S.Moore) Heine)	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum chasei Wild	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum lastii Engl.	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Z	Malawi	3b
Asteraceae	Helichrysum moggii Wild	E	herb (p)		Mp		2a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum moorei Staner	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum rhodellum Wild	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Helichrysum silvaticum Hilliard		herb (p)		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Asteraceae	Kleinia chimanimaniensis van Jaarsv.	NE2+3	herb (s), shrub (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Lopholaena brickellioides S.Moore	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Senecio aetfatensis B.Nord.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Senecio forbesii Oliv. & Hiern [uncertain species]	E	herb	Y	Unknown
Asteraceae	Senecio peltophorus Brenan	NE2+3	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Asteraceae	Vernonia calvoana (Hook.f.) Hook.f. subsp. meridionalis (Wild) C.Jeffrey (=Baccharoides calvoana (Hook.f.) Isawumi, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord. subsp. meridionalis (Wild) Isuwami, El-Ghazaly & B.Nord.)	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp. muelleri	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Asteraceae	Vernonia nepetifolia Wild	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Balsaminaceae	Impatiens psychadelphoides Launert	NE1	herb (p)		Mc, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Balsaminaceae	Impatiens salpinx G.M.Schulze & Launert	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Balsaminaceae	Impatiens wuerstenii S.B.Janssens & Dessein	E	herb (p)		S		3a
Bignoniaceae	Dolichandrone alba (Sim) Sprague	E	shrub, tree		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Boraginaceae	Cordia mandimbana E.S.Martins	E	tree	Y	Ni
Boraginaceae	Cordia megiae J.E.Burrows	E	tree		S
Boraginaceae	Cordia stuhlmannii Gürke	E	shrub, tree		S, Z
Burseraceae	Commiphora mombassensis Engl.	NE3	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Burseraceae	Commiphora schlechteri Engl.	NE1	shrub, tree		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN, ?Zimbabwe	2a, 2c
Campanulaceae	Lobelia blantyrensis E.Wimm.	NE2	herb (a), herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Campanulaceae	Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore	NE2+3	herb (a), herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Campanulaceae	Wahlenbergia subaphylla (Baker) Thulin subsp. scoparia (Wild) Thulin	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Capparaceae	Capparis viminea Hook.f. & Thomson ex Oliv. var. orthacantha (Gilg & Gilg-Ben.) DeWolf	NE2+3	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Capparaceae	Maerua acuminata Oliv.	NE1	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Capparaceae	Maerua andradae Wild	E	herb (p), shrub		CD		1
Capparaceae	Maerua brunnescens Wild	E	shrub		In, Mc, Mp, S, T, Z
Capparaceae	Maerua scandens (Klotzsch) Müll.Berol. ex B.D.Jacks.	E	shrub, liana		G, Na, T, Z
Capparaceae	Maerua schliebenii Gilg-Ben.	NE1	shrub		Na	Tanzania	1
Caprifoliaceae	Pterocephalus centennii M.J.Cannon	E	shrub	Y	Mc		3a
Caryophyllaceae	Dianthus chimanimaniensis S.S.Hooper	E	herb	Y	Mc		3a
Celastraceae	Crossopetalum mossambicense I.Darbysh.	E	shrub		CD		1
Celastraceae	Elaeodendron fruticosum N.Robson	E	shrub, tree		G, In		2a, 2c
Celastraceae	Gymnosporia arenicola Jordaan	NE1	shrub, tree		G, In, Mp, S, Z	South Africa KN
Celastraceae	Gymnosporia gurueensis (N.Robson) Jordaan	E	shrub, tree		Z
Celastraceae	Gymnosporia markwardii Jordaan	NE1	shrub		In, Mp, Z	South Africa KN
Celastraceae	Gymnosporia oxycarpa (N.Robson) Jordaan	NE2	shrub		G	South Africa LP
Celastraceae	Maytenus chasei N.Robson	NE1	shrub, tree		Mc, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Celastraceae	Prionostemma delagoensis (Loes.) N.Hallé var. delagoensis (=Hippocratea delagoensis Loes.)	NE1	shrub, liana		G, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Celastraceae	Salacia orientalis N.Robson	NE1	shrub, liana		CD	Tanzania	1
Chrysobalanaceae	Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.) Prance	NE1	tree		Mc, Na, S, Z	Zimbabwe, Tanzania	3a, 3b
Cleomaceae	Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv. (=Sieruela bororensis (Klotzsch) Roalson & J.C.Hall)	NE1	herb (a)		G, Mp, S, Z	Tanzania, South Africa KN
Clusiaceae	Garcinia acutifolia N.Robson	NE1	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Combretaceae	Combretum andradae Exell & J.G.García	NE1	shrub, liana		CD, Na, Ni	Tanzania
Combretaceae	Combretum caudatisepalum Exell & J.G.García	E	shrub		CD, Na		1
Combretaceae	Combretum lasiocarpum Engl. & Diels	E	shrub, tree		Na, T, Z
Combretaceae	Combretum lindense Exell & Mildbr.	NE2+3	shrub, liana		CD	Tanzania	1
Combretaceae	Combretum stocksii Sprague	E	shrub		CD		1
Combretaceae	Terminalia barbosae (Exell) Gere & Boatwr. (=Pteleopsis barbosae Exell)	E	tree		CD, Na		1
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea ephemera Verdc.	E	herb (a)		Na, Z
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea venosa (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. stellaris (Baker) Verdc. var. obtusifolia Verdc.	E	herb (p)	Y	Mp		2a
Convolvulaceae	Turbina longiflora Verdc.	E	herb (c)		CD, In, Mp
Crassulaceae	Crassula leachii R.Fern.	E	herb (p)		Mc
Crassulaceae	Crassula maputensis R.Fern.	NE1	herb (a), herb (p)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Crassulaceae	Crassula morrumbalensis R.Fern.	E	herb (p)	Y	Z
Crassulaceae	Crassula zombensis Baker f.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe elizae A.Berger	NE1	herb (s)		Na, Ni, Z	Malawi
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe fernandesii Raym.-Hamet	E	herb (p)	Y	Na		1
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe hametiorum Raym.-Hamet	E	herb (p)		CD, Na, Z
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe velutina Welw. ex Britten subsp. chimanimaniensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern.	NE2+3	herb (s)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Cucurbitaceae	Eureiandra eburnea C.Jeffrey	NE1	herb (c)		T	Zambia, Zimbabwe
Cucurbitaceae	Momordica henriquesii Cogn.	NE1	herb (c)		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Cucurbitaceae	Momordica mossambica H.Schaef.	E	liana	Y	Na		1
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum barbosae Torre	NE1	shrub, liana		CD, S, Z	Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum deflexum (Klotzsch) Engl.	NE1	shrub		CD, In, Na	Tanzania
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum macrocarpum Engl.	NE1	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Dilleniaceae	Tetracera bussei Gilg	NE3	shrub		Ni	Tanzania
Ebenaceae	Diospyros rotundifolia Hiern	NE1	tree		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Ebenaceae	Euclea racemosa L. subsp. sinuata F.White	NE1	shrub, tree		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Ericaceae	Erica lanceolifera S.Moore	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Ericaceae	Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. blaerioides (Wild) R.Ross	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Ericaceae	Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. pleiotricha	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Ericaceae	Erica wildii Brenan	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Erythroxylaceae	Nectaropetalum carvalhoi Engl.	NE1+2	shrub, tree		CD, Na	Tanzania? - see note in F.T.E.A. Erythroxylaceae: 8 (1984)	1
Euphorbiaceae	Croton aceroides Radcl.-Sm.	E	tree		In		2c
Euphorbiaceae	Croton inhambanensis Radcl.-Sm.	E	shrub, tree		In		2c
Euphorbiaceae	Croton kilwae Radcl.-Sm.	NE1	shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Euphorbiaceae	Croton leuconeurus Pax subsp. mossambicensis Radcl.-Sm.	E	shrub, tree		S, Z
Euphorbiaceae	Crotonogynopsis australis Kenfack & Gereau	NE2	tree		Z	Tanzania
Euphorbiaceae	Erythrococca zambesiaca Prain	NE2	shrub		S	Malawi
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach var. ambrosae	E	shrub (s)		In, S, Z
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ambroseae L.C.Leach var. spinosa L.C.Leach	NE1	shrub (s)		In, S, T	Malawi
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia angularis Klotzsch	E	shrub (s)		CD, Na		1
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia baylissii L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia bougheyi L.C.Leach	E	tree (s)		CD, In, S, Z
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia citrina S.Carter	NE2	shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3b
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia contorta L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia corniculata R.A.Dyer	E	shrub (s)		CD, Na, Ni
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia crebrifolia S.Carter	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia crenata (N.E.Br.) Bruyns (=Monadenium crenatum N.E.Br.)	E	herb (p)	Y	Mc
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia decliviticola L.C.Leach	NE1+2+3	shrub (s), tree (s)		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia depauperata A.Rich. var. tsetserrensis S.Carter	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc subsp. grandicornis	NE1	shrub (s)		G, Mc, Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia grandicornis Blanc subsp. sejuncta L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		Na
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia graniticola L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s), tree (s)		Mc		3a
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia keithii R.A.Dyer	NE2+3	shrub (s), tree (s)		Mp	eSwatini	2b
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp. johnsonii (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		Mp, S
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia knuthii Pax subsp. knuthii	NE1	shrub (s)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP	2a, 2b
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia marrupana Bruyns	E	shrub (s)		Ni
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia mlanjeana L.C.Leach	NE1+3	shrub (s)		Na, Ni, Z	Malawi
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia namuliensis Bruyns	E	shrub (s)		Z		3b
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia neohalipedicola Bruyns (=Synadenium halipedicola L.C.Leach)	E	shrub	Y	S
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia neorugosa Bruyns nom. inval. (=Monadenium rugosum S.Carter)	NE2+3	herb (p)		CD	Tanzania	1
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia plenispina S.Carter	E	shrub (s)		Mc
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia ramulosa L.C.Leach	E	shrub (s)		Na, Ni, Z
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia schlechteri Pax	E	herb (p)		G, Mp		2a
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia stenocaulis Bruyns	E	shrub (s)	Y	Z
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia torrei (L.C.Leach) Bruyns	NE1	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia unicornis R.A.Dyer	E	shrub (s)		CD
Euphorbiaceae	Jatropha latifolia Pax var. subeglandulosa Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (p)	Y	Mp		2b
Euphorbiaceae	Jatropha scaposa Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (p)		Mp, Na, S
Euphorbiaceae	Jatropha subaequiloba Radcl.-Sm.	E	shrub		In		2c
Euphorbiaceae	Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. var. lindicus (Radcl.-Sm.) Radcl.-Sm.	NE1	tree		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Euphorbiaceae	Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. var. hispida Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (c)	Y	Mp		2a
Euphorbiaceae	Tragia shirensis Prain var. glabriuscula Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (p)	Y	Na
Euphorbiaceae	Tragia shirensis Prain var. shirensis	NE1	herb (p)		Z	Malawi
Fabaceae	Acacia latispina J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows (=Vachellia latispina (J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows) Kyal. & Boatwr.)	E	tree		CD		1
Fabaceae	Acacia latistipulata Harms (=Senegalia latistipulata (Harms) Kyal. & Boatwr.)	NE1	shrub		CD, Na, T	Tanzania
Fabaceae	Acacia quiterajoensis Timberlake & Lötter	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Fabaceae	Acacia torrei Brenan (=Vachellia torrei (Brenan) Kyal. & Boatwr.)	E	shrub		S
Fabaceae	Adenopodia schlechteri (Harms) Brenan	E	liana, shrub		G, Mp		2a
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene aphylla Wild	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis Verdc.	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene grandistipulata Harms	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene inyangensis Wild	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene minutiflora Taub. subsp. grandiflora Verdc.	E	herb (a)		Na, Z
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene mossambicensis Verdc. subsp. mossambicensis	E	herb (a), herb (p)		Na, Z
Fabaceae	Aeschynomene pawekiae Verdc.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Ni	Malawi
Fabaceae	Baphia macrocalyx Harms	NE1	tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Baphia massaiensis Taub. subsp. gomesii (Baker f.) Brummitt	E	shrub, tree		CD, In, Na, Ni	Tanzania?
Fabaceae	Baphia ovata Sim (=Baphia kirkii Baker subsp. ovata (Sim) Soladoye)	E	shrub, tree		G, In		2c
Fabaceae	Baphia punctulata Harms subsp. palmensis Soladoye	E	shrub, tree	Y	CD		1
Fabaceae	Bauhinia burrowsii E.J.D.Schmidt	E	shrub		In		2c
Fabaceae	Berlinia orientalis Brenan	NE1	tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Brachystegia oblonga Sim	E	tree		Na, Z		1
Fabaceae	Bussea xylocarpa (Sprague) Sprague & Craib	E	tree		Mc
Fabaceae	Chamaecrista paralias (Brenan) Lock	E	herb (p), shrub, tree		In, Na
Fabaceae	Crotalaria assurgens Polhill	NE3	herb (p)		Ni	Tanzania
Fabaceae	Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans subsp. mozambica Polhill	NE1	herb (p), shrub		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Fabaceae	Crotalaria insignis Polhill	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. exigua Polhill	NE1	herb (a), herb (p)		Na, Z	Malawi
Fabaceae	Crotalaria misella Polhill	E	herb (a)		CD	Tanzania?	1
Fabaceae	Crotalaria mocubensis Polhill	E	herb (a)		S, T, Z
Fabaceae	Crotalaria namuliensis Polhill & T.Harris	E	herb (a), herb (p)		Z		3b
Fabaceae	Crotalaria paraspartea Polhill	E	herb (a)		Na
Fabaceae	Crotalaria phylicoides Wild	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Crotalaria schlechteri Baker f.	NE1+2	herb (p)		G, Mp	South Africa MP	2a
Fabaceae	Crotalaria schliebenii Polhill	NE1+2+3	herb (a), herb (p)		Na	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Crotalaria torrei Polhill	E	shrub		Z		3b
Fabaceae	Dialium schlechteri Harms	NE1	tree		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Fabaceae	Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. africana Brenan & Brummitt var. pubescens Brenan & Brummitt	NE1	shrub, tree		G, Mc, S	Zimbabwe
Fabaceae	Entada mossambicensis Torre	E	shrub		Na
Fabaceae	Entada stuhlmannii (Taub.) Harms	NE1	liana		CD, Na, Z	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Gelrebia rostrata (N.E.Br.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (=Caesalpinia rostrata N.E.Br.)	NE2+3	shrub, liana		Mp	South Africa MP	2a, 2b
Fabaceae	Guibourtia sousae J.Leonard	E	tree	Y	In		2c
Fabaceae	Icuria dunensis Wieringa	E	tree		Na, Z		1
Fabaceae	Indigofera cecilii N.E.Br.	NE1	herb (p), shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Indigofera concinna Baker	NE1	herb (a)		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Indigofera emarginella A.Rich. var. marrupaënsis Schrire	E	shrub	Y	Ni
Fabaceae	Indigofera erythrogramma Baker subsp. nampulensis Schrire	NE1+3	herb (a)		Na	Malawi
Fabaceae	Indigofera gobensis Schrire	E	herb (p)		Mp		2b
Fabaceae	Indigofera graniticola J.B.Gillett	NE2+3	herb (a)		Na	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Indigofera mendoncae J.B.Gillett	E	herb (p)		G, In		2c
Fabaceae	Indigofera namuliensis Schrire	E	herb (a)		Z		3b
Fabaceae	Indigofera nyassica Gilli var. brevior (J.B.Gillett) J.B.Gillett	NE3	herb (a), herb (p)		Ni	Tanzania
Fabaceae	Indigofera podophylla Harv.	NE1	herb (p)		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Fabaceae	Indigofera pseudomoniliformis Schrire	E	shrub		Na, Ni, Z
Fabaceae	Indigofera torrei J.B.Gillett	E	herb (p), shrub		G
Fabaceae	Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach subsp. excelsa Schrire	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Lotus wildii J.B.Gillett	NE2	herb (p), shrub		S	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Macrotyloma decipiens Verdc.	E	herb	Y	Na		1
Fabaceae	Micklethwaitia carvalhoi (Harms) G.P.Lewis & Schrire	E	tree		CD, Na		1
Fabaceae	Millettia ebenifera (Bertol.) J.E.Burrows & Lötter	E	shrub, tree		G, In		2c
Fabaceae	Millettia makondensis Harms	NE1	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Millettia mossambicensis J.B.Gillett	E	tree		Na, S
Fabaceae	Mimosa mossambicensis Brenan	NE1	shrub, liana		S, T	Malawi
Fabaceae	Ormocarpum schliebenii Harms	NE1	shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Fabaceae	Otholobium foliosum (Oliv.) C.H.Stirt. subsp. gazense (Baker f.) Verdc.	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis Verdc.	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia clivorum S.Moore subsp. gurueensis Verdc.	E	herb (p), shrub	Y	Z		3b
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia genistoides Burtt Davy	NE2+3	shrub		Mp	South Africa MP	2b
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia stipata Meikle	NE2+3	herb (c), herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia swynnertonii Baker f.	NE2	herb (c), liana		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Rhynchosia torrei Verdc.	E	shrub		Z		3b
Fabaceae	Scorodophloeus torrei Lock	E	shrub, tree		Na, Z		1
Fabaceae	Sphenostylis zimbabweensis Mithen	NE3	herb (c), herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia chimanimaniana Brummitt	NE1+2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia faulknerae Brummitt	E	shrub		Na, Z
Fabaceae	Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp. forbesii	NE1	herb (p)		G, Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia forbesii Baker subsp. inhacensis Brummitt	E	herb (p)		Mp		2a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia gobensis Brummitt	NE2+3	shrub		Mp	eSwatini	2b
Fabaceae	Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. drummondii (Brummitt) Brummitt	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. swynnertonii (Baker f.) Brummitt	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia miranda Brummitt	E	shrub		Na
Fabaceae	Tephrosia montana Brummitt	NE2	shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia praecana Brummitt	NE2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Fabaceae	Tephrosia reptans Baker var. microfoliata (Pires da Lima) Brummitt	E	herb (a)		CD, Na, Z		1
Fabaceae	Tephrosia whyteana Baker f. subsp. gemina Brummitt	E	shrub		Z		3b
Fabaceae	Xylia mendoncae Torre	E	shrub, tree		In		2c
Gentianaceae	Exacum zombense N.E.Br.	NE1	herb (a)		Mc, Na, Ni, Z	Malawi	3a, 3b
Gentianaceae	Faroa involucrata (Klotzsch) Knobl.	E	herb (a)		Na, Z
Geraniaceae	Geranium exellii J.R.Laundon	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Geraniaceae	Pelargonium mossambicense Engl.	NE2	herb (p)		S	Zimbabwe	3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus acicularis I.Darbysh. & Massingue	E	herb (p)	Y	Mc		3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus brachynema Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	E	herb		S		3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus erubescens Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb		Ni	Malawi	3b
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br. subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus hirticapsa B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus leptopus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus michelmorei B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb (p)		Mc, S?	Zimbabwe	3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus milanjianus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	NE2+3	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus montis-bingae Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	E	herb (p)	Y	Mc		3a
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus myoporoides Hilliard & B.L.Burtt	E	herb (p)		Na		3b
Gesneriaceae	Streptocarpus umtaliensis B.L.Burtt	NE2	herb		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Acrotome mozambiquensis G.Taylor	E	herb (p)		Mp		2a
Lamiaceae	Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern.	E	herb (p)	Y	Na		1
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv. subsp. cephalanthum var. torrei R.Fern.	E	liana, shrub	Y?	CD		1
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc.	NE1+3	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum robustum Klotzsch var. macrocalyx R.Fern.	E	herb (p)	Y	Mc
Lamiaceae	Coleus caudatus (S.Moore) E.Downes & I.Darbysh. (=Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore)	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Coleus cucullatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus cucullatus A.J.Paton)	E	herb (p), shrub		Na		3b
Lamiaceae	Coleus namuliensis E.Downes & I.Darbysh.	E	herb (p)		Z		3b
Lamiaceae	Coleus psammophilus (Codd) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus psammophilus Codd)	NE1	herb (p)		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Lamiaceae	Coleus sessilifolius (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton (=Plectranthus sessilifolius A.J.Paton)	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Leucas nyassae Gürke var. velutina (C.H.Wright ex Baker) Sebald	E	herb (p)		Ni
Lamiaceae	Ocimum natalense Ayob. ex A.J. Paton	NE2	herb (p), shrub		G, Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Lamiaceae	Ocimum reclinatum (S.D.Will. & K.Balkwill) A.J.Paton	NE2	herb (p)		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Lamiaceae	Orthosiphon scedastophyllus A.J.Paton	NE2+3	herb (p)		CD	Tanzania	1
Lamiaceae	Plectranthus chimanimanensis S.Moore	NE1	herb (p), shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Plectranthus guruensis A.J.Paton	E	herb (p)		Z		3b
Lamiaceae	Plectranthus mandalensis Baker	NE2	herb (a), herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Lamiaceae	Premna hans-joachimii Verdc.	NE2	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Lamiaceae	Premna tanganyikensis Moldenke	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Lamiaceae	Rotheca luembensis (De Wild.) R.Fern. subsp. niassensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern.	E	herb (p)		Ni
Lamiaceae	Rotheca sansibarensis (Gürke) Steane & Mabb. subsp. sansibarensis var. eratensis (R.Fern.) R.Fern.	E	shrub	Y	Na
Lamiaceae	Rotheca teaguei (Hutch.) R.Fern.	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe
Lamiaceae	Rotheca verdcourtii (R.Fern.) R.Fern.	NE2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Stachys didymantha Brenan	NE2	herb (p)		Z	Malawi	3b
Lamiaceae	Syncolostemon flabellifolius (S.Moore) A.J.Paton	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Syncolostemon namapaensis D.F.Otieno	NE2+3	herb (p)		Na	Tanzania
Lamiaceae	Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild) D.F.Otieno	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Lamiaceae	Vitex carvalhi Gürke	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Lamiaceae	Vitex mossambicensis Gürke	NE1	tree		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Lentibulariaceae	Utricularia podadena P.Taylor	NE2+3	herb (p)		Ni	Malawi
Linaceae	Hugonia elliptica N.Robson	E	shrub, liana		Z		1
Linaceae	Hugonia grandiflora N.Robson	NE3	shrub, tree, liana		CD	Tanzania	1
Linderniaceae	Crepidorhopalon flavus (S.Moore) I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch. (=Lindernia flava S.Moore)	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Linderniaceae	Crepidorhopalon namuliensis I.Darbysh. & Eb.Fisch.	E	herb (p)		Z		3b
Loranthaceae	Agelanthus deltae (Baker & Sprague) Polhill & Wiens	E	shrub (par)		S, T, Z
Loranthaceae	Agelanthus igneus (Danser) Polhill & Wiens	NE1+3	shrub (par)		CD, S, T, Z	Tanzania
Loranthaceae	Agelanthus patelii Polhill & Timberlake INED.	NE2+3	shrub (par)		Z	Malawi	3b
Loranthaceae	Englerina oedostemon (Danser) Polhill & Wiens	NE2	shrub (par)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Loranthaceae	Englerina schlechteri (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens	E	shrub (par)		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Loranthaceae	Englerina swynnertonii (Sprague) Polhill & Wiens	NE2+3	shrub (par)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Loranthaceae	Englerina triplinervia (Baker & Sprague) Polhill & Wiens	NE3	shrub (par)		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Loranthaceae	Helixanthera schizocalyx T.Harris, I.Darbysh. & Polhill	E	shrub (par)		Z		3b
Lythraceae	Ammannia elata R.Fern.	E	herb (a)	Y	Z
Lythraceae	Ammannia fernandesiana S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (p)		In, S
Lythraceae	Ammannia gazensis (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (a)	Y	G
Lythraceae	Ammannia linearis (Hiern) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	NE1	herb (a)		Na, S, Z	Tanzania
Lythraceae	Ammannia moggii (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (p)	Y	Na		1
Lythraceae	Ammannia mossambicensis (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	NE3	herb (a), herb (p)		Na	Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Lythraceae	Ammannia parvula S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (a)		Na
Lythraceae	Ammannia pedroi (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (a)		CD, Na		1
Lythraceae	Ammannia polycephala (Peter) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (p)		S
Lythraceae	Ammannia ramosissima (A.Fern. & Diniz) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (a)	Y	Ni	?Malawi
Lythraceae	Ammannia spathulata (A.Fern.) S.A.Graham & Gandhi	E	herb (p)	Y	S
Malpighiaceae	Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. var. linearifolius Launert	NE1	shrub, tree, liana		In, Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2a
Malpighiaceae	Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. canescens (Engl.) Immelman	NE2	shrub		Mp	South Africa MP	2b
Malpighiaceae	Triaspis suffulta Launert	E	liana		In		2c
Malvaceae	Cola cheringoma Cheek	E	tree		S
Malvaceae	Cola clavata Mast.	E	tree		S, Z
Malvaceae	Cola mossambicensis Wild	NE1	tree		Mc, Na, S, Z	Malawi, Tanzania
Malvaceae	Corchorus velutinus Wild	NE1	shrub		G, In	Zimbabwe, South Africa LP
Malvaceae	Dombeya lastii K.Schum.	E	shrub		Z		3b
Malvaceae	Dombeya leachii Wild	E	shrub		Na		3b
Malvaceae	Eriolaena rulkensii Dorr	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Malvaceae	Glyphaea tomentosa Mast.	NE1	shrub, tree		Na, S, Z	Malawi
Malvaceae	Grewia filipes Burret	NE2+3	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Malvaceae	Grewia hornbyi Wild	NE1	shrub		G, In, Mc, Mp, S, T	Zimbabwe, South Africa KN
Malvaceae	Grewia limae Wild	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Malvaceae	Grewia occidentalis L. var. littoralis Wild	E	shrub		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Malvaceae	Grewia transzambesica Wild	E	shrub, tree		CD, Na, S, Z
Malvaceae	Hermannia micropetala Harv.	NE1	herb (p), shrub		G, In, Mp, S	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Malvaceae	Hermannia torrei Wild	E	herb (p), shrub	Y	G		2c
Malvaceae	Hibiscus burtt-davyi Dunkley	NE3	shrub, tree		Mc	Malawi, Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Malvaceae	Hibiscus rupicola Exell	E	herb (p), shrub	Y	T	?Malawi
Malvaceae	Hibiscus torrei Baker f.	E	herb (p), shrub	Y	Ni
Malvaceae	Microcos microthyrsa (K.Schum. ex Burret) Burret (=Grewia microthyrsa K.Schum. ex Burret)	NE1	shrub		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN, LP	2a, 2b, 2c
Malvaceae	Thespesia mossambicensis (Exell & Hillc.) Fryxell	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Malvaceae	Triumfetta kirkii Mast.	NE1	herb (a)		CD, Na, S	Tanzania
Melastomataceae	Antherotoma angustifolia (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.-Fél.	E	herb (p), shrub		CD, Na		1
Melastomataceae	Dissotis johnstoniana Baker f. var. johnstoniana (=Dissotidendron johnstonianum (Baker f.) Ver,-Lib. & G.Kadereit var. johnstonianum)	NE2+3	shrub		Z	Malawi	3b
Melastomataceae	Dissotis pulchra A.Fern. & R.Fern.	NE2+3	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Melastomataceae	Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.) A.Fern. & R.Fern. (=Pseudosbeckia swynnertonii (Baker f.) A. Fern. & R.Fern.)	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Melastomataceae	Memecylon aenigmaticum R.D.Stone	E	shrub	Y	CD		1
Melastomataceae	Memecylon incisilobum R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona	E	tree		G		2a
Melastomataceae	Memecylon insulare A.Fern. & R.Fern.	E	shrub		In		2c
Melastomataceae	Memecylon nubigenum R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona	NE1+2+3	tree		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Melastomataceae	Memecylon rovumense R.D.Stone & I.G.Mona	NE2+3	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Melastomataceae	Memecylon torrei A.Fern. & R.Fern.	E	shrub, tree		CD, Na		1
Melastomataceae	Warneckea albiflora R.D.Stone & N.P.Tenza	E	tree		CD		1
Melastomataceae	Warneckea cordiformis R.D.Stone	E	shrub, tree		CD		1
Melastomataceae	Warneckea parvifolia R.D.Stone & Ntetha	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Melastomataceae	Warneckea sessilicarpa (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) Jacq.-Fel.	E	shrub, tree		Na		1
Melastomataceae	Warneckea sousae (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) A.E.van Wyk	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Na, S, Z	Tanzania
Melianthaceae	Bersama swynnertonii Baker f.	NE2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Menispermaceae	Albertisia delagoensis (N.E.Br.) Forman	NE1	shrub, liana		In, Mp, Na, S, Z	South Africa KN
Menispermaceae	Cissampelos hirta Klotzsch	NE1	liana		G, In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Menispermaceae	Tinospora mossambicensis Engl.	NE3	liana		Unknown	Tanzania
Moraceae	Bosqueiopsis carvalhoana Engl.		shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Moraceae	Dorstenia zambesiaca Hijman	E	herb (p)		Na, S
Moraceae	Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg	E	shrub		Mc		3a
Myricaceae	Myrica chimanimaniana (Verdc. & Polhill) Christenh. & Byng (=Morella chimanimaniana Verdc.& Polhill)	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Myrtaceae	Syzygium komatiense Byng & Pahlad.	NE2+3	tree		Mp	South Africa MP	2b
Myrtaceae	Syzygium niassense Byng & J.E.Burrows	NE1	tree		CD, Na, Ni, S, Z	Tanzania?
Ochnaceae	Ochna angustata N.Robson	E	shrub, tree		CD, Na, S, Z
Ochnaceae	Ochna beirensis N.Robson	E	shrub, tree		S
Ochnaceae	Ochna dolicharthros F.M.Crawford & I.Darbysh.	E	shrub		CD		1
Oleaceae	Olea chimanimani Kupicha	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orobanchaceae	Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox	NE2	herb (a), herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orobanchaceae	Buchnera namuliensis Skan	E	herb (a)		S, Z
Orobanchaceae	Buchnera subglabra Philcox	NE2+3	herb (a)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Orobanchaceae	Buchnera wildii Philcox	NE2	herb (a), herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe, ?Malawi	3a
Orobanchaceae	Striga diversifolia Pires de Lima	E	herb (a)	Y	CD		1
Orobanchaceae	Striga junodii Schinz	NE1	herb (p)		In, Mp	South Africa KN, MP	2a, 2c
Passifloraceae	Adenia dolichosiphon Harms	NE1	herb (c)		CD, Mc, S, Z	Tanzania
Passifloraceae	Adenia mossambicensis W.J.de Wilde	E	herb (c)	Y	Na
Passifloraceae	Adenia zambesiensis R.Fern. & A.Fern.	E	herb (c)	Y	Z
Passifloraceae	Tricliceras auriculatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern.	E	herb (a)		Na
Passifloraceae	Tricliceras elatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern.	E	herb (a)		Na
Passifloraceae	Tricliceras lanceolatum (A.Fern. & R.Fern.) R.Fern.	E	herb (a)		Na, S
Passifloraceae	Tricliceras longepedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. var. eratense R.Fern.	E	herb (p)		Na
Penaeaceae	Olinia chimanimani T.Shah & I.Darbysh.	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Peraceae	Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm.	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg. var. glaber Radcl.-Sm.	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus manicaensis Jean F.Brunel ex Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (p)		Mc	?Zimbabwe	3a
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. var. orae-solis Radcl.-Sm.	E	shrub, tree		Mp		2a
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus tsetserrae Jean F.Brunel ex Radcl.-Sm.	E	herb (p)	Y	Mc		3a
Podostemaceae	Inversodicraea torrei (C.Cusset) Cheek	E	herb (p)		Z		3b
Polygalaceae	Carpolobia suaveolens Meikle	E	shrub, tree		CD, In, Na, S, Z
Polygalaceae	Polygala adamsonii Exell	NE2+3	herb (a)		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Polygalaceae	Polygala francisci Exell	E	herb (p), shrub		In, Mp	?Zimbabwe	2a, 2c
Polygalaceae	Polygala limae Exell	E	herb (a)	Y	CD		1
Polygalaceae	Polygala torrei Exell	E	herb (p)	Y	Mp		2a
Polygalaceae	Polygala zambesiaca Paiva	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Primulaceae	Lysimachia gracilipes (P.Taylor) U.Manns & Anderb.	NE2+3	herb (p)		S	Zimbabwe	3a
Proteaceae	Faurea racemosa Farmar	NE1+3	tree		Z	Malawi	3b
Proteaceae	Faurea rubriflora Marner	NE2	tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Proteaceae	Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore	NE3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe, South Africa LP MP	3
Proteaceae	Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. gazensis (Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt	NE2	shrub, tree		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Proteaceae	Protea enervis Wild	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Putranjivaceae	Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. var. angustifolia Radcl.-Sm.	E	shrub, tree	Y	Mc
Rhizophoraceae	Cassipourea mossambicensis (Brehmer) Alston	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, In, Mp	Tanzania, eSwatini, South Africa KN
Rubiaceae	Afrocanthium ngonii (Bridson) Lantz	NE2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Afrocanthium racemulosum (S.Moore) Lantz var. nanguanum (Tennant) Bridson	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Z	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Afrocanthium vollesenii (Bridson) Lantz	NE3	shrub, tree		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Anthospermum ammanioides S.Moore	NE1	shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Anthospermum vallicola S.Moore	NE1	shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Anthospermum zimbabwense Puff	NE2	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Canthium oligocarpum Hiern subsp. angustifolium Bridson	NE1	tree		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Catunaregam stenocarpa Bridson	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Na, Ni, Z	Tanzania
Rubiaceae	Catunaregam swynnertonii (S.Moore) Bridson	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, G, Mc, Na, S, T, Z	Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Chassalia colorata J.E.Burrows	E	shrub		CD		1
Rubiaceae	Coffea salvatrix Swynn. & Phillipson	NE1	shrub, tree		Mc, Z	Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Coffea schliebenii Bridson	NE2	shrub, tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Conostomium gazense Verdc.	E	herb (p)	Y	G		2c
Rubiaceae	Cuviera schliebenii Verdc.	NE1	shrub, tree		CD, Na, Z	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Didymosalpinx callianthus J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows	NE1+2+3	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Empogona jenniferae Cheek	NE2+3	tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Empogona maputensis (Bridson & A.E.van Wyk) Tosh & Robbr.	NE2+3	shrub		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Rubiaceae	Heinsia mozambicensis (Verdc.) J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows	E	shrub		Na		1
Rubiaceae	Hymenodictyon austro-africanum J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows	NE2	shrub, tree		G	South Africa LP
Rubiaceae	Hyperacanthus microphyllus (K.Schum.) Bridson	NE1	shrub, tree		G, Mp, Na, S	South Africa KN, ?Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Leptactina papyrophloea Verdc.	NE1+3	tree		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Oldenlandia cana Bremek.	NE2	herb (a)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Oldenlandia verrucitesta Verdc.	E	herb (a), herb (p)	Y	Z
Rubiaceae	Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. inyangana	NE1+2	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Puff	NE1+2	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Otiophora lanceolata Verdc.	NE1+2	herb (p), shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Oxyanthus biflorus J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows	NE1+2+3	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Oxyanthus latifolius Sond.	NE1	tree		G, In, Mp, S, Z	South Africa KN
Rubiaceae	Oxyanthus strigosus Bridson & J.E.Burrows	NE1+2	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta chapmanii Bridson	NE2	shrub, tree		Z	Malawi	3b
Rubiaceae	Pavetta comostyla S.Moore subsp. comostyla var. inyangensis (Bremek.) Bridson	NE1+2	shrub, tree		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Pavetta curalicola J.E.Burrows	E	shrub		CD, Na		1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta decumbens K.Schum. & K.Krause	NE1	shrub		CD, Na, S, Z	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta dianeae J.E.Burrows & S.M.Burrows	E	shrub		CD, Na, Z		1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich. var. appendiculata (De Wild.) Bridson	E	shrub, tree		Ni, Z
Rubiaceae	Pavetta gracillima S.Moore	NE1	shrub		In, Mc, S	Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Pavetta gurueensis Bridson	E	shrub		Z		3b
Rubiaceae	Pavetta incana Klotzsch	E	shrub		T
Rubiaceae	Pavetta klotzschiana K.Schum.	NE1	shrub		CD, In, Mc, Na, S, T, Z	Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Pavetta lindina Bremek.	NE1+2	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta micropunctata Bridson	NE1+2	shrub		Na	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta mocambicensis Bremek.	E	shrub		CD, Na		1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta pumila N.E.Br.	E	shrub		S
Rubiaceae	Pavetta tendagurensis Bremek.	NE1	shrub		CD, Na	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Pavetta umtalensis Bremek.	NE1+2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Pavetta vanwykiana Bridson	NE2	shrub		Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2b
Rubiaceae	Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke subsp. milangiana (Verdc.) Verdc.	NE1	herb (p), shrub		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Rubiaceae	Polysphaeria harrisii I.Darbysh. & C.Langa	E	shrub		Z		3b
Rubiaceae	Polysphaeria ribauensis I. Darbysh. & C.Langa	E	shrub		Na		3b
Rubiaceae	Psychotria amboniana K.Schum. subsp. mosambicensis (E.M.A.Petit) Verdc.	E	shrub		G, In, Mp		2a, 2c
Rubiaceae	Psychotria angustibracteata (Verdc.) J.E.Burrows	NE1	shrub, tree		Mc, Na, S, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Rubiaceae	Psydrax fragrantissimus (K.Schum.) Bridson	NE1	shrub, tree		Mp	South Africa KN	2a
Rubiaceae	Psydrax micans (Bullock) Bridson	NE1	tree, liana		CD, Na, S	Tanzania
Rubiaceae	Psydrax moggii Bridson	E	shrub, tree		CD, G, In, Mp, Na, S
Rubiaceae	Pyrostria chapmanii Bridson	NE1+2+3	shrub, tree		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Rubiaceae	Rothmannia fischeri (K.Schum.) Bullock subsp. moramballae (Hiern) Bridson	NE1	tree		CD, In, Mc, Mp, S, Z	South Africa KN; Zimbabwe
Rubiaceae	Rytigynia celastroides (Baill.) Verdc. var australis Verdc.	NE1	shrub		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Rubiaceae	Rytigynia torrei Verdc.	E	shrub		CD, Na
Rubiaceae	Sericanthe chimanimaniensis Wursten & De Block INED.	NE1+2	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Spermacoce kirkii (Hiern.) Verdc.	E	herb (a), herb (p)		G, In, S, Z
Rubiaceae	Spermacoce schlechteri K.Schum. ex Verdc.	E	herb (p)		In, Na, S, Z	?Tanzania
Rubiaceae	Tarenna longipedicellata (J.G.García) Bridson	E	shrub		S, Z
Rubiaceae	Tarenna pembensis J.E.Burrows	E	tree		CD, Na		1
Rubiaceae	Triainolepis sancta Verdc.	E	shrub		In		2c
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern subsp. angustifolia (J.G.Garcia) Robbr.	NE1	shrub, tree		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia ignota Bridson	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Malawi; Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia jasminiflora (Klotzsch) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hiern var. hypotephros Brenan	E	shrub, tree		Z
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia schliebenii Robbr.	NE1	shrub		CD, Na, Z	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Tricalysia semidecidua Bridson	NE1	shrub		CD	Tanzania	1
Rubiaceae	Vangueria domatiosa J.E.Burrows	E	tree		CD		1
Rubiaceae	Vangueria monteiroi (Oliv.) Lantz (=Lagynias monteiroi (Oliv.) Bridson)	NE1	shrub, tree		G, Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Rutaceae	Teclea crenulata (Engl.) Engl. (=Todallia crenulata Engl.)	E	unknown	Y	Z
Rutaceae	Vepris allenii I.Verd.	E	shrub, tree		CD	Possibly Tanzania	1
Rutaceae	Vepris carringtoniana Mendonça	NE1	shrub		In, Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN, LP, MP	2a, 2b, 2c
Rutaceae	Vepris drummondii Mendonça	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Rutaceae	Vepris macedoi (Exell & Mendonça) Mziray	E	tree		Na		3b
Rutaceae	Vepris myrei (Exell & Mendonça) Mziray	NE1	shrub, tree		In, S, T	Malawi, Zimbabwe
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum delagoense P.G.Waterman	E	shrub, tree		G, In, Mp, S		2a, 2c
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum tenuipedicellatum (Kokwaro) Vollesen	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Na	Tanzania	1
Santalaceae	Thesium chimanimaniense Brenan	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Santalaceae	Thesium dolichomeres Brenan	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Santalaceae	Thesium inhambanense Hilliard	E	herb (p)	Y	In	Possibly Malawi	2c
Santalaceae	Thesium pygmaeum Hilliard	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Santalaceae	Thesium vahrmeijeri Brenan	NE1	herb (a)		In, Mp	South Africa KN	2a, 2c
Santalaceae	Viscum littorum Polhill & Wiens	E	shrub		CD		1
Sapindaceae	Allophylus mossambicensis Exell	E	shrub		G, In		2a, 2c
Sapindaceae	Allophylus torrei Exell & Mendonça	E	shrub, tree		CD, Na
Sapotaceae	Synsepalum chimanimani S.Rokni & I.Darbysh.	NE2+3	shrub, tree		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Sapotaceae	Synsepalum muelleri (Kupicha) T.D.Penn.	NE1	shrub, tree		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Scrophulariaceae	Jamesbrittenia carvalhoi (Engl.) Hilliard	NE2	herb (p), shrub		Mc, S	Zimbabwe	3a
Scrophulariaceae	Selago anatrichota Hilliard	NE2+3	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Scrophulariaceae	Selago swynnertonii (S.Moore) Eyles var. leiophylla (Brenan) Hilliard	NE2	herb (p)		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Solanaceae	Solanum litoraneum A.E.Gonç.	E	shrub		In, Mp		2a, 2c
Solanaceae	Solanum torreanum A.E.Gonç.	NE1	herb (c)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN MP	2a
Thymelaeaceae	Gnidia chapmanii B.Peterson	NE2+3	shrub		Z	Malawi	3b
Thymelaeaceae	Struthiola montana B.Peterson	NE2+3	shrub		Mc	Zimbabwe	3a
Thymelaeaceae	Synaptolepis oliveriana Gilg	NE1	shrub, liana		CD, G, In, Mp, Na, Z	South Africa KN
Vahliaceae	Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. macrantha (Klotzsch) Bridson	E	herb (a), herb (p)		Mc, S, Z	Possibly Madagascar
Verbenaceae	Chascanum angolense Moldenke subsp. zambesiacum (R.Fern.) R.Fern.	NE2+3	shrub, herb (p)		In	Malawi
Verbenaceae	Chascanum schlechteri (Gürke) Moldenke var. torrei Moldenke	E	herb (p)	Y	Mp		2a
Verbenaceae	Lantana swynnertonii Moldenke	NE1	shrub		Mc, Z	Zimbabwe	3a, 3b
Vitaceae	Cissus aristolochiifolia Planch.	NE1	herb (c)		Na, Z	Malawi	3b
Vitaceae	Cissus bathyrhakodes Werderm.	NE1	herb (p)		CD, Mc, Z	Tanzania
Vitaceae	Cyphostemma barbosae Wild & R.B.Drumm.	NE1	herb (geo)		Mp	eSwatini, South Africa KN, MP	2b

Citation

Darbyshire I, Timberlake J, Osborne J, Rokni S, Matimele H, Langa C, Datizua C, de Sousa C, Alves T, Massingue A, Hadj-Hammou J, Dhanda S, Shah T, Wursten B (2019) The endemic plants of Mozambique: diversity and conservation status. PhytoKeys 136: 45–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.39020

Funding Statement

Oppenheimer Philanthropies; Stephen and Margaret Lansdown; GBIF Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) fund

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material 1

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten

Annotated checklist of the endemic and near-endemic vascular plant taxa of Mozambique

Data type: species data

Explanation note: Explanatory notes in addition to those for Appendix 1: For “Sources”, F.Z. = Flora Zambesiaca; S.R.D.L. = Southern African Plant Red Data Lists (Izidine and Bandeira 2002); T.S.M. = Trees and Shrubs of Mozambique (Burrows et al. 2018). For “IUCN Status”, assessments in italics are awaiting publication; those marked with an asterisk (*) require updating.

Supplementary material 2

This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Iain Darbyshire, Jonathan Timberlake, Jo Osborne, Saba Rokni, Hermenegildo Matimele, Clayton Langa, Castigo Datizua, Camila de Sousa, Tereza Alves, Alice Massingue, Jeneen Hadj-Hammou, Sonia Dhanda, Toral Shah, Bart Wursten

Taxa that were considered for their potential status as near-endemics for Mozambique in preparation of the checklist but that do not meet the criteria set out in the Materials and methods

Data type: species data