Table 1.
Physicochemical properties of influent and effluent water samples observed from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). (Mean ± SD, n = 3).
| Parameters | Influent | Effluent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DI | FHI | PSI | p-Value | DE | FHE | PSE | p-Value | |
| Temp °C | 21.2 | 15.9 | 18.4 | <0.0001 | 19.9 | 15.6 | 18.5 | 0.0002 |
| pH | 6.64 ± 0.01 | 7.8 ± 0.01 | 7.2 ± 0.01 | 0.0028 | 7.05 ± 0.03 | 8.12 ± 0.06 | 7.2 ± 0.01 | 0.144 |
| DO mg/L | 0.44 ± 0.6 | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 3.45 ± 0.4 | 3.04 ± 0.5 | 1.89 ± 0.8 | 0.0001 |
| EC µScm−1 | 840.5 ± 2.1 | 902 ± 5.6 | 685.5 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 | 506 ± 0.01 | 774 ± 2.8 | 1016 ± 7 | 0.0085 |
| Salinity µg/L | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| NH3–N | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | ND | 0.0001 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| TDS mg/L | 420.5 ± 0.7 | 451.5 ± 4 | 513.3 ± 18 | 0.0003 | 253.0 ± 0.1 | 387.5 ± 2 | 508.0 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 |
| DOC mg/L | 20.39 ± 0.62 | 55.13 ± 0.8 | 154.93 ± 2.5 | 0.0001 | 5.59 ± 0.7 | 11.73 ± 0.7 | 18.16 ± 0.9 | 0.033 |
| Cl− mg/L | 28.64 ± 4.75 | 21.54 ± 0.6 | 60.57 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | 41.31 ± 0.34 | 19.34 ± 1.0 | 44.08 ± 2.0 | <0.0001 |
| F− mg/L | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 16.97 ± 0.5 | 0.0003 | ND | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Br− mg/L | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.1 | ND | 0.0003 | ND | ND | ND | - |
| SO4 mg/L | 6.68 ± 1.0 | 26.98 ± 0.1 | 3.51 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 40.49 ± 0.5 | 22.91 ± 1.3 | 58.11 ± 1.4 | 0.0002 |
| PO4 mg/L | 5.07 ± 0.6 | 12.72 ± 0.1 | 23.29 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | ND | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 4.33 ± 0.1 | 0.0085 |
ND: not detected, (p < 0.05) defined as statistically significant.