Abstract
Purpose Bone loss is a challenging problem during revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Several studies have been published on the use of metaphyseal sleeves during revision TKA. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the use of metaphyseal sleeves in the setting of revision TKA.
Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar was performed, covering the period between January 1, 2000, and August 12, 2017. Various combinations of the following key words were used: “metaphyseal,” “sleeves,” “knee,” and “revision.” A total of 10 studies were included in the present systematic review.
Results A total of 904 patients with 928 implants were recorded with a mean age of 69 years. They were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 45 months. Overall 1,413 sleeves, 888 in the tibia and 525 in the femur, were implanted. There were 36 septic re-revisions of the prosthetic components (4%). Five sleeves were found loose during septic re-revision; therefore, the rate of septic loosening of the sleeves was 0.35%. An aseptic re-revision of the prosthetic components was performed 27 times (3%). Ten sleeves were found loose during aseptic re-revision; therefore, the rate of aseptic loosening of the sleeves was 0.7%. Intraoperative fractures occurred 44 times (3.1%). Finally, clinical outcome was improved at final follow-up.
Conclusion Metaphyseal sleeves demonstrate high radiographic signs of osteointegration, low septic loosening rate, low intraoperative fractures rate, and a good-to-excellent clinical outcome. Hence, they are a valid option to treat large metaphyseal bone defect during revision TKA.
Level of Evidence This is a systematic review of level IV studies.
Keywords: revision total knee arthroplasty, metaphyseal sleeves, AORI, bone defect
Introduction
By 2030, in the United States, the demand for primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) and revision TKA is projected to grow by 673 and 601%, respectively, from the level in 2005. 1 Bone loss is a challenging problem during revision TKA, which can prevent the correct positioning and alignment of the prosthetic components, and the establishment of a stable bone–implant interface. 2 3 There are several techniques to address this problem that depend on the location and dimension of bone loss. Small bone defects can be managed with morcellized bone graft, cement, or bone substitutes, 4 whereas large defects can be addressed by impaction grafting, use of bulk structural allografts, resection prostheses, and allograft–prosthesis composite. 3 5
Recently, other techniques have been described to manage large bone defects during revision TKA. The options are trabecular tantalum cones 6 7 8 9 and titanium metaphyseal sleeves. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Trabecular tantalum cones are implanted in direct contact with the host bone, and the prosthetic components are then cemented inside the cones. 3 Tantalum cones are an effective solution to address bone defects with low incidence of complications at short- to midterm follow-up. 6 7 8 9 Metaphyseal sleeves are another strategy to manage large bone defects in revision TKA. Similarly to tantalum cones, metaphyseal sleeves provide a stable mechanical support for the prosthetic component. 3 The prosthetic components are fixed to the sleeve with a Morse taper. 12 Disadvantages of metaphyseal sleeves include the following: first, the elevated costs; second, the difficult extraction during revision TKA of a well-fixed implant after bone growth that could be associated with periprosthetic fracture and significant bone loss 19 20 25 third, they are implant-specific and are coupled to the revision implant by a Morse taper that limits the surgeon's options with respect to the type of device. 12
Several studies have been published on the use of metaphyseal sleeves during revision TKA. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to review the available literature to evaluate whether the metaphyseal sleeves are a valid option to address large metaphyseal bone loss in the setting of complex revision TKA.
Methods
A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar was performed, covering the period from January 1, 2000, to August 12, 2017. The following combinations were used: metaphyseal AND sleeves, metaphyseal AND sleeves AND revision arthroplasty, metaphyseal AND sleeves AND revision replacement, metaphyseal AND sleeves AND revision total knee replacement, and metaphyseal AND sleeves AND revision TKA. Two reviewers have independently examined the titles and abstracts from all identified articles to assess their appropriateness to this research. Full-text articles were downloaded or purchased when required. In addition, each reference list from the identified articles was manually checked to verify that relevant articles were not missed. All the studies were in English language. In vitro studies, case reports, surgical technique papers, or studies assessing the use of metaphyseal sleeves during primary TKA were excluded. Reports on retrieved implants or other studies where it was not possible to collect data of the implants were excluded as well. Furthermore, each study was evaluated in terms of the following variables: the number of patients, patient age, follow-up time (range), the number of implants, level of constraint, type of bone defect according to the Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) classification, 26 and the number of metaphyseal sleeves implanted (tibia/femur). Complications such as intraoperative fractures (with or without intraoperative fixation) were collected as well. The included studies were also evaluated in terms of re-revisions and the data classified as septic re-revisions or aseptic re-revisions. Among the re-revision procedures, either septic or aseptic, the status of the involved sleeves was recorded. Finally, the aseptic survival rate of the sleeves was collected.
Results
The quality of reporting of meta-analysis 27 flow diagram illustrates the number of studies that have been identified, included, and excluded, along with the reasons for exclusion ( Fig. 1 ). A total of 15 articles 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 that reported the outcome of the use of metaphyseal sleeves for treating large bone defects during revision TKA were identified on the initial literature search. Of these, five were excluded. In particular, Jones et al 21 and Barrack 13 analyzed both primary and revision TKA, Dalury and Barrett 16 did not report the number of sleeves, and Gøttsche et al 18 did not specify the status of the sleeves of the re-revised cases. Finally, Nadorf et al 24 conducted an in vitro study. Hence, a total of 10 papers 10 11 12 14 15 17 19 20 22 23 published from January 1, 2000, to August 12, 2017, that reported clinical data on the management of metaphyseal bone loss using metaphyseal sleeves in the setting of complex revision TKA were included in the present systematic review . All the papers were case series (Level of Evidence IV). Three papers 19 20 22 were prospective and seven papers 10 11 12 14 15 17 23 were retrospective.
Fig. 1.
The quality of reporting of meta-analyses flow diagram of included studies. Studies identified, included, and excluded as well as the reasons for exclusion. TKA, total knee arthroplasty.
Patients' Demographics
In the 10 studies included, the data of 904 patients who received 928 revision TKAs were recorded. They had a mean age of 69 years. The patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 45 months (range: 24–115 months) ( Table 1 ).
Table 1. Demographic data.
| Author | Year | Type of study | Patients | Age, years | Follow-up months (range) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graichen et al 19 | 2015 | Prospective | 111 | 74 | 42 (24–73) |
| Huang et al 20 | 2014 | Prospective | 79 | 63.5 | 28 (24–43) |
| Alexander 11 | 2013 | Retrospective | 28 | 71 | 33 (24–52) |
| Bugler et al 14 | 2015 | Retrospective | 34 | 72 | 39 (24–62) |
| Barnett et al 12 | 2014 | Retrospective | 34 | 66 | 38 (24–62) |
| Agarwal et al 10 | 2013 | Retrospective | 103 | 69 | 43 (30–65) |
| Martin-Hernandez 22 | 2017 | Prospective | 134 | 75 | 71.5 (36–107) |
| Chalmers et al 15 | 2017 | Retrospective | 227 | 66 | 36 (24–96) |
| Fedorka et al 17 | 2017 | Retrospective | 46 | 65.6 | 58.8 (25.8–93) |
| Watters et al 23 | 2017 | Retrospective | 108 | 63.7 | 63.5 (24–115) |
Surgical Reports
The level of constraint of the implants was clearly specified in all cases: 4 implants were cruciate-retaining (CR), 195 were posterior-stabilized (PS), 686 were varus valgus condylar constrained, and 43 were rotating hinge. A detailed AORI classification of the bone defects was provided in seven studies 10 15 17 19 20 22 23 with a total of 1,289 defects (including both femoral and tibial). A total of 209 bone defects were type 1, 323 type 2A, 625 type 2B, and 132 type 3. In one study, 14 the number of type 2A and 2B bone defects was not specified, and in other two studies, 11 12 the number of all types of bone defects was not specified. The number of sleeves has been reported in all analyzed studies; overall 1,413 sleeves, 888 in the tibia and 525 in the femur, were implanted ( Table 2 ).
Table 2. Details of the number and type of implants, and the number of bone defects and sleeves.
| Author | No. of implants | Constraint | Type of bone defect according to AORI (T/F) | No. of sleeves (T/F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graichen et al 19 | 121 | PS 77 | 2A 77 (77/0) | 193 (119/74) |
| VVC 27 | 2B 83 (37/46) | |||
| RH 17 | 3 35 (7/28) | |||
| Huang et al 20 | 83 | VVC 73 | 1 13 (9/4) | 119 (83/36) |
| RH 10 | 2A 1 (1/0) | |||
| 2B 93 (86/25) | ||||
| 3 12 (5/7) | ||||
| Alexander 11 | 28 | VVC 28 | 2B n.s. (n.s.) | 28 (28/0) |
| 3 n.s. (n.s.) | ||||
| Bugler et al 14 | 35 | VVC 35 | 1 37 (20/17) | 59 (34/25) |
| 2 29 (13/16) | ||||
| 3 2 (2/0) | ||||
| Barnett et al 12 | 34 | PS 7 | 2 n.s. (n.s.) | 34 (34/0) |
| VVC 24 | 3 n.s. (n.s.) | |||
| RH 3 | ||||
| Agarwal et al 10 | 104 | CR 4 | 1 2 (0/2) | 164 (101/63) |
| PS 45 | 2A 33 (27/6) | |||
| VVC 55 | 2B 85 (39/46) | |||
| 3 13 (11/2) | ||||
| Martin-Hernandez 22 | 134 | VVC 134 | 1 133 (63/70) | 268 (134/134) |
| 2A 62 (32/30) | ||||
| 2B 73 (39/34) | ||||
| Chalmers et al 15 | 227 | PS 51 | 1: 55 (44/11) | 322 (199/123) |
| VVC 166 | 2A: 104 (74/30) | |||
| RH 10 | 2B: 135 (64/71) | |||
| 3: 28 (17/11) | ||||
| Fedorka et al 17 | 46 | VVC 46 | 1: 6 (⅕) | 74 (45/29) |
| 2A: 38 (30/8) | ||||
| 2B: 33 (2/31) | ||||
| 3: 23 (17/6) | ||||
| Watters et al 23 | 116 | 15 PS | 2A: 8 (5/3) | 152 (111/41) |
| 98 VVC | 2B: 123 (89/34) | |||
| 3 RH | 3: 21 (17/4) |
Abbreviations: AORI, Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute; CR, cruciate retaining; F, femoral; No., number; n.s., not specified; PS, posterior stabilized; RH, rotating hinged; T, tibial; VVC, varus–valgus constrained.
Outcomes and Complications
Overall, there were 36 septic re-revisions of the prosthetic components out of 928 procedures (4%). A total of five sleeves were found loose during septic re-revision; therefore, the rate of septic loosening of the sleeves was 0.35% (5/1,413). An aseptic re-revision of the prosthetic components was performed 27 times out of 928 procedures (3%). A total of 10 sleeves were found loose during aseptic re-revision; therefore, the rate of aseptic loosening of the sleeves was 0.7% (10/1,413). Intraoperative fractures occurred 44 times (44/1,413= 3.1%), and 6 (6/1,413= 0.42%) of them required surgical fixation ( Table 3 ). Clinical outcome of metaphyseal sleeves was evaluated with Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Society Score (KSS), Knee Society Function Score (KSFS), Short Form 12 Physical Score (SF 12 PS), Short Form 12 Mental Score (SF 12 MS), Short Form 36 Physical Score (SF 36 PS), Short Form 36 Mental Score (SF 36 MS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Chalmers et al 15 and Fedorka et al 17 did not report any clinical outcome, Bugler et al 14 reported only the postoperative values of OKS and KSS scores, and Watters et al 23 did not report the preoperative OKS score. For the other scores, both pre- and final follow-up values were reported. There was a statistically significant improvement at final follow-up in all these scores, except of the SF 36 MS 20 and KSFS scores 11 ( Table 4 ).
Table 3. Postoperative complications.
| Author | Septic re-revision of the prosthetic components (loose sleeves) | Aseptic re-revision of the prosthetic components (loose sleeves) | Intraoperative fractures (surgical fixation) | Aseptic survival rate of the sleeves, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graichen et al 19 | 4 (0) | 4 (4) | 0 | 98 |
| Huang et al 20 | 6 (0) | 3 (2) | 0 | 98.3 |
| Alexander 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Bugler et al 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0) | 100 |
| Barnett et al 12 | 1 (0) | 3 (0) | 1 (1) | 100 |
| Agarwal et al 10 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Martin-Hernandez 22 | 2 (0) | 0 | 11 (0) | 100 |
| Chalmers et al 15 | 12 (0) | 3 (2) | 15 (2) | 99.4 |
| Fedorka et al 17 | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 0 | 97.3 |
| Watters et al 23 | 6 (0) | 10 (0) | 3 (3) | 99.3 |
Table 4. Clinical outcomes.
| Author | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | Preop | FU | p -Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OKS | OKS | KSS | KSS | KSFS | KSFS | SF12 PS | SF12 PS | SF12 MS | SF12 MS | SF36 PS | SF36PS | SF36 MS | SF36 MS | WOMAC | WOMAC | ||
| Graichenet al 19 | 36 | 78.2 | 52 | 68.8 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||
| Huang et al 20 | 47.9 | 61.1 | 43.3 | 56.3 | 61.8 | 69.4 a | 55.3 | 25.9 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Alexander 11 | 55.5 | 92 | 50 | 50 a | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Bugler et al 14 | n.s. | 34 | n.s. | 81.3 | n.s. | 58.1 | n.s. | 38.3 | n.s. | 47.1 | / | ||||||
| Barnett et al 12 | 41.6 | 88.7 | 41.7 | 75 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Agarwal et al 10 | 23 | 32 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Martin-Hernandez 22 | 33 | 78 | 30 | 80 | 27 | 44 | 43 | 54 | 62 | 20 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Watters et al 23 | 40 | 82 | 45 | 75 | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: FU, follow-up; KSS, Knee Society Score; KSFS, Knee Society Function Score; n.s., not specified; OKS, Oxford Knee Score; Preop, preoperative; SF 12 PS, Short Form 12 Physical Score; SF 12 MS; Short Form 12 Mental Score; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index.
Nonsignificant.
Discussion
The main finding of this review is that the use of metaphyseal sleeves to treat bone defects encountered during revision TKA is associated with a low septic and aseptic loosening rate, a low intraoperative fracture rate, and a good-to-excellent clinical outcome at a mean follow-up of 45 months.
Metaphyseal sleeves have demonstrated to have a high osteointegration rate that is confirmed by the results of the present review. The aseptic loosening rate of the 1,413 sleeves in all the studies included in this review was 0.7%. The survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening of the metaphyseal sleeves ranged from 98 to 100%. Alexander et al, 11 Barnett et al, 12 Bugler et al, 14 and Martin-Hernandez et al 22 reported a survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening of the metaphyseal sleeves of 100%. These results are due to the fact that metaphyseal sleeves have a high-volume porosity (50–80%), 10 and this high porosity facilitates bone ingrowth in the metaphysis that is often preserved in revision TKA. 16 19
In the present review, moreover, the overall incidence of septic re-revision of the prosthetic components was 4%, which compares favorably with the infection rate (5–10%) reported when using allografts to fill bone defect in revision TKA. 28 29 30 A possible explanation could be that using metaphyseal sleeves may considerably shorten operative times compared with allografting that is a time-consuming procedure. 31 32 33
The results of the present review show that the use of metaphyseal sleeves during revision TKA is associated with a low intraoperative fractures rate (3.1%). These fractures were associated with sleeve preparation and/or insertion, and most of them (86.3%) were not displaced and therefore did not require surgical treatment. 12 14 15 22 23 Barnett et al 12 stated that broach-only preparation of the metaphysis is familiar to arthroplasty surgeons and easily reproducible; moreover, iatrogenic fracture during broaching is easily avoidable with careful preparation, similar to femoral canal preparation in hip arthroplasty.
Finally, good-to-excellent clinical outcomes at short- to midterm follow-up of patients who underwent revision TKA using metaphyseal sleeves to fill the bone loss has been reported in the studies included in this review ( Table 4 ). Bugler et al 14 found that KSSs were good or excellent in 83% of patients (20% good, 63% excellent) at short-term follow-up (mean: 39 months, range: 24–62 months). Martin-Hernandez et al 22 reported a statistically significant postoperative improvement of KSS, SF 12, SF 36, and WOMAC at a midterm follow-up (mean: 71.5 months, range: 36–107 months). This study has some limitations. First is the small number of patients analyzed in the majority of the published papers with the exceptions of four studies. 15 19 22 23 Second, all the results reported were at short-term follow-up with a mean of 45 months (range: 24–144), except the studies of Fedorka et al, 17 Martin-Hernandez et al, 22 and Watters et al, 23 who reported a midterm outcome. However, as demonstrated by Schroer et al, 34 at least 50% of all re-revisions occur in the first 2 to 3 years. Hence, even after a short period of time, a strong tendency of the results can be seen as stated by Graichen et al. 19 Third, all these articles lack a control group and randomized patient selection that reduces the level of evidence of the study.
In conclusion, the use of metaphyseal sleeves to handle large metaphyseal bone defect in the setting of revision TKA has been demonstrated to be a valuable option with a high osteointegration rate, low septic loosening rate, low intraoperative fractures rate, and good-to-excellent clinical outcome, at a mean follow-up of 45 months. Further studies are needed in a larger number of patients with longer follow-up to determine the survivorship and the long-term effectiveness of these titanium metaphyseal sleeves.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest None declared.
References
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