Awareness of polycystic ovary syndrome among obstetrician-gynecologists and endocrinologists in Northern Europe

Abstract

Objective

To date, little is known about differences in the knowledge, diagnosis making and treatment strategies of health care providers regarding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) across different disciplines in countries with similar health care systems. To inform guideline translation, we aimed to study physician reported awareness, diagnosis and management of PCOS and to explore differences between medical disciplines in the Nordic countries and Estonia.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 382 endocrinologists and obstetrician-gynaecologists in the Nordic countries and Estonia in 2015–2016. Of the participating physicians, 43% resided in Finland, 18% in Denmark, 16% in Norway, 13% in Estonia, and 10% in Sweden or Iceland, and 75% were obstetrician-gynaecologists. Multivariable logistic regression models were run to identify health care provider characteristics for awareness, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS.

Results

Clinical features, lifestyle management and comorbidity were commonly recognized in women with PCOS, while impairment in psychosocial wellbeing was not well acknowledged. Over two-thirds of the physicians used the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for PCOS. Medical endocrinologists more often recommended lifestyle management (OR = 3.6, CI 1.6–8.1) or metformin (OR = 5.0, CI 2.5–10.2), but less frequently OCP (OR = 0.5, CI 0.2–0.9) for non-fertility concerns than general obstetrician-gynaecologists. The physicians aged <35 years were 2.2 times (95% CI 1.1–4.3) more likely than older physicians to recommend lifestyle management for patients with PCOS for fertility concerns. Physicians aged 46–55 years were less likely to recommend oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for patients with PCOS than physicians aged >56 (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8).

Conclusion

Despite well-organized healthcare, awareness, diagnosis and management of PCOS is suboptimal, especially in relation to psychosocial comorbidities, among physicians in the Nordic countries and Estonia. Physicians need more education on PCOS and evidence-based information on Rotterdam diagnostic criteria, psychosocial features and treatment of PCOS, with the recently published international PCOS guideline well needed and welcomed.

Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of fertile age [1]. The prevalence of PCOS ranges between 5% and 16%, depending on the ethnic groups and diagnostic criteria [2, 3]. Recent diagnostic criteria include the original National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Androgen Excess Society (AE-PCOS Society) and the new internationally endorsed Rotterdam criteria [2, 3], all of which take into account only reproductive health features such as oligo-ovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. However, PCOS affects not only the women’s sexual and reproductive health, but also their metabolic health and psychological wellbeing [4–7]. To date, the symptoms and features included in the Rotterdam criteria (oligomenorrhea, hirsutism/biochemical hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries) as well as metabolic features associated with PCOS are recognised by medical doctors internationally, whereas doctors are less aware of psychological comorbidity, such as anxiety and depression [8–10]. This leaves room for improvement of the awareness of comorbidities linked to PCOS, especially the psychological ones.

Previously, we reported differences in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS across countries and between endocrinologists and obstetrician-gynecologists [10]. In Europe, around three-quarters of obstetrician-gynecologists and endocrinologists use the Rotterdam criteria, while in North America approximately half of these health professionals use the Rotterdam criteria, preferring the NIH criteria [10]. Moreover, endocrinologists are more likely to use the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria than obstetrician-gynecologists [10]. Reproductive and medical endocrinologists, on the other hand, are more likely to recommend lifestyle changes for the management of PCOS than obstetrician-gynecologists [10].

The aggregated results from many European countries on awareness and management of PCOS [10] cannot be generalized to the Nordic countries. There are a wide range of different health care systems in Europe. However, the Nordic countries (Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland) and Estonia share similar health care systems [11]. Access to healthcare is high in these counties [12] and they are among countries with more equal distribution of income and have similarity in some lifestyle risk factors such as obesity [13]. To date, differences in the knowledge, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS across the Nordic countries among obstetrician-gynecologists and endocrinologists are not known. In the context of the new international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of PCOS, it is important to establish baseline practice and identify areas for improvement and translation. We aimed to study the awareness, diagnosis and management of PCOS and to determine the differences in physician characteristics in the Nordic countries and Estonia.

Materials and methods

Study population

This cross-sectional survey was conducted among medical and reproductive endocrinologists and obstetrician-gynecologists in 2015–2016. The survey questionnaire is available online [8] and was part of larger international study [10] conducted to inform translation needs for the new international PCOS guidelines that were published in 2018 [14]. The questionnaire and methods of the larger study have been described in detail previously. The survey questionnaire was adapted from the questionnaires used to collect data from physicians in Australia [9] and Europe [15]. The present data was partly included in the broader European group of the international study [10], but was not disaggregated by region (e.g., Scandinavia). We also added new data from Iceland for the analysis. In the current analysis, we report the results for each of the five Nordic countries and Estonia as well as the results for all the Nordic countries and Estonia combined. Given the European Union regulations on individual data sharing, the distribution of the link to access the questionnaire was done through the national societies (except for Iceland), i.e. the Finnish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Finnish Society of Endocrinology, Danish Society of Endocrinology, Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Norwegian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Norwegian Society of Endocrinology, Estonian Gynecologists’ Society. These medical societies sent an e-mail invitation to the physicians and provided the link to the questionnaire. However, the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology did not send a personal e-mail invitation to physicians but announced the study and provided the link to the questionnaire on their website. Icelandic members of the Nordic PCOS Network identified the specialists and e-mail invitations to access the link to the questionnaire were sent through them. In the beginning of the questionnaire was a short introduction announcing that the questionnaire was sent on behalf of the Nordic PCOS network and that the questionnaire should only be replied once. The Ethical Committee of Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland approved the study. Participation in this study was voluntary and the responses were given anonymously. If the participant did not report being an obstetrician-gynecologist or endocrinologist, the answers were excluded.

Independent and dependent variables

Information on nationality, age, gender, specialty, PCOS diagnostic criteria (the Rotterdam, NIH, AE-PCOS Society, or other) [2, 3], approximate number of women with PCOS cared for in last year, approximate national prevalence of PCOS, PCOS clinical features, psychological and psychosocial factors related to PCOS, comorbidities related to PCOS, mode of support for PCOS, and lifestyle management for PCOS was gathered by a questionnaire. The questionnaire was carried out in English.

Statistical analysis

We first tested differences in physician characteristics, clinical features of PCOS, common reasons for clinic attendance, important long-term concerns, psychosocial wellbeing and comorbidities associated with PCOS, lifestyle management of PCOS, mode of support and treatment of PCOS between the countries using chi-square test. We then ran multivariable logistic regression models to identify health care provider characteristics for the following nine most important outcomes: 1) awareness of symptom improvement with weight loss, 2) estimated national PCOS prevalence, 3) using Rotterdam diagnostic criteria, 4) recommending oral contraceptive pills (OCP), 5) recommending clomiphene citrate, 6) recommending metformin plus clomiphene citrate, 7) recommending lifestyle management for non-fertility concerns, 8) recommending metformin for non-fertility concerns, and 9) recommending lifestyle management for fertility concerns. We used Stata, version 15 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) for the analyses.

Results

Participant characteristics

The characteristics of the participants per country are presented in Table 1. A total 382 participants were included in the analyses. Of participating physicians, 43.2% resided in Finland, 17.8% in Denmark, 16.0% in Norway, 12.8% in Estonia, 6.5% in Sweden and 3.7% in Iceland. Seventy-five percent of the participants were obstetrician-gynecologists and 25% were endocrinologists, and 79% were women. Twenty-eight percent of the physicians reported seeing more than 50 women with PCOS per year and 43% estimated the national prevalence of PCOS to be more than 10%. Over two-thirds of the physicians used the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosing PCOS.

Table 1. The characteristics of the study population by country, proportions (%).

Characteristic	Overall (N = 382)	Denmark (N = 68)	Estonia (N = 49)	Finland (N = 165)	Iceland (N = 14)	Norway (N = 61)	Sweden (N = 25)	P
Sex
Men	21	30	8	15	43	30	32	0.001
Women	79	70	92	85	57	70	68
Age
≥35	17	19	33	15	0	18	12	0.005
36–45	30	40	16	30	29	30	24
46–55	25	15	29	25	21	36	16
≥56	28	26	22	30	50	16	48
Specialty
OBGYN	75	55	100	76	93	79	60	<0.001
RE	10	4	0	15	7	2	32
ME	15	41	0	9	0	19	8
No. of women with PCOS cared for in last year
<50	72	78	88	70	71	68	56	<0.001
50–200	26	22	10	30	29	25	32
>200	2	0	2	0	0	7	12
Approximate prevalence of PCOS
0–10%	57	48	71	58	57	59	48	0.21
11–20%	43	52	29	42	43	41	52
Diagnosis criteria used (N = 374)
National Institutes of Health	3	0	12	4	0	0	0	<0.001
Rotterdam	69	79	43	60	93	85	92
AE and PCOS Society	2	3	8	0	0	2	0
Do not know	23	13	33	33	7	13	4
Other *	3	5	4	3	0	0	4

ME, medical endocrinologist; OBGYN, obstetrician-gynaecologist; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; RE, reproductive endocrinologist

* Included the official diagnostic criteria or national guidelines of different countries

Clinical features, psychosocial wellbeing, lifestyle management and comorbidities

Irregular menstrual cycle was most commonly reported clinical feature (Table 2 and Fig 1). In line with this, infertility was the most frequent reason for clinic attendance for PCOS in all the Nordic countries and Estonia. The second most common reason for clinic attendance was obesity and type 2 diabetes (Table 3). Scalp hair loss was the least reported feature of PCOS (Table 2).

Table 2. The differences in Nordic countries’ and Estonia’s health professionals’ views on clinical features, psychosocial wellbeing, lifestyle management and comorbidities associated with PCOS.

The estimates are proportions (%).

Characteristic	Overall (N = 382)	Denmark (N = 68)	Estonia (N = 49)	Finland (N = 165)	Iceland (N = 14)	Norway (N = 61)	Sweden (N = 25)	P
Clinical features (N = 382)
Irregular menstrual cycles	98	99	93.9	99	100	100	96	0.08
Excess hair growth	88	97	75.5	84	93	97	92	0.001
Scalp hair loss	51	59	44.9	42	64	71	48	0.003
High blood androgen levels	93	99	85.7	93	93	92	88	0.16
Acne	87	94	75.5	86	79	95	92	0.013
Psychosocial wellbeing (N = 382)
Reduced quality of life	63	78	51	59	79	66	56	0.02
Depression	42	57	33	36	43	46	40	0.05
Anxiety	24	32	18	21	57	20	28	0.01
Body image dissatisfaction	58	63	50	50	86	74	64	0.001
Lifestyle management (N = 382)
Increased tendency for weight gain	84	77	86	82	100	89	88	0.20
Difficulty losing weight	79	85	71	75	79	82	92	0.15
Improvement of symptoms after weight loss	84	93	61	84	100	90	88	<0.001
Improvement of symptoms with exercise	60	81	33	56	64	67	68	<0.001
Improvement of symptoms with a low glycemic index diet	42	46	39	39	64	51	20	0.05
Comorbidities (N = 382)
Reduced fertility	96	94	92	98	100	97	88	0.17
Insulin resistance	97	97	94	99	100	97	96	0.50
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes	95	96	86	96	100	95	92	0.08
Increased risk of gestational diabetes	83	74	78	89	79	87	72	0.03
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors	83	77	76	89	79	84	80	0.16
Endometrial cancer	54	47	45	55	79	53	72	0.12
Fatty liver	36	40	16	50	21	21	24	<0.001
Pregnancy complications	53	49	47	49	79	74	44	0.004
Sleep apnea and snoring	34	31	27	38	29	41	20	0.26

Fig 1. The Nordic countries health professionals’ views on clinical features, comorbidities, psychosocial wellbeing and lifestyle management associated with PCOS.

The estimates are proportions (%).

Table 3. The differences in Nordic countries’ and Estonia’s health professionals’ views on most common reason for clinic attendance, most important long-term concern about PCOS, and mode of support.

The estimates are proportions (%).

Health professionals’ views	Overall	Denmark	Estonia	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	P
The most common reason for clinic attendance (N = 378)
Infertility	77.3	70.6	95.9	77.3	69.2	75.4	66.7	0.019
Cardiovascular diseases	0.8	1.5	2.0	0.6	0	0	0	0.81
Obesity and type 2 diabetes	13.8	20.6	16.3	14.1	0	9.8	4.2	0.17
Endometrial cancer	1.3	0	2.0	2.5	0	0	0	0.54
Psychosocial problems	2.7	2.9	2.0	0.6	0	8.2	4.2	0.061
The most important long-term concern about PCOS (N = 380)
Infertility	15.5	10.5	36.7	15.2	7.7	11.5	4.0	0.001
Cardiovascular diseases	12.9	9.0	6.1	17.0	15.4	11.5	12.0	0.35
Obesity and type 2 diabetes	63.4	71.6	46.9	62.4	76.9	63.9	72.0	0.088
Endometrial cancer	5.8	6.0	8.2	4.9	0	6.6	8.0	0.86
Psychosocial problems	1.3	1.5	0	0	0	4.9	4.0	0.062
Mode of support (N = 379)
Broadly available educational materials for HPs	81	77	76	81	93	83	80	0.71
Presentation at HP forums and workshops	58	44	57	59	64	67	68	0.12
A PCOS website for HPs	50	52	57	37	64	65	68	0.001
A regular email update for HPs	28	32	33	22	29	37	24	0.25
Resources for women with PCOS	57	53	65	51	86	65	56	0.06

HPs, health professionals

Tendency to gain weight and trouble losing weight in affected women was commonly recognized as well as the effect of weight loss and exercise on PCOS symptoms. The most commonly reported comorbidities were reduced fertility, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Compared to other features related to PCOS, the reduction of psychosocial wellbeing in PCOS was less recognized by the health professionals. Indeed, depression and especially anxiety were commonly ranked low in the context of psychosocial features of PCOS. On the other hand, reduced quality of life was most commonly reported in Denmark, Finland and Estonia, while body image dissatisfaction was most commonly reported in Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Fatty liver, sleep apnea, pregnancy complications and risk for endometrial cancer were less commonly known features. Physicians in Finland were more aware of risk for fatty liver in women with PCOS compared with physicians in other Nordic countries and Estonia. Physicians in Norway and Iceland reported pregnancy complications more commonly than in other countries. The doctors were generally well informed that ovarian cancer is not related to PCOS (Fig 1). Sixteen percent of the participants reported an association between surgery for ovarian cysts and PCOS (Fig 1). There were no differences between the countries. Fifty-eight percent of the participants thought PCOS is underdiagnosed and 23% thought it is overdiagnosed.

The physicians ranked long-term health concerns related to PCOS as obesity, type 2 diabetes, infertility and cardiovascular diseases most important, whereas psychological wellbeing and endometrial cancer were not ranked important (Table 3).

Treatment of PCOS

OCP and lifestyle modifications were the most commonly prescribed treatments for non-fertility concern in all the countries, except Estonia, where metformin was the second most commonly prescribed treatment after OCP for non-fertility concern (Table 4). For fertility concern, lifestyle modification was the most commonly prescribed treatment in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and Norway, and ovulation inductors in Iceland and Sweden.

Table 4. Treatments most commonly prescribed for non-fertility-related and fertility-related PCOS concerns.

Characteristic	Overall	Denmark	Estonia	Finland	Iceland	Norway	Sweden	P
Treatments most commonly prescribed for nonfertility concerns (N = 379)
Anti-androgens	12	6	27	10	8	15	13	0.02
Laser depilation	6	15	0	3	0	7	8	0.005
Lifestyle modifications	66	75	59	63	62	72	58	0.31
Metformin	45	59	65	36	54	48	21	<0.001
Oral contraceptives	72	82	76	71	92	59	63	0.02
Treatments most commonly prescribed for fertility concerns (N = 361)
Clomiphene citrate	32	18	29	37	31	31	41	0.11
Clomiphene citrate with metformin	29	11	57	28	8	31	23	<0.001
Lifestyle modifications	56	69	49	52	46	61	50	0.16
Metformin	36	53	37	31	38	39	14	0.01
Ovulation inductors	25	15	29	24	77	12	55	<0.001

Multivariable regression analysis

Female physicians were 2.6 times more likely to estimate the national prevalence of PCOS more than 10% than male physicians (Table 5). Physicians aged ≤35 years were twice more likely to estimate the national prevalence of PCOS more than 10% than physicians aged ≥56 (Table 5). The physicians aged ≤35 years also 2.2 times more often recommended lifestyle management for patients with PCOS for fertility concerns than older physicians.

Table 5. Multivariable models on the associations of physician characteristics with PCOS knowledge and practices.

Characteristic	Awareness of symptom improvement with weight loss	Estimated national PCOS prevalence > 10%	Using Rotterdam diagnostic criteria	Recommend OCP	Recommend lifestyle management for nonfertility concerns	Recommend metformin for nonfertility concerns	Recommend lifestyle management for fertility concerns	Recommend clomiphene citrate	Recommend metformin plus clomiphene citrate
Sex
Men	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Women	1.10 (0.50–2.42)	2.62 (1.45–4.74)	0.73 (0.40–1.34)	0.93 (0.51–1.67)	1.69 (0.96–2.99)	1.21 (0.69–2.13)	0.98 (0.56–1.69)	0.71 (0.38–1.32)	0.97 (0.52–1.84)
Age
≥35	1.62 (0.66–4.00)	2.06 (1.09–3.91)	1.53 (0.76–3.05)	0.98 (0.46–2.06)	0.91 (0.46–1.81)	1.69 (0.88–3.23)	2.20 (1.13–4.30)	0.64 (0.30–1.33)	1.41 (0.70–2.86)
36–45	1.12 (0.52–2.40)	1.27 (0.71–2.27)	1.55 (0.84–2.86)	1.02 (0.53–1.99)	0.58 (0.32–1.06)	1.18 (0.67–2.06)	1.10 (0.62–1.94)	0.69 (0.37–1.28)	0.79 (0.41–1.53)
46–55	1.34 (0.60–3.01)	1.08 (0.58–1.99)	1.11 (0.59–2.10)	0.41 (0.22–0.76)	1.12 (0.59–2.11)	1.00 (0.54–1.85)	1.07 (0.59–1.93)	1.03 (0.55–1.93)	0.93 (0.47–1.83)
≥56	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Specialty
OBGYN/ RE	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
ME	3.23 (1.09–9.59)	1.55 (0.80–3.01)	1.03 (0.53–2.00)	0.47 (0.24–0.89)	3.62 (1.62–8.08)	5.05 (2.51–10.16)	1.53 (0.78–3.02)	0.12 (0.04–0.38)	0.26 (0.09–0.71)
Annual patients with PCOS
<50	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
≥50	1.93 (0.97–3.85)	2.48 (1.52–4.06)	3.05 (1.67–5.58)	0.80 (0.46–1.37)	1.41 (0.84–2.38)	1.19 (0.74–1.93)	0.90 (0.56–1.45)	0.76 (0.46–1.28)	1.14 (0.68–1.91)

ME, medical endocrinologist; OBGYN, obstetrician-gynaecologist; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; RE, reproductive endocrinologist

Odds ratios adjusted for sex, age, specialty and annual patients with PCOS, and controlled for country as a cluster

Physicians aged 46–55 years were less likely to recommend OCP for patients with PCOS than physicians aged ≥56. Medical endocrinologists more commonly recommended lifestyle management or metformin for PCOS for non-fertility concerns than obstetrician-gynecologists or reproductive endocrinologists. Physicians who treated more than 50 patients with PCOS annually, reported the national prevalence of PCOS >10% 2.5 times more frequently and used the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria three times more frequently than physicians who treated less than 50 patients with PCOS annually.

Mode of support

Table 3 shows the health professionals views on mode of support that should be offered. The most common and least common modes of support were considered similar across all countries; the most needed mode of support was broadly available educational materials for health professionals and the least common mode was a regular email update. A need for PCOS specific website for health professionals was not ranked high especially in Finland compared to other countries.

Discussion

Main findings

This is the first study assessing PCOS awareness in health professionals across Nordic countries and Estonia. Over two-thirds of the physicians who answered the questionnaire in the Nordic countries and Estonia use the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for PCOS. Clinical features, lifestyle management and comorbidities are commonly recognized in women with PCOS, while the reduction of psychosocial wellbeing is less associated with PCOS. Infertility is the most frequent reason and obesity and type 2 diabetes the second most common reason for clinic attendance for PCOS in the Nordic countries and Estonia. There are some differences in the treatments for PCOS between physicians in the Nordic countries and Estonia even though the countries share similar health care systems. Younger physicians more often recommend lifestyle management for patients with PCOS for fertility concerns than older physicians that is also in line with the recommendation of the International PCOS guideline [16].

Previous studies, ours included, have found that depression and anxiety [6, 17] and psychological stress [18] are more prevalent in women with PCOS even beyond fertile age compare to non-PCOS counterparts. Moreover, women with PCOS have poorer quality of life than women without the syndrome [19]. Even though the data on mental health is not new, the current study shows that physicians are not well aware of coexistence of depression and anxiety and reduced quality of life in women with PCOS. This is in line with previous studies. Indeed, Australian primary care physicians did not consider psychological and metabolic comorbidities as clinical features of PCOS [9]. Moreover, North-American obstetrician-gynecologists were less aware of anxiety, depression and reduced quality of life in women with PCOS [8]. In a study conducted among the members of the European Society of Endocrinology [15], 64% of endocrinologists regarded obesity and type 2 diabetes as the primary long-term concerns for PCOS, 20% infertility, 12% cardiovascular diseases, 3% psychological problems and 1% considered endometrial cancer. Given all this and the fact that the risk for psychological distress among women with PCOS is 2-fold [6, 20], screening women with PCOS for psychological comorbidities is recommended.

The present study showed inconsistent management of PCOS across the Nordic countries and Estonia. Gaps in physicians’ management of PCOS have also been reported in other studies [8]. In North America, reproductive endocrinologists recommend lifestyle changes for management of PCOS more often than obstetrician-gynecologists, whereas we found that younger doctors were more likely to offer lifestyle management compared to older colleagues. Also discipline differences were noted as medical endocrinologists were more likely to prescribe metformin than OCPs, although they are not mutually exclusive as suggested by the new PCOS guideline. The choice of treatment for the health care professional is likely influenced by the symptom the woman deems most crucial and concerning but also by the awareness and updates available of the current treatment guidelines. The current questionnaire was fulfilled just before the PCOS guideline was launched, and the results indicate that the health professionals would benefit from getting more information and education. The new international PCOS guideline and the implementations process aims to improve these aspects [14].

Limitations

The current research was a multinational and multi-disciplinary study and used a novel questionnaire for a common syndrome. However, the number of physicians who took part in this study particularly in Sweden, was small, and the study had low statistical power to estimate reliably the physicians’ knowledge and management of PCOS in each country. The number of respondents from Sweden was smaller than expected, whereas the number of targeted physicians in Iceland is small altogether. Finnish physicians participated in this study more than physicians of other Nordic countries. The study was conducted by a Finnish research group, which explains the larger number of Finnish participants. Due to a small number of reproductive endocrinologists, we combined obstetricians/gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists into a single group in the multivariable models. In the Nordic countries, a reproductive endocrinologist is a gynaecologist with additional training in infertility treatment. In Denmark, Finland and Sweden, reproductive endocrinology is recognized as a subspecialty of gynecology. In the current study, reproductive endocrinologists more often used Rotterdam diagnostic criteria than obstetricians/gynecologists (adjusted OR = 7.3, CI 1.7–31.5). However, other PCOS knowledge and practices did not differ between obstetricians/gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists. Taking this into account, the findings may not represent obstetrician-gynecologists’ and endocrinologists’ awareness, diagnosis and management of PCOS in the entire country or within the disciplinary, but offers an overview of PCOS awareness in the Nordic countries and Estonia. It is possible that the results are also affected by a selection bias as the health professionals that are aware of the syndrome are more likely to answer the questionnaire. If this would be the case it would underline the need for more information and the new international PCOS guideline. The questionnaire also lacked the questions on the use of insulin sensitizers to reduce insulin resistance and aromatase inhibitors to induce ovulation. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are present in women with PCOS and insulin sensitizing drugs such as inositols are effective in improving PCOS symptoms [21, 22].

Conclusions

The findings of the present study suggest that the obstetrician-gynecologists, reproductive and medical endocrinologists in Nordic countries and Estonia do not consistently use Rotterdam diagnostic criteria and are not fully aware of some common comorbidities associated with PCOS, particularly psychosocial comorbidities. Furthermore, the management of PCOS seemed to be inconsistent between different physician groups. Considering these and other findings internationally, doctors need more information and education on PCOS. For universal diagnosis and treatment of PCOS, the recently published international PCOS guidelines are well needed and welcomed. Future efforts should be made to increase the awareness of the guidelines and to promote implementation into practice.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript.

Funding Statement

This study was supported by the Sigrid Juselius foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant no: 321763) and the Finnish Medical Association.