Abstract
Since graphene was first isolated in 2004, it has become an attractive material on electrochemical energy storage devices. The purpose of this study is to compare Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene electrodes to commercial primary battery cathodes. This research is an experimental laboratory research. Graphene was synthesized with Hummer's method modified. Electrodes cathode of primary battery (Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene) were prepared using impregnation method. Graphene and electrodes cathode were analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and conductivity, respectively. The XRD data of graphene show that there is a weak and sharp peak on 2θ = 26,5o, indicating graphene is formed. The peaks shape of 2θ = 35o are totally different for Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene. At Mg/graphite, the sharp and narrow peak appears on 2θ = 35o. It means Mg is well deposited on graphite. Interestingly, Mg/graphene has narrow and weak peak on 2θ = 35o, indicating the Mg was deposited on graphene and properties of Mg has been changed by graphene. This data is also well confirmed by EDX data. Mg atoms exist on graphene (1.47 wt%) (EDX data). SEM images of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene are significantly different, probably support material effect. The properties of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene comparing to commercial primary battery cathode were evaluated using conductivity. The conductivity of Mg/graphene (1080 μS/cm) is highest among Mg/graphite (90 μS/cm) and commercial battery cathode (10 μS/cm). All of data show that the Mg/graphene is potentially used as a primary battery cathode.
Keywords: Materials chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Electrochemistry, Graphene, Mg/graphite, Mg/graphene, Primary battery's cathode
Materials chemistry; Analytical chemistry; Electrochemistry, Graphene, Mg/graphite, Mg/graphene, Primary battery's cathode
1. Introduction
Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy during the process of exchanging electrons between the anode and cathode [1]. Ideal batteries have specific energy [2], high power density [3], good life cycle [4], resistance to interference [5] and low cost [6]. The main components of the primary battery are carbon on the anode and carbon metal alloy at the cathode [1]. That is, the quality and cost of producing primary batteries is determined by their constituent materials (cathodes, anodes, and electrolyte pastes) [7]. Therefore, we need an alternative new material that can be used to produce primary batteries in large quantities [8].
Graphene has become an interesting material to study specifically for electrochemical energy storage devices [9]. Graphene is a carbon monolayer layered with 2D lattice [10]. Features of graphene: carbon 2D [11], sp2 [12], very high strength [13], the surface area of 2600 m2g-1 [14], electrical conductivity (1250 Scm−1) [15] and thermal conductivity (4840–5300 Wm−1K−1) [16,17]. Graphene can be considered to be an energy storage material for Li and Na ions in battery ions, for example Li/Graphene has a specific capacity (744 mAhg−1) and Li/Graphite (372 mAhg−1 [18].
The main problem with development battery is that the price of lithium is very expensive and becomes waste after usage, the density and energy capacity of primary batteries is still low [19] weak interactions between electrodes and transport of electrons [20] and loss of electrical contact at long usage times [21]. The solution to overcoming this problem is to use graphene. The important concept in this study are i) increasing energy storage capacity can be done by graphene; ii) The specific energy and energy capacity of the battery can be increased by graphene [22].
Previous research has been carried out by Kucinskis (2013) which uses graphene on primary battery cathodes [18]. The results obtained from this study are battery cathode materials when mixed with the addition of graphene will increase the conductivity of the electrons and therefore the ability of the battery cathode to deliver will be better. Addition of Pt metal will increase cathode activity and the addition of metals can increase the quality of interaction electronically from graphene [21]. Modification of carbon materials especially with the use of magnesium has been proposed [23] and could be used as a supporting material as an electrode in the primary battery cell.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Graphite commercial powder (carbon 98wt%, ash wt15%), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98 wt%), potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99.5 wt%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30 wt%) and ammonia (NH3, 25 wt%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Singapore). Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3, 99 wt%), magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 99 wt%), magnesium powder (Mg, 99 wt%) were purchased from Merck (Singapore). All the chemical reagents as approved without any further purification.
2.2. Synthesis of graphene
Briefly, 0.2 g of graphite was added with 0.2 g NaNO3 and 15 ml H2SO4, were stirred together for 2 h in an ice bath condition. Next, 1 g of KMnO4 was slowly added into the solution and stirred for 24 h to generate graphite solution. Finally, 20 ml of H2SO4 5% and 1 mL H2O2 30%, stirred for 1 h, respectively. The solution was centrifuged at 6500 rpm for 20 min and ultrasonication for 5 h, then allowed to cool and produce a solution graphene oxide. The graphene oxide solution was to be shared into two parts, the first solution was dried with an oven at 100 °C to result in the graphene oxide powder. The other solution was added with a 5 mg magnesium powder and stirred for 72 h, filtered and dried at 100 °C to produce graphene powder.
2.3. Preparation of Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene
MgCl2/graphite 1:1 by weighing 1 g of MgCl2 and graphite, each added 200 ml ethanol absolute and stirred for 1 h. Then the MgCl2/ethanol and graphite/ethanol solution were mixed and stirred again for 2 h. The solution was filtered and dried at T = 100 °C. The similar way was done on the variation of Mg/graphene.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Analysis of XRD
In this research, there are some reasons, Mg was used in this research. Those are Mg has the similar period with Li; the capacity storage electron of Mg is highest among the others metal; Mg is more less reactive compare to Li, graphene may be hope increasing activity of Mg; deposit of Mg is largest than Li and price of Mg is cheaper than Li.
In order to prove that Mg was deposited on graphite and graphene, XRD was used to analyze them. Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of primary battery cathode, graphene, Mg/graphite and Mg/graphene. Primary battery uses graphite as cathode. Graphite exhibited a basal reflection (002) sharp peak at 2θ = 26.5° corresponding to d spacing of 3.370 Å which is compatible with the literature data (JCPDS 75–2078). This data is similar to commercial primary battery cathode. It means the cathode of primary battery contains majority of graphite. In the XRD pattern of graphene obtained via the improved Hummers’ method. Graphene has a broad peak centered at 2θ = 26.52° corresponding to d spacing of 3.35 Å which might be attributed to very thin graphene layers. This data closes to Hassan (2014) reported [24].
Figure 1.
XRD patterns of Mg/graphite, Mg/graphene, graphene and primary battery cathode.
Mg/graphite shown broad and sharp peak corresponds to Mg (100) on position 2θ = 35°. It means probably Mg exists on graphite. Surprisingly, the narrow and weak peak appear on 2θ = 35° for Mg/graphene, indicating Mg atoms were well deposited on graphene. Therefore, the properties of Mg may be changed by graphene. In addition, the size of Mg particles on graphene seemly is not similar compare to Mg particles of graphite. Thereby, we may modify properties of Mg with surface interaction between metal block-s (Mg) and π-bond of graphene (probably s-π bonding).
3.2. Analysis of SEM-EDX
SEM-EDX used in order to more prove that Mg atoms are well deposited on graphite and graphene. Figure 2 and Table 1 show the EDX and weight composition data of Mg/graphite.
Figure 2.
EDX spectra of Mg/graphite.
Table 1.
Comparison of Elements of graphene, graphite/graphene, Mg/graphite and Mg/graphite (EDX Data).
| Element | Graphene | Mg/Graphite | Mg/Graphene | Primary Battery Cathode |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | 48.84 | 81.96 | 47.05 | 97 |
| O | 32.88 | 3.81 | 39.34 | |
| Na | 0.30 | 0.18 | ||
| Mg | 0.91 | 1.47 | ||
| Al | 5.59 | 1.52 | 5.27 | 0.5 |
| Si | 6.95 | 4.17 | 4.80 | 0.8 |
| S | 0.60 | 1.1 | ||
| Cl | 0.36 | 0.69 | 1.41 | |
| K | 1.79 | 2.83 | 0.24 | |
| Ca | 0.89 | |||
| Ti | 0.26 | |||
| Fe | 0.65 | 5.02 | 0.25 | 0.6 |
EDX data confirms that Mg atom is not appear on graphite. That is also consistent with weight percent data of Mg is absence on Mg/graphite (Table 1).
Interestingly, Mg atoms are deposited on graphene (1.47 wt%) (Table 1). This data is supported also with EDX data (Figure 3.).
Figure 3.
EDX spectra of Mg/graphene.
Figure 3 clearly show that Mg atoms exist on graphene. In addition, graphene and commercial cathode also were confirmed with EDX measurement. Those data may be seen in Figures.4 and 5.
Figure 4.
EDX spectra of graphene.
Figure 5.
EDX spectra of primary battery cathode.
Graphene content majority is C (48.8 wt%) (Figure.4). The cathode battery has much more carbon weight percent (97 wt%) compare to graphene. It means carbon dominate on cathode battery.
The morphology of Graphene, Mg/Graphite, Mg/Graphene and Primary Battery Cathode may be seen in Figure 6. Graphene has wrinkled surfaces and thin sheets (Figure 6a.). In Mg/graphite (Figure 6b.) appears small white spots on graphite surfaces, indicating Mg atoms exist on it. Mg atoms seemly are deposited on graphene. It may be seen that many white spots on graphene surfaces (Figure 6c). The distinguish morphology shapes appear on cathode battery surface. It means absolutely cathode battery is not graphene (Figure 6d.).
Figure 6.
SEM images of Mg/Graphite (a), Mg/Graphene (b), Graphene (c) and Primary Battery Cathode (d) with magnification 1000x.
3.3. Analysis of electrical conductivity
Analysis of electrical conductivity of graphene, Mg/graphite, Mg/graphene and commercial primary battery cathode were evaluated by using AC780-Conductivity Meter i-SOLV at room temperature, respectively. All of electrical conductivity is shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Electrical conductivity.
| Sample | Measurement of Conductivity (μS/cm) |
|---|---|
| Commercial Primary Battery Cathode | 10 |
| Graphene | 170 |
| Mg/Graphite | 90 |
| Mg/Graphene | 1080 |
Table 2 shows that the electrical conductivity of Mg/graphene is highest and the lowest is battery cathode. Pristine graphene has electrical conductivity higher than battery cathode. That is caused battery cathode contains graphite. The electrical conductivity of graphite is low because stacking graphene occur on graphite. That is why electrons cannot move freely due to dense density on graphite surface. The other reason is gap between valence band and conductance band of graphite is still broad. Surprisingly, electrical conductivity of graphene is significantly higher than graphite. It proves electrons move fast on graphene surface. It occurs because high π-π stacking are absence on graphene. Those data are consistent while Mg deposited on graphene and graphite, respectively. The conductivity of Mg/graphene is significantly higher than Mg/graphite. It means graphene as well as supporting material may be expected to increase conductivity of Mg. That is possible because chemical interaction between Mg and graphene (probably π-s).
4. Conclusions
Preparation of electrodes on primary battery cathodes by conducting graphite synthesis into graphene by the Hummer's method using magnesium reducing agent. And continued with the impregnation method to deposit metal in graphite and graphene. Modification of the primary battery cathode gets good results. Mg/graphene can be used as an alternative primary battery cathode because of its higher conductivity (1080 μS/cm) compared to the primary battery cathode (10 μS/cm).
Declarations
Author contribution statement
Crystina Simanjuntak, Rikson Siburian: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.
Harlem Marpaung, Tamrin: Analyzed and interpreted the data.
Funding statement
This work was supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia (PTUPT research grant No. 157/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DRPM/2019).
Competing interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
No additional information is available for this paper.
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