Abstract
Background
Published studies have presented an inconsistent association between plasma fibrinogen level and poor prognosis or clinicopathological characteristics in lung cancer.
Methods
In the absence of significant quality difference, combined hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated according to overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with CIs were pooled to appraise the effect of plasma fibrinogen on clinicopathological characteristics. Furthermore, we directly combined the P values to estimate the association of plasma fibrinogen and tumor size. We adjusted the publication bias using trim-and fill method.
Results
Twenty studies with 6,494 patients were contained in meta-analysis. The pooled data indicated that elevated fibrinogen level associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer. Typically, the pooled HRs were 1.44 (95% CI, 1.34–1.55), 1.49 (95% CI, 1.24–1.80) and 1.69 (95% CI, 1.31–2.17) for OS, PFS and DFS of lung cancer, respectively. In addition, the combined ORs were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.23–1.84) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.66–2.44) for lymph node metastasis and III–IV stage; and the combined RR was 2.15 (95% CI, 1.11–4.15) for disease control rate (DCR). Moreover, patients with distant metastasis or III–IV stage had significantly higher plasma fibrinogen level (SMD: 0.20, 95% CI, 0.04–0.36; SMD: 0.31, 95% CI, 0.18–0.44, respectively).
Conclusions
The summary results indicated that plasma fibrinogen was a marker of prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics in lung cancer.
Keywords: Plasma fibrinogen, lung cancer, prognosis, clinicopathological characteristics, meta-analysis
Introduction
Lung cancer was considered to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality (1). There were 1.8 million new lung cancer cases and 1.6 million cancer-related deaths worldwide (2). In spite of great advances in diagnosis and therapy, 5-year survival rates are only 18% for lung cancer (3). Independent prognostic factors, including disease stage, performance status, age, sex, weight loss and KRAS mutation, have been identified (4-8). However, there is a lack of blood biochemical indicators for the prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics in patients suffering from lung cancer.
Fibrinogen, a easily measured biochemical indicator, is a kind of the principal acute phase proteins generated by the liver (9). The activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis is encountered among malignancy and about 90% of cancer patients with metastatic disease and 50% of cancer patients have abnormal coagulation parameters (10). Moreover, high plasma fibrinogen level is frequently observed in cancer patients and influence metastatic potential (11,12). Several meta-analysis indicated that elevated plasma fibrinogen associated with poor prognosis (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; disease-free survival, DFS) in epithelial ovarian, digestive cancer (13,14). Moreover, elevated plasma fibrinogen level in lung cancer implied short survival (15). Then, anticoagulant therapy would be valuable for patients with lung cancer. However, conflicting data were reported (16,17).
Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic significance of fibrinogen in patients with lung cancer.
Methods
Search strategy
A systemic search in PubMed, Web of science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were employed to identify all articles published up to September 2018, using the items “fibrinogen”, “hyperfibrinogen”, “fibrinogenemia”, “predictive”, “recurrence”, “relapse”, “prognosis”, “survival”, “lung cancer” and “lung neoplasms”. In addition, we manually searched abstracts of the World Lung Cancer Conference, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) to identify unpublished studies.
Selection criteria
Eligible studies included in the meta-analysis had to meet the following criteria: (I) assessment of the association of plasma fibrinogen and lung cancer prognosis or clinicopathological characteristics; (II) the value of plasma fibrinogen detection before chemotherapy; (III) only including the most recent and informative studies if duplicate articles were from the same participants; (IV) full text articles in English or Chinese language were retained.
Data extraction
Data from the included studies were extracted independently by two investigators (K Zhang and Y Xu). The information, including first author, year of publication, patient source, number of patients, histology, disease stage, cut-off value and outcomes, was extracted. Two reviewers (K Zhang and Y Xu) determined study eligibility independently and any disagreements were solved after discussion.
Quality assessment
The STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was used to assess the quality of these studies for cohort studies (18). The overall score assessed the following dimensions of methodology, grouped into eight main categories: (I) hypothesis and/or objective(s) stated; (II) tumor stage clearly described; (III) clear description of eligibility criteria; (IV) patients with inflammatory disease or coagulation disorders excluded; (V) predictors and outcome(s) clearly predefined; (VI) confounders considered in multivariate analysis; (VII) long enough for outcomes to occur; (VIII) bias and limitations considered. Each category had 1 point, and then an overall maximum theoretical score was 8 points. Finally, the scores were expressed as numbers from 0 to 8, and better methodological quality was provided with higher values (Table S1).
Table S1. The score of included studies for meta-analysis.
| Study (reference)* | Year | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | Quality score (0−8) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fan (15) | 2018 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 7 |
| Li (23) | 2018 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 7 |
| Jiang (22) | 2017 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6 |
| Pan (17) | 2017 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | 5 |
| Qi (28) | 2017 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | 5 |
| Wang (25) | 2017 | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | 4 |
| Zeng (24) | 2017 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 6 |
| Zhu (26) | 2016 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 6 |
| Jiang (33) | 2014 | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 5 |
| Kim (27) | 2014 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 7 |
| Li (30) | 2014 | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 |
| George (34) | 2013 | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | N | 3 |
| Sheng (29) | 2013 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 7 |
| Zhao (31) | 2012 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 7 |
| Jiang (35) | 2009 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | 5 |
| Altiay (20) | 2007 | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 6 |
| Jones (36) | 2006 | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | 4 |
| Unsal (16) | 2004 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 6 |
| Ferrigno (21) | 2001 | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | 4 |
| Buccheri (32) | 1997 | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | 4 |
*, references as described in manuscript; A, hypothesis and/or objective(s) stated; B, tumor stage clearly described; C, clear description of eligibility criteria; D, patients with inflammatory disease or coagulation disorders excluded; E, predictors and outcome(s) clearly predefined; F, confounders considered in multivariate analysis; G, long enough for outcomes to occur; H, bias and limitations considered; Y, yes; N, no.
Definition of outcomes
The primary outcomes were the OS, PFS, DFS or clinicopathological characteristics, including disease control rate (DCR), objective response rate (ORR), tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage, differentiation, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), histology and tumor size. Then, we conducted stratified analysis by histology type, stage, region of study and cut-off value for plasma fibrinogen. The effective value of OS, PFS and DFS was determined by the combination of HR and 95% confidence interval (CI). Estimated value was conducted indirectly from Kaplan-Meier plot using the methods reported by Tierney et al. (19) if a direct report of HR and corresponding 95% CI was not available. To assess the reliability, we calculated pooled HRs in studies with multivariate analysis. We employed relative risk (RR), odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) to evaluate clinicopathological characteristics, including DCR, ORR, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage, differentiation, ECOG and histology.
Statistical analysis
Significant heterogeneity was identified if I2 more than 50% and P<0.05 with the Cochran’s Q-test and I2, then the random-effects model was used. Otherwise, it was calculated by the fixed-effects model without significant heterogeneity. The combination of the estimated risk was calculated by the Z test, and P<0.05 was considered statistically. Publication bias, assessed by rank correlation and linear regression method, was adjusted by the trim and fill method if publication bias existed (P<0.05). The R Statistical Software (version 3.5.1) was performed for statistical analyses. The “meta” package was applied to generate the pooled estimates and publication bias assessment. The “forestplot” package was used to produce forest plot. All P values were two sided.
Results
Trial flow
The result of the study searching process depicts in Figure 1. A total of 327 potentially relevant articles were identified, and 83 of them were excluded for the following reasons: 11 cell lines or animals, 8 mechanism researches, 32 method or other treatment researches, 27 comments, reviews, letters or case reports and 5 published in non-English and non-Chinese language. After reviewing full-text carefully, 20 articles were included in the analysis.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of the search strategy and study selection.
Study characteristics
From 1997 to 2018, a total of 6,494 patients suffering from lung cancer were enrolled into the meta-analysis, the median sample size was 235 (ranged from 58 to 856). In this analysis, cut-off value of plasma fibrinogen was 4.0 g/L in eight studies. Besides, 16 (15-17,20-32), four (22,26,29,31) and 3 studies (25,29,33) were estimated by HR and corresponding 95% CI for OS, PFS and DFS, respectively. Two studies were evaluated by OR for histology (29,33), differentiation (29,33), chemotherapy response (DCR and ORR) (26,31) and performance status (26,33) and four (24,29,33,34) and three articles (24,29,33) for stage and lymph node metastasis, respectively. Furthermore, SMD was applied to appraise the effect of fibrinogen on clinicopathological characteristics, in which four studies (16,31,35,36) for histology and three for distant metastasis (16,24,35), tumor stage (24,35,36) and two for stage (24,35) (Table 1). Fourteen studies (15,20-32) investigated elevated plasma fibrinogen as an indicator of poor OS, and the other two studies (16,17) showed no significant impact on OS. Moreover, three studies (22,26,29) indicated that elevated plasma fibrinogen as a marker for poor PFS, and only one study (31) showed no effect on PFS.
Table 1. Characteristics of studies included from the meta-analysis.
| First author (reference)* | Year | S. of pts. | NP (M/F) | Histology | Stage | Cut-off value | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fan (15) | 2018 | CN | 120 (86/34) | SCLC | LD-ED | 400 mg/dL | OS |
| Li (23) | 2018 | CN | 412 (317/95) | NSCLC, SCLC | I–IV | 3.3 mg/dL | OS |
| Jiang (22) | 2017 | CN | 153 (109/44) | NSCLC | I–IV | 4.0 g/L | OS, PFS, tumor size |
| Pan (17) | 2017 | CN | 355 | SCLC | LD-ED | 4.0 g/L | OS |
| Qi (28) | 2017 | CN | 539 (350/189) | NSCLC | I–IV | 3.98 g/L | OS |
| Wang (25) | 2017 | CN | 134 (81/53) | ADC | I–IIIA | 4.0 g/L | OS, DFS |
| Zeng (24) | 2017 | CN | 856 (612/244) | NSCLC | I–IV | 3.7 g/L | OS, stage, lymph node metastasis |
| Zhu (26) | 2016 | CN | 74 (57/17) | SCLC | LD-ED | 4.0 g/L | OS, PFS, chemotherapy response, ECOG |
| Jiang (33) | 2014 | CN | 184 (122/62) | NSCLC | I–IIIA | 4.0 g/L | DFS, histology, differentiation, ECOG, stage, lymph node metastasis |
| Kim (27) | 2014 | KR | 854 (558/296) | NSCLC | IIIA–IV | 4.5 g/L | OS |
| Li (30) | 2014 | CN | 604 (409/195) | NSCLC | I–IV | 4.21 g/L | OS |
| George (34) | 2013 | UK | 564 (305/259) | NSCLC | I–III | 4.0 g/L | stage, tumor size |
| Sheng (29) | 2013 | CN | 567 (428/139) | NSCLC | I–IIIB | 4.0 g/L | OS, PFS, DFS, histology, stage, lymph node metastasis |
| Zhao (31) | 2012 | CN | 160 (102/58) | NSCLC | III–IV | 4.4 g/L | OS, PFS, chemotherapy response, differentiation, histology |
| Jiang (35) | 2009 | CN | 60 (46/14) | NSCLC, SCLC | I–IV | NA | histology |
| Altiay (20) | 2007 | TK | 78 (73/5) | NSCLC, SCLC | III–IV | 380 mg/dL | OS |
| Jones (36) | 2006 | UK | 93 (62/31) | NSCLC | I–IV | 5.0 g/L | histology, tumor size |
| Unsal (16) | 2004 | TK | 58 (55/3) | NSCLC, SCLC | IB–IV | 3.5 g/L | OS, histology |
| Ferrigno (21) | 2001 | IT | 343 (304/39) | NSCLC, SCLC | NA | 447 mg/dL | OS |
| Buccheri (32) | 1997 | IT | 286 (255/31) | NSCLC, SCLC | I–IV | 429 mg/dL | OS |
*, references as described in manuscript; S. of pts., source of patients; NP, number of patients; TK, Turkey; CN, China; IT, Italy; KR, Korea; UK, United Kingdom; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; NA, not available.
Meta-analysis of OS, PFS and DFS
Figures 2 and S1-S3 shows results of each meta-analysis. The overall studies were systematic analyzed, with the combined HR 1.44 (95% CI =1.34–1.55), 1.49 (95% CI =1.24–1.80) and 1.69 (95% CI =1.31–2.17) for OS (Figure 2A), PFS (Figure 2B) and DFS (Figure 2C), respectively. In addition, the association was also validated in studies with multivariable analyses (HR=1.48, 95% CI =1.36–1.61 for OS, Figure S1A; HR=1.53, 95% CI =1.11–2.12 for PFS, Figure S1B). The results were consistent with analysis in overall studies. The pooled HR was 1.46 (95% CI =1.34–1.60) in studies excluded inflammatory disease (Figure S2). As shown in Figure 3, the results implied that elevated plasma fibrinogen level effected on poor OS in subgroup analyses about histology type, stage, region of study and cut-off value for plasma fibrinogen. The combined HR was 1.54 (95% CI =1.40–1.69) for NSCLC, 1.25 (95% CI =1.05–1.48) for SCLC, 1.99 (95% CI =1.50–2.65) for stage I–III, 1.52 (95% CI =1.36–1.71) for stage III–IV, 1.45 (95% CI =1.34–1.57), 1.42 (95% CI =1.21–1.67), 1.48 (95% CI =1.35–1.63), 1.39 (95% CI =1.25–1.56) for Asian, non-Asian, China, non-China, respectively. The pooled HRs were 1.40 (95% CI =1.22–1.59), 1.47 (95% CI =1.35–1.59) for studies with cut-off value equal to 4 g/L and was not 4 g/L.
Figure 2.
Meta-analysis for assessing the association between plasma fibrinogen and OS (A), PFS (B), DFS (C) of lung cancer. OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival.
Figure S1.
Meta-analysis for assessing the association between plasma fibrinogen and OS (A) and PFS (B) in studies with multivariable analyses in lung cancer. OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; multivar, analysis in studies with multivariable analyses.
Figure S2.
Meta-analysis for assessing the association between plasma fibrinogen and OS in excluded inflammatory disease or coagulation disorders group. OS, overall survival; ex-inflam, analysis in studies excluded inflammatory disease or coagulation disorders.
Figure S3.
Meta-analysis about DCR (A), ORR (B) estimated by odds ratio. DCR, disease control rate; ORR, objective response rate.
Figure 3.
Meta-analysis in subgroups about histology type, stage, region of study and cutoff value.
Meta-analysis of clinicopathological characteristics
Similarly, the meta-analysis indicated that fibrinogen associated with clinicopathological characteristics. The pooled RRs and corresponding 95% CI were 2.15 (95% CI, 1.11–4.15) and 1.34 (95% CI, 0.68–2.62) for DCR (Figure S3A) and ORR (Figure S3B), respectively. In meta-analysis about TNM stage, the combined ORs were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.23–1.84) and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.66–2.44) lymph node metastasis (Figure 4A) and stage III–IV vs. stage I–II (Figure 4B), respectively. Moreover, the SMDs were 0.93 (95% CI, −0.42 to 2.29), 0.20 (95% CI, 0.04–0.36) and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.18–0.44) for tumor stage (Figure 4C), distant metastasis vs. no distant metastasis (Figure 4D) and stage III–IV vs. stage I–II (Figure 4E). No significance was found in poor differentiation (Figure S4A), and performance status (Figure S4B). In addition, the results showed no differences in histology (NSCLC and SCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) (Figure S5A,B,C). The P value directly combined implied that plasma fibrinogen might affect tumor size (P=2.82×10−5).
Figure 4.
Meta-analysis about TNM stage in lymph node metastasis (A) and stage (B) estimated by odds ratio; tumor stage (C), distant metastasis vs. no distant metastasis (D), stage III–IV vs. stage I–II (E) estimated by standardized mean difference.
Test of heterogeneity
We analyzed the heterogeneity in all included studies between fibrinogen and the prognosis of lung cancer. The heterogeneity, sixteen studies for OS, four studies for PFS, three studies for DFS, were evaluated in a fixed-effects model. Moreover, the heterogeneity of included studies was 21%, 20% and 20% with the I2 value, respectively. Heterogeneity was no significance in the OS subgroup analysis (Figure 2A,B,C).
Publication bias
As shown in Figures S6,S7, the rank correlation and linear regression method were used to evaluate publication bias of the meta-analysis. We found a significant funnel plot asymmetry, with P=0.011 in the linear regression test and P=0.072 in the rank correlation test, demonstrating the existence of publication bias in OS. However, in PFS and DFS, no significant funnel plot asymmetry was observed, with P=0.323 and P=0.125 in the linear regression test, P=1.000 and P=0.117 in the rank correlation test. Furthermore, we used a trim-and-fill method to adjust the bias, which was developed by Duval and Tweedie (37). The adjusted result was similar with our results (HR =1.39, 95% CI, 1.30–1.49) in OS (Figure S7).
Figure S6.
Publication bias of meta-analysis assessing the association between plasma fibrinogen and overall survival and progression-free survival of lung cancer in rank correlation method (A,B) and linear regression method (C,D).
Figure S7.
Adjusting the bias using a trim-and-fill method in the association between plasma fibrinogen and overall survival with rank correlation method (A), linear regression method (B) and funnel plot (C).
Discussion
Elevated pretreatment plasma fibrinogen predicted poor prognosis by meta-analysis in epithelial ovarian, digestive cancer (13,14). However, it was inconsistent whether fibrinogen was a prognosis factor in lung cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first systemic analysis about the association between fibrinogen and lung cancer prognosis. We performed a comprehensive analysis including 6,494 patients. It was showed that elevated pretreatment plasma fibrinogen levels could predict poor survival of lung cancer. Subgroup analysis also validated the result, according to region of study, histology type, cut-off value for plasma fibrinogen and HR estimated method for survival. Therefore, fibrinogen could play as a predictive factor of OS, PFS and DFS.
In addition, we also analyzed the association between fibrinogen and clinicopathological characteristics. We observed that elevated plasma fibrinogen affected TNM stage excluding tumor stage due to significant heterogeneity in lung cancer patients. However, plasma fibrinogen did not associate with differentiation and performance status and histology neither ADC vs. SCC nor NSCLC vs. SCLC. Due to limited sample size, the results of DCR and ORR were inconsistent. Considering the smoking was as a risk factor in lung cancer (38), we further found that smoking may affect plasma fibrinogen level and the pooled OR was 2.06 (95% CI, 1.64–2.59) analyzed in two studies (24,29).
In terms of fibrinogen in the prognosis of lung cancer, the evidence supported our conclusion as follow. Stroma-derived Fibrinogen-like Protein 2 promote tumor growth by activating cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer (39). Meanwhile, the study revealed that fibrinogen levels are significantly high among different pathologic types of lung cancer patients (40). In addition, elevated fibrinogen was associated with performance status after lung cancer resection surgery (41). Moreover, high plasma fibrinogen was associated with poorer lymph node status, recurrence and advanced pathologic stage (33). Due to the close relationships between fibrinogen and worse clinical pathological features of lung cancer, the relation between fibrinogen and poor survival of lung cancer was understandable. Plasma fibrinogen level of lung cancer patients reduced obviously after surgery indicated the higher tumor burden the elevated plasma fibrinogen (33). Therefore, the plasma fibrinogen in pretreatment lung cancer may affect prognosis and metastasis by tumor microenvironment.
Though our study provided a relatively convincing conclusion that fibrinogen could play as a prognosis biomarker of lung cancer, certain inevitable limitations should be stated: (I) we did not exclude the study that reported the relation between serum fibrinogen and lung cancer prognosis. Fibrinogen do not exist in serum and we recognized that author was clerical error; (II) studies was excluded due to unavailable data for meta-analysis which may lead to publication bias (35,42,43). Moreover, this meta-analysis indicated existence of publication bias, however, we searched conference abstracts and the heterogeneity test and the trim and fill method demonstrated the conclusion was stable; (III) the therapeutic regimen was different may lead to bias. So, conducting high-quality research is necessary.
Overall, our meta-analysis indicated that pretreatment may as a poor prognosis factor in lung cancer. Moreover, plasma fibrinogen associated with TNM stage rather than ORR. Nonetheless, a well-designed prospective study with a large sample to confirm our results and cover the above limitations is essential.
Figure S4.
Meta-analysis about differentiation (A) and performance status (B). ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Figure S5.
Meta-analysis about histology in ADC vs. SCC (A) estimated by odds ratio, NSCLC vs. SCLC (B), ADC vs. SCC (C) estimated by standardized mean difference. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; ADC, adenocarcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.
Acknowledgments
Funding: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81472782); the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0908200).
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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