Abstract
A 31-year-old female was referred with a history of unexplained exertional breathlessness. The patient had normal resting lung function and a CT thorax showed no significant abnormality. Closer scrutiny of the flow-volume loop confirmed an elevated Empey's index. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing with continuous laryngoscopy was conducted to evaluate the upper airway response to exercise which confirmed loud biphasic wheeze. A bronchoscopy revealed no stenosis nor intraluminal narrowing, however, a contrast CT confirmed a right-sided aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery. Following multidisciplinary review, the patient opted for a surgical approach to treatment however despite initially reporting an improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity continued to suffer exertional wheeze two-years post-surgery. This clinical report describes a rare vascular cause of exertional wheeze but also provides a cautionary note in terms of providing a guarded prognosis for adults undergoing surgical intervention for tracheal compression arising from congenital vascular abnormalities.
Keywords: Dyspnoea, Cough, Trachea, Wheeze, Bronchoscopy
1. Introduction
Respiratory symptoms are frequently reported by young athletic individuals, however detecting the cause is often challenging due to the limited value of patient self-report and broad differential diagnosis [1,2]. In most instances, individuals presenting with exertional wheeze are prescribed an efficacy trial of inhaler therapy for presumed exercise-induced asthma - a condition characterised by temporary lower airway narrowing [2]. It is now recognised however that the structural and functional behaviour of the upper and large airways during exercise are equally important and thus employing a systematic approach to clinical assessment (i.e. considering the total airway) is required to secure a diagnosis [3].
2. Case presentation
A 31-year-old non-smoking athletic female was referred with a six-year history of unexplained exertional breathlessness associated with an audible wheeze. She described a sensation akin to “breathing through a straw” during strenuous exercise but also a rapid, spontaneous recovery on exercise cessation. Her past medical history included childhood-onset atopic asthma, treated with low dose inhaled corticosteroid and bronchodilator treatment. She denied resting or nocturnal symptoms and her exercise-induced respiratory symptoms did not respond to an escalation of standard asthma therapy.
Baseline investigations revealed normal resting lung function: forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) 3.3L (108% predicted), forced vital capacity (FVC) 4.3L (122% predicted) [4]. Resting fractional exhaled nitric oxide (marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation) was also within normal limits (13 ppb) [5]. A methacholine bronchial provocation challenge demonstrated no evidence of airway hyper-responsiveness [6] and a CT thorax was reported as showing no significant abnormality. Closer scrutiny of her spirometric flow-volume loop revealed a significant reduced peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 258 L/min, whilst her FEV1 was normal at 3.3 L, giving a flattened appearance to the expiratory phase (Fig. 1) and an elevated Empey's index.
Fig. 1.
Spirometry flow-volume loop demonstrating a ‘flattened’ appearance of the expiratory phase and reduced peak expiratory flow rate.
Treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with continuous laryngoscopy, the ‘gold-standard’ test for exercise induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) was subsequently conducted to evaluate the upper airway response to exercise [7]. This confirmed her history of loud biphasic wheeze when running vigorously, a supra-normal peak exercise capacity (156% predicted) but no evidence of significant EILO. A bronchoscopy with dynamic manoeuvres was subsequently undertaken for assessment of the subglottic airway. This revealed no stenosis nor intraluminal narrowing but prominent vascular pulsation, visible at the posterior tracheal wall. At this stage no satisfactory cause was identified for the patient's exertional symptoms which raised the following questions: (a) how can Empey's index be applied to guide further investigation? (b) what is the treatment of choice for vascular abnormalities compressing the trachea during exercise?
3. Discussion
Empey's index was first described by Professor Duncan Empey in 1972, as the ratio between FEV1 (ml) and PEFR (L/min) [8,9], values above 10 suggest upper airway obstruction and thus the patient's index of 12.8 (3300/258) is in-keeping with pathology of the upper/large airways. Despite the reassuring bronchoscopic appearance, a contrast CT thorax was arranged. This revealed a right-sided aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery arising from the descending arch (Fig. 2). This so-called Kommerel diverticulum with a remnant ligamentum arteriosum formed a vascular ring causing tracheal compression; a congenital vascular anomaly estimated to occur in only 0.05% of the population. In this case we hypothesize that the dynamic state of vigorous exercise, with heightened ventilation and cardiac output likely results in further tracheal compression, dyspnoea and wheeze.
Fig. 2.
CT thorax with contrast demonstrating tracheal compression by vascular structures (short arrow indicating tracheal lumen; long arrow indicating right sided aortic arch at level T4; axial view).
Following multidisciplinary team discussion and surgical risk review, the patient opted for a surgical approach to treatment. This entailed dissecting the vascular ring, aortic arch reconstruction and transposition of the left subclavian artery to the left carotid artery. Previous studies have described successful outcomes and symptomatic improvement in 97% of patients following surgery [10]. Despite initially reporting an improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity; the patient continued to suffer troublesome exertional wheeze two-years post-surgery. Furthermore, the patients flow-volume loop appearance and Empey's index and CT appearance remained unchanged, suggesting the malacic airway segment was chronically damaged by the long-standing vascular compression.
4. Conclusion
A persistently abnormal flow-volume loop appearance and elevated Empey's index should act to prompt consideration of an upper airway cause for breathing difficulties in patients presenting with exertional breathlessness. This clinical report describes a rare vascular cause of exertional wheeze but also provides a cautionary note in terms of providing a guarded prognosis for adults undergoing surgical intervention for tracheal compression arising from congenital vascular abnormalities.
Author contribution statement
All authors were involved in the conception of the case study, drafting and critical revision of manuscript, and final approval of the version to be published.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors have no real or perceived conflict of interest in respect of this manuscript.
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