Abstract
To date, there is insufficient insight into inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated stress, recognized disability, and contact with the social care system. We aimed to assess these parameters in IBD patients and a non-IBD control group, who were invited to participate in an online survey developed specifically for this study (www.soscisurvey.de) with the help of IBD patients. 505 IBD patients and 166 volunteers (i.e., control group) participated in the survey. IBD patients reported significantly increased levels of stress within the last six months and five years (p<0.0001) and were more likely to have a recognized disability (p<0.0001). A low academic status was the strongest indicator of a disability (p = 0.006). Only 153 IBD patients (30.3%) reported contact with the social care system, and a disability was the strongest indicator for this (p<0.0001). Our study provides data on stress and disability in a large unselected German IBD cohort. We showed that patients with IBD suffer more often from emotional stress and more often have a recognized disability. As only about 1/3 of the patients had come into contact with the social care system and the corresponding support, this patient group is undersupplied in this area.
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic and recurring inflammatory conditions of the intestine of unknown cause, which encompasses Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and often affects young people. Because these diseases are intractable and require long-term therapy, patients not only undergo physical strains but also deteriorated quality of life (QoL), both mentally and socially[1],[2]. Despite recent therapeutic advances, patients continue to suffer significant emotional distress.
Thus, studying and consecutively improving the patient’s QoL and determining risk factors for disability have become a great interest. However, to date, potential risk factors other than the presence of IBD itself for developing a disability and having a decreased QoL in IBD patients are still scarcely defined, and the importance of factors such as educational status is discussed controversial[3]. There is evidence that patients with IBD have lower academic status than healthy controls[4],[5]. Studies on school functioning have shown that children with IBD tend to have poorer school attendance[6]–especially when having a high disease activity[7] and also appear to participate less in extra-curricular activities[8]. Therefore, improving these aspects of life, especially in young IBD patients, should be taken into consideration for holistic care. Another relevant factor that influences the QoL of IBD patients is disease-related discrimination and stigmatization[9]. Reports on grades of disability vary from 1.3 to 50% and are dependent on the definition of disability and the way the data was obtained, often through studies in highly selected patient cohorts. Real-world data (i.e., unselected patient cohorts) on this topic is lacking[10],[11]. In Germany, a recognized disability is defined as having a grade of disability granted by a governmental institution. The patient’s recognized diagnoses and the resulting complaints/symptoms are taken into consideration, and the granted percentages range from 0 to 100%. Over the last decade, several valuable IBD and QoL questionnaires have been developed. However, most focus on hospital-based clinical and treatment aspects. Although there is extensive data on emotional stress, disability, anxiety, and depression in IBD patients[12], [13],[14], there is only limited data derived through questionnaires constructed with the aid of IBD patients. This study aimed to provide insights into emotional stress in an unselected IBD cohort. IBD patients strongly influenced the conceptualization of this questionnaire. They suggested questions they were rarely asked but deemed necessary. Furthermore, we sought to determine if patients with IBD are more likely to have a recognized disability and whether predictive parameters associated with a recognized disability could be determined. Finally, we assessed the level of contact with the social care system. As this survey is based on a self-constructed and not validated questionnaire, it has to be considered as a pilot study.
Material and methods
Survey population
IBD patients and non-IBD subjects were invited to partake in an online survey between November 15th and December 21st, 2018. This survey was accessible via www.soscisurvey.de and was approved by the German Association for Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis (DCCV). This survey was advertised through social media, the DCCV website, and associated media. Participation in this survey was voluntary, and no participant-specific data (i.e., data that would lead to the participant’s identity) were collected. Therefore no approval from the local ethics committee was needed for this study.
Survey design
The questionnaire was created for this study by the department for social work and health, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in cooperation with IBD patients. They were asked which aspects of life caused them emotional stress and which questions they believed they rarely got asked in standard surveys. These questions and topics were included in the conceptualization of the questionnaire. The questions focused on overall emotional stress and to determine possibly related factors. One section enquired about IBD-related disability and contact with social systems (i.e., social workers, governmental support). The questionnaire consists of 80 questions, divided into five sections. Section one focused on general data, section two on stress in daily life (past 6 months and 5 years), section three on stress at work (past 6 months and 5 years), section four on discrimination in private life and at work and section five on social work. The participants were asked to answer the question with “yes” or “no” and/or rate the respective topic on a five-point Likert scale. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) served as an orientation for the questionnaire[15]. For the entire questionnaire, please refer to the supplemental data (S1 File).
Social care system and recognized disability
The social care system was defined as contact with and provided support by social workers, self-help groups, and governmental support. The support entailed providing information concerning IBD, self-help groups, physicians, opportunities for rehabilitation, home care, and guidance for obtaining a recognized disability. A recognized disability was defined as having a disability based on an underlying disease granted by the state after a specific application and evaluation.
Stress in daily life and work: This consisted of 28 questions concerning stress in everyday life and 14 questions concerning stress at work. Participants were instructed to relate their answers to the questions to either the past six months or five years. The items were identical in both subdivisions for stress in daily life or at work.
Discrimination in daily life (i.e., private life) and work: This section consisted of five questions concerning discrimination in everyday life and seven questions concerning discrimination at work.
Contact with social work and evaluation: This section of the questionnaire entailed 12 questions concerning contact and satisfaction with the social care system in Germany.
Statistical analyses
Nominal data were presented as raw numbers and percentages, ordinal data as median and IQR, and quantitative data as mean and sd or, if skewed, as median and IQR. Quantitative data were assessed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U-tests. P values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Associations of recognized disability with continuous or dichotomic variables were assessed in linear and logistic regression models, respectively. After univariate analyses, multivariate analyses were performed for significant associations. Multivariate models were obtained by backward selection, using a p-value >0.15 for removal from the model. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0 (International Business Machine Corporation, Endicott, NY, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics: 505 patients with IBD and 166 control group volunteers participated in this study.
In the IBD group, 444 (87.3%) were female. The high percentage of female participants was also observed in the UC (n = 32; 84.6%) and CD subgroups (n = 289; 89). In the control group, only 109 (65.7%) participants were female. The median age of the IBD cohort was 35 years [range 15–70], whereas the median age in the control group was 32 years [range 18–69]. In the IBD subgroup, the median age was 34.5 [range 15–63] and 35.5 years [range 16–67] for UC and CD, respectively. Participants in the control group were significantly younger than patients in the IBD group (p = 0.004). The median age was similar in both IBD subgroups (p = 0.243). Interestingly participants with UC were diagnosed at a later age (p = 0.003) and had a higher academic status (p = 0.045) than patients with CD (Table 1).
Table 1. Patient characteristics.
| Healthy control N = 166 |
Entire IBD cohort N = 505 |
Ulcerative colitis N = 156 |
Crohn’s disease N = 335 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female Sex; n (%) | 109 (65.7) | 441 (87.3) | 132 (84.6) | 298 (89%) |
| Age, median (range) | 32 (18–69) | 35 (15–70) | 34.5 (15–63) | 35.5 (16–67) |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||
| 5–10 yrs; n (%) | NA | 15 (3) | 3 (1.9) | 12 (3.6) |
| 10–15 yrs; n (%) | NA | 54 (10.7) | 15 (9.6) | 38 (11.3) |
| 15–25 yrs; n (%) | NA | 241 (47.7) | 61 (41) | 174 (51.9) |
| 25–35 yrs; n (%) | NA | 114 (22.6) | 41 (26.3) | 69 (20.6) |
| >35 yrs; n (%) | 81 (16) | 33 (21.2) | 42 (12.5) | |
| Treating physician | ||||
| Primary care; n (%) | NA | 47 (93) | 16 (10.3) | 27 (8.1) |
| Specialist (GI); n (%) | NA | 452 (89.9) | 137 (87.8) | 307 (91.6) |
| Sick days per month | ||||
| 1-2d; n (%) | 380 (75.2) | 125 (80) | 248 (74) | |
| 3-5d; n (%) | 72 (14.3) | 17 (10.9) | 52 (15) | |
| >5d; n (%) | 53 (10.5) | 14 (9) | 35 (10.4) | |
| Concommitant disease, n (%) | 8 (4.8) | 187 (37) | 56 (35.9) | 126 (37.6) |
| Recognized disability; n (%) | 10 (6) | 285 (56.4) | 81 (51.9) | 196 (58.5) |
| Recognized grade of disability %; median(range) | 0 (0–100) | 30 (0–100) | 20 (0–100) | 30 (0–100) |
| Overall emotional stress; median (range) | 3.22 (1.18–5.0) | 3.25 (1.04–5) | 3.3 (1.11–4.96) | 3.23 (1.04–5) |
| Overall discrimination at work; median (range) | 3 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) |
Table 1 shows the patients characteristics for all participants divided up into disease entities and control group.
A total of 56.4% (n = 285) in the entire IBD cohort and 51.9% (n = 81) in the UC and 58.5% (n = 196) CD subgroup had a recognized disability, whereas only 6% (n = 10) in the control group had a recognized disability (p<0.0001). No difference was observed between the IBD subgroups in terms of the numerical amount of recognized disabilities (p = 0.414). However, statistically significant differences were observed for the median disability scores between the IBD subgroups. Patients with CD had higher recognized disability scores (p = 0.034).
The majority of the patients saw a gastroenterologist rather than a primary care physician (452 vs. 47); however, no statistically significant difference was observed between the IBD groups (p = 0.807). Furthermore, no statistical difference between sick days between the IBD subgroups was observed (p = 0.162). For a detailed overview of participant characteristics, please see Table 1.
Results of the online survey
Overall stress and recognized disability: Patients with IBD had a significantly increased level of everyday and work-related stress in the past six months in comparison to the healthy volunteers (p<0.001). Similar results were observed for stress levels in the past five years (p<0.001). Furthermore, statistically significant differences in the frequency of recognized disability (p<0.001) were observed between IBD and control group participants.
Stress in daily life and work in IBD subjects: No statistically significant differences were observed between UC and CD participants in terms of overall emotional stress in daily life in the past six months (p = 0.755) and five years (p = 0.239) as well as emotional stress at work in the past six months (p = 0.906) and past five years (p = 0.607). However, in the subsection investigating different aspects of daily live, significant differences concerning emotional stress could be observed. Results for participants in the UC group concerning leisure time and social interactions with friends in the past five years were significantly higher than in the CD group (p = 0.039), while no statistically significant results were observed for the same question related to the past 6 months (p = 0.997). Furthermore, in the subsection investigating different aspects of work live participants in the UC group experienced significantly more emotional stress than Crohn’s disease subjects (p = 0.030) concerning the fear of not fining a restroom in time in the past six months. Detailed information concerning the respective answers of this questionnaire segment is provided in (S1 and S2 Tables).
Discrimination in daily life (i.e, private life) and work: There was no statistically significant difference for overall discrimination between the IBD groups (p = 0.537). However, a tendency was observed that participants in the UC group reported higher values for emotional stress caused by negative comments of colleagues concerning their IBD (p = 0.057). Results are shown in detail in S3 Table.
Contact with social care work and evaluation: Across the IBD subgroups significantly more CD participants had been in contact with the social care system (p = 0.024), however, no statistically significant differences were observed concerning the other questions between the groups (S4 Table).
Factors independently associated with a recognized disability in IBD patients
Uni- and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to explore associations with recognized disabilities in IBD participants. As shown in Table 2, academic status, sick days per month and fear of not reaching the restroom in time at work in the past six months and emotional IBD-related stress when meeting friends, were independently associated with a recognized disability. A low academic status was the strongest predictor for a recognized disability (multivariate p = 0.006; OR = 1.24 95% CI = 1.06–1.44, Table 2).
Table 2. Logistic regression analysis for parameters associated with recognized disability in IBD patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | |
| IBD Cohort | ||||
| Academic status | 0.0001 | 1.33 (0.15–1.53) | 0.006 | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) |
| Sick days/month | 0.009 | 0.68 (0.51–0,90) | 0.010 | 0.66 (0.48–0,90) |
| Work 6m: Emotional stress not reaching toilette in time | 0.019 | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | ||
| Work 5y: Emotional stress not reaching toilette in time | 0.0001 | 0.77 (0.68–0.87) | 0.053 | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) |
| Private 5y: meeting friends | 0.0001 | 0.75 (0.65–0.87) | 0.013 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) |
Table 2 shows the results of uni- and multivariate binary regression for parameters associated with recognized disability.
Factors independently associated with contact with social work in IBD patients
A recognized disability was the strongest predictor for having been in contact with social work (multivariate p<0.0001; OR = 4.17 95% CI = 2.62–6.64) together with the participant’s age (i.e., higher age) and CD. The number of sick days per month was statistically significant only in univariate analysis, and therefore obviously no independent predictor for contact with social work (Table 3).
Table 3. Logistic regression analysis for parameters associated with social work contact in IBD patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | |
| IBD Cohort | ||||
| Sick days/month | 0.053 | 0.76 (0.58–1,03) | ||
| Recognized disability | 0.0001 | 2.79 (1.93–4.05) | 0.0001 | 4.17 (2.62–6.64) |
| Age | 0.0001 | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 0.002 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| Crohn’s disease | 0.003 | 0.55 (0.37–0.82) | 0.013 | 0.59 (0.38–0.89) |
Table 3 shows the results of uni- and multivariate binary regression for parameters associated with social work contact.
Discussion
IBD has a significant psychosocial impact on patients’ quality of life. Aside from physical disability, IBD patients experience more stress and discrimination in comparison to the general population[16],[17] affecting not only emotional stress burden but productivity, academic and vocational training[18],[19].
A large cohort study of the European Federation of Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Associations revealed that over 48% of participants felt that IBD influenced their lives even in remission in comparison to non-IBD patients. Furthermore 56% of IBD patients in this study believed that their IBD affected their career path and led to psychological stress and disability[20]. Thus, over the last decade, concerted efforts have been made to understanding causes, determining predictors, and ultimately improving QoL and emotional stress in IBD patients[2],[21],[22].
Many physician-initiated studies and have focused on QoL in relation to clinical aspects such as disease activity, medical treatment, symptoms, and natural history of disease[2],[23],[24]. Of note, Lönnfors et al. have shown that the majority of participants in their study felt that they haven´t been asked all desired questions and wished their physician would have asked more probing questions[20]. Thus, certain issues are highly relevant to the patient and might be missed by the treating physician.
We, therefore, aimed to create a questionnaire focussing on issues of relevance for IBD patients. With particular focus on emotional stress, disability, and satisfaction with the social care system, importantly, including a control group to serve as a reference for the baseline characteristics such as age, disability, sick days, and education.
Interestingly participants with UC were diagnosed at a later age and had higher academic training than patients with CD. Possibly suggesting that patients with CD, as they were diagnosed younger in our cohort, experienced limitations in their education. A Swedish study showed that CD patients did indeed worry more about achievement and complications than about stigmatization and intimacy[18].
Furthermore, participants in the IBD group were significant more likely to have a recognized disability and more sick days per month, compared to the control group. The subgroup analysis revealed that participants with CD had statistically significant higher disability scores than patients with UC.
We identified a couple of parameters independently associated with having a recognized disability. A low academic status was the strongest predictor for having a recognized disability.
A Spanish study evaluating disability in IBD patients determined age, time to diagnosis, CD, perianal disease, active disease, incontinence, need for psychological or anti-TNF treatment, surgeries, and number of medical visits and tests in the past year as predictors for disability in their cohort[23]. Hence, some of the predictors determined in our study appear to be in line with the study mentioned above.
Participants with IBD reported significantly higher levels of everyday and work-related stress in the past six months as well as in the past five years in comparison to the control group. Participants in the UC group reported significantly higher levels of stress associated with social contacts and caused by the fear of not reaching a restroom in time. These results might be due to the fact that stool frequency is often higher in UC patients.
Another study has shown that the fear of not having a restroom in close proximity is of high relevance to IBD patients and results in reduced QoL[20]. A study by Rubin et al. showed that, compared to patients with other chronic illnesses, patients with UC worry significantly more often over embarrassment, depression, and disease complications[24].
Only 155 IBD participants (30.7%) had contact with the German social care system, with no differences observed between the IBD subgroups. Logistic regression analysis determined a recognized disability, a younger patient’s age, and CD to be independently associated with having been in contact with social work/care. Interestingly the majority of the patients saw a gastroenterologist rather than a primary care physician (GP; 452 vs. 47). However, whether patients were cared for by a specialist or by a GP was neither a predictor for a recognized disability nor for having been in contact with social work. While IBD patients benefit from being treated by a specialist rather than a GP[25], our study shows that this does not apply for having a recognized disability or having been in contact with the social support system or support groups.
It might be useful for physicians to promote self-help groups and social care, taking into account that it may be easier for IBD patients to talk to peers about certain disease-related topics. Van der Eijk and colleagues were able to show that the quality of care the patients received influenced their health-related quality of life (HRQoL)[26]. Furthermore, social factors have been identified as being relevant to treatment adherence[27], and self-mangement[28] in young IBD patients and that practical social support is associated with treatment adherence[29].
Limitations to our study are for one that we did not obtain disease-specific data, and it is, therefore, unclear if disease activity influences a patient’s response to the survey. The concomitant diseases reported by some of the patients (i.e., depression) could also influence the answers given in the questionnaire. Furthermore, it is possible that retrospective judgments are subject to cognitive recollection biases and could thus call the reliability of the data into question[30]. The majority of participants were female, possibly highlighting the willingness of female patients to be active on social media platforms, participate in questionnaires, and verbalize their emotions. However, it has been previously described that female patients do react differently[31], for example, to pain[32], and thus, gender biases in our cohort cannot be entirely discounted. One might also argue that with the abundance of evaluated IBD QoL evaluation tools, we should have applied one of these as a supplementary or as a control evaluation tool. However, as we specifically sought to evaluate social care, disability, and discrimination from a patient perspective, these needs were not entirely met by existing questionnaires. The presented study should be considered a pilot-study as we aimed to include patients with IBD and their point-of-views. We are currently working on a survey, generated with validated tools. Lastly, this questionnaire was in German, had to be completed online, and most participants learned about it through social media. Therefore possibly some patient cohorts were not included, such as those of advanced age, with limited German language skills or no online access.
In summary, our study provides real-world data in a large German IBD cohort on factors associated with emotional stress and disability. We were able to determine factors independently associated with disability and have been in contact with social work. Remarkably over 500 IBD patients participated in this study advertised on social media—demonstrating its impact on a younger demographic. Furthermore, only a fraction of the patients has been in contact with some form of social support, showing that these patients are probably underserved by social services. Health-care professionals should be aware of this deficiency and promote social work and contact with the social system to further improve QoL in IBD.
Supporting information
Questionnaire on emotional stress, discrimination, disability and contact/support by the social care system.
(DOCX)
Results of the subsections of the online survey focused on emotional stress in daily life.
(ODT)
Results of the subsections of the online survey focused on emotional stress at work.
(ODT)
Results of the subsection of the online survey focused on discrimination in private life and at work.
(ODT)
Results of the subsection of the online survey focused on social work and its evaluation.
(ODT)
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Questionnaire on emotional stress, discrimination, disability and contact/support by the social care system.
(DOCX)
Results of the subsections of the online survey focused on emotional stress in daily life.
(ODT)
Results of the subsections of the online survey focused on emotional stress at work.
(ODT)
Results of the subsection of the online survey focused on discrimination in private life and at work.
(ODT)
Results of the subsection of the online survey focused on social work and its evaluation.
(ODT)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.