Abstract
目的
分析术前C反应蛋白水平同老年股骨颈骨折患者术后并发症的相关性。
方法
回顾分析147名老年股骨颈骨折患者(年龄中位数:80岁,女性:73.5%),根据术前CRP水平将患者分为正常组(CRP < 10 mg/L)31名,轻度升高组(10 mg/L≤CRP < 40 mg/L)51名,严重升高组(CRP≥40 mg/L)65名。比较不同CRP水平同术后并发症的相关性。
结果
术前CRP水平同术后并发症存在相关性(P=0.003)。同正常组相比,轻度升高组和严重升高组的校正前OR值分别为0.97(0.29,3.27),3.04(1.03,8.98);校正后OR值分别为1.13(0.33,3.90),4.89(1.47,16.26)。
结论
术前CRP水平同老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症风险呈剂量反应关系。当术前CRP≥40 mg/L时,老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症的风险是正常组的4.89倍(P=0.003)。
Keywords: C反应蛋白, 股骨颈骨折, 术后并发症
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the association of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) level with postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing surgeries for femoral neck fracture.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the data of 147 elderly patients (median age 80 years; 73.5% of the patients were female) undergoing surgeries for femoral neck fracture. According to preoperative CRP level, the patients were divided into normal CRP (< 10 mg/L) group (31 patients), mild elevation group (CRP level of 10-40 mg/L; 51 patients), and severe elevation group (CRP ≥40 mg/L; 65 patients). The association of preoperative CRP levels with postoperative complications was analyzed.
Results
Preoperative CRP level was significantly correlated with the occurrence of postoperative complications (P=0.003). Compared with that in normal CRP group, the unadjusted ORs in mild and severe elevation groups were 0.97 (95%CI: 0.29-3.27) and 3.04 (95%CI: 1.03-8.98) with the adjusted ORs of 1.13 (95%CI: 0.33-3.90) and 4.89 (95%CI: 1.47-16.26), respectively.
Conclusion
Preoperative CRP level has a dose-response relationship with complications in elderly patients following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture, and the patients with a preoperative CRP level ≥40 mg/L are exposed to a significantly increased risk for postoperative complications by 3.89 folds compared with the patients with a normal CRP level.
Keywords: C-reactive protein, femoral neck fracture, postoperative complications
股骨颈骨折是常见的骨科疾病之一。随着我国进入老龄化社会,老年股骨颈骨折患者的数量逐渐增加。低能量外力,如跌倒后受到的作用力,即可造成老年股骨颈骨折,且骨折常伴有移位[1-2]。王亮等[3]研究发现移位的股骨颈骨折发生股骨头坏死的几率高达78%。人工关节置换手术是治疗这类病人的常见方法,可以使病人在短时间内重新获得行走活动能力,减少长期卧床所致的各种并发症。
老年股骨颈骨折患者的围手术期管理具有很大困难。在临床工作中,发现可预测术后并发症的危险因素可为改善预后提供帮助。年龄、性别、健康状况和伴随疾病等患者自身因素已经被确定为潜在危险因素[4-6]。实验室检测项目具有同样的作用。C反应蛋白(CRP)可预测老年股骨颈骨折患者术后1年的死亡率[7-8]。尽管如此,关于术前CRP水平同术后并发症的相关性研究很少。Fakler等[8]在研究中发现术前CRP水平不是股骨颈骨折术后并发症的独立危险因素。由于该研究未将CRP划分为不同水平,不能反映不同浓度水平的CRP对术后并发症的预测价值。因此,本研究通过将术前CRP水平分为不同等级,分析术前不同CRP水平同术后并发症的相关性,探讨CRP水平同老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症的相关性。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究为单中心回顾性研究。纳入2015年12月~ 2019年9月我院骨科收治的股骨颈骨折行人工关节置换术的老年患者。纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;因低能量外力(如自身意外跌倒)造成股骨颈骨折并行关节置换手术;骨折部位皮肤完整,无明显局部感染和系统感染的患者;患者家属均知情同意。排除标准:病理性骨折;高能量暴力(如高空跌落)造成的股骨颈骨折;合并脑外伤、胸腹外伤,自身免疫性疾病,恶性肿瘤等疾病;休克或伴有严重基础疾病的患者;病史标本收集过程中出现死亡、出院等不能完成观察的患者。该研究遵从北京大学国际医院伦理委员会要求。
1.2. 患者信息资料内容
(1)患者的性别、年龄、身高体质量指数(BMI);(2)入院第2天的白细胞(WBC),CRP和动态红细胞沉降率(ESR)水平,手术等待时间,美国麻醉医师协会评分(ASA)。(3)术后并发症:包括心血管系统疾病,血栓相关性疾病,肺部感染,其他部位感染及其他情况(谵妄,脏器功能损伤等)。
1.3. 研究方法
在入院第2天静脉采血检测WBC,CRP,ESR的水平。术前记录手术等待时间,ASA评分。于手术后观察并记录患者在院期间发生并发症的情况。根据患者术前CRP水平[9](正常值为 < 10 mg/L)分为正常组(CRP < 10 mg/L),轻度升高组(10 mg/L≤CRP < 40 mg/L),严重升高组(CRP≥40 mg/L)。
1.4. 统计学方法
应用SPSS22.0软件进行统计学分析。单因素分析中,计数资料以百分比表示,进行卡方检验;计量资料正态分布数据以Mean±SD表示,进行方差分析;非正态分布数据以M(P25,P75)表示,用非参数检验。以二元多项logistic回归分析不同CRP水平同术后并发症的相关性(以正常组作为参照),计算odds ratio(OR)和95%CI。P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结果
147名股骨颈骨折患者被纳入研究。纳入患者的基本情况显示在表 1中。其中39名(26.5%)为男性,108名(73.5%)为女性,年龄中位数为80岁(60~93岁);BMI平均为22.7±4.0(13.3~32.1)。患者术前平均等待时间的中位数为3 d。患者WBC中位数为7.9(3.4~14.2)109/L;CRP中位数为33.8(1.4-276.8)mg/L;ESR中位数为28(2~101)mm/H。
1.
Characteristics | All patients (n=147) |
Age (years) | 80 (74, 85) |
Sex (Female) | 108 (73.5%) |
BMI | 22.7±4.0 |
ASA | Ⅰ:1 (0.7%)Ⅱ:69 (46.9%) Ⅲ:75 (51.0%)Ⅳ:2 (1.4%) |
Preoperative waiting time (days) | 3 (2, 5) |
WBC (109/L) | 7.9 (6.0, 10.1) |
CRP (mg/L) | 33.8 (10.5, 81.0) |
ESR (mm/H) | 28 (18, 44) |
Postoperative complications | 37 (25.2%) |
37名患者发生术后并发症。发生心血管系统并发症为5名,其中4名为心房纤颤,1名为心力衰竭。发生血栓相关性并发症为4名,其中2名发生下肢静脉血栓,2名发生肺栓塞。发生肺部感染并发症为7名。发生其他部位感染(包括泌尿系统等)并发症为6名。发生其他系统并发症为17名,其中出现谵妄为3名,出现嗜睡为1名,肾损伤为2名,肝损伤为3名,伤口愈合不良为1名,消化道出血为3名,肠梗阻为1名,呼吸衰竭为3名。
不同CRP水平组各项指标分析结果在表 2中显示。不同组间在性别、ESR水平和并发症发生率存在差异(P < 0.05)。CRP显著升高组中男性患者更多,ESR水平更高,并发症发生率更高。而其他指标在三组之间无统计学上差异。
2.
Variables | CRP < 10 mg/L (n=31) | 10 mg/L≤CRP < 40 mg/L (n=51) | CRP≥40 mg/L (n=65) | P |
Age (years) | 80 (75, 84) | 78.0 (72, 84) | 82 (76, 85.5) | 0.13 |
Sex (Female) | 27 (87.1%) | 42 (82.4%) | 39 (60.0%) | 0.002 |
BMI | 22.1±4.4 | 22.6±3.9 | 22.7±4.2 | 0.86 |
ASA | 0.45 | |||
1-2 | 15 (48.4%) | 28 (54.9%) | 27 (41.5%) | |
3-4 | 16 (51.6%) | 23 (45.1%) | 38 (58.5%) | |
Preoperative waiting time (d) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2, 5) | 0.59 |
WBC (109/L) | 7.4 (5.1, 9.7) | 7.3 (5.9,9.0) | 8.4 (6.9, 10.4) | 0.051 |
ESR (mm/H) | 21 (10, 30) | 27 (17, 38) | 38 (23, 57) | < 0.001 |
Complications | 5 (16.1%) | 8 (15.7%) | 24 (36.9%) | 0.014 |
不同CRP水平同术后并发症的相关性分析结果显示在表 3中。同正常组相比,CRP轻度升高组和严重升高组的校正后OR值分别为1.13,4.89(P=0.003)。CRP显著升高(≥40 mg/L)会使发生术后并发症的风险显著升高。
3.
Variables | Number with postoperative complications | Number without postoperative complications | Crude OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR*(95%CI) | P |
*Adjusted for gender and ESR. | |||||
CRP < 10 mg/L | 5 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
10 mg/L≤CRP < 40 mg/L | 8 | 43 | 0.97 (0.29, 3.27) | 1.13 (0.33, 3.90) | 0.003 |
CRP≥40 mg/L | 24 | 41 | 3.04 (1.03, 8.98) | 4.89 (1.47, 16.26) |
3. 讨论
通过比较术前不同CRP水平同老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后并发症的相关性,我们发现术前CRP水平同术后并发症存在剂量反应关系。当CRP≥40 mg/L时,老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症的风险是正常组的4.89倍(P=0.003)。
CRP是急性期反应的血清标志物,其升高与细菌感染、炎症和创伤有关[10-11]。监测CRP的变化趋势可以了解患者病情变化。多个研究[12-13]发现骨折患者术后2 d时CRP可达到最高值。Lim等[14]则发现术前CRP异常升高和正常的患者术后CRP的变化趋势无显著差异。李兴国等[15]研究发现骨折患者CRP水平显著高于正常人。本研究发现不同患者入院第2天的CRP水平差异很大。造成不同研究结果不一致的因素很多。本研究术后发生心血管系统并发症和肺部感染的人数较多,而既往研究提示CRP同感染[16-21]和心血管系统疾病存在相关性[22-23]。这提示本研究中术前CRP水平的差异可能同潜在的感染或心血管系统并发症相关。
CRP水平同患者预后和并发症的发生有一定相关性。孟德飞等[24]发现术前CRP水平对老年髋部骨折患者术后1年的生活能力有显著影响。Chapman等[25]通过研究发现当患者术后第n天的CRP水平高于500/n(n代表术后天数),患者术后并发症发生率和死亡率均升高。Oelsner等[26]发现术前CRP水平同关节置换术后的急性炎症反应呈正相关。Beloosesky等[27]和Chen等[28]均发现发生并发症患者组的CRP水平会显著高于未发生并发症组患者。同既往研究相比,本研究不仅得出了一致结论,而且发现术前CRP水平同术后并发症的发生呈剂量反应关系。当CRP≥40 mg/L时,老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症的风险是正常组的4.89倍(P=0.003)。这可能是因为本研究纳入的老年患者为低能量外伤导致的股骨颈骨折,急性炎症反应较轻。当术前CRP显著升高时,这提示可能存在感染,心血管系统疾病等情况。因此利用术前CRP水平监测术后并发症发生风险对于降低术后并发症发生率具有一定意义。
虽然本研究发现术前CRP水平同患者术后并发症存在剂量反应关系,但是本研究仍存在一些不足。首先,本研究为单中心、回顾性研究,样本量偏少。其次,实验室检验结果可能发生假阳性或假阴性结果[29-30]。最后,研究对象为老年患者,身体健康状况较复杂,某些可能影响CRP水平的疾病未被及时发现,如恶性肿瘤,可能对CRP水平产生影响。
综上,术前CRP水平同老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症风险呈剂量反应关系。当CRP≥ 40 mg/L时,老年股骨颈骨折患者关节置换术后发生并发症的风险是正常组的4.89倍(P=0.003)。在术前监测CRP水平可为筛查术后并发症的发生风险提供帮助,从而降低术后并发症的发生率。
Biography
赵昌盛,主治医师,博士,E-mail: zhaochangsheng321@aliyun.com
Funding Statement
北京大学国际医院院内科研基金(YN2019ZD05)
Contributor Information
赵 昌盛 (Changsheng ZHAO), Email: zhaochangsheng321@aliyun.com.
杨 滨 (Bin YANG), Email: yangbin@pkuih.edu.cn.
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