Abstract
Subfibular impingement is a common cause of lateral heel pain after calcaneal fracture. It can be caused by calcaneofibular impingement, peroneal impingement, or a combination thereof. It may not be easy to differentiate bony impingement from soft-tissue impingement. Simultaneous lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression may increase the chance of pain relief. The purpose of this Technical Note was to report the technical details of endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression with the patient in the prone position. This technique is indicated for symptomatic subfibular impingement recalcitrant to conservative treatment. It has the advantages of being minimally invasive surgery and allowing early mobilization of the foot and ankle.
Lateral heel pain is the most common symptom after calcaneal fracture. It may be the result of subfibular impingement, peroneal tendon pathologies, subtalar arthrosis, calcaneocuboid arthrosis, symptomatic hardware, and/or sural nerve problems.1 Subfibular impingement can be caused by either calcaneofibular impingement or peroneal impingement or a combination thereof. Lateral calcaneal ostectomy with or without peroneal tendon release is an effective surgical option if subfibular impingement is recalcitrant to conservative treatment.1 To avoid extensive soft-tissue dissection in open approaches, endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy has been developed.2 It can be performed via lateral2, 3, 4 or posterior5, 6 portals. The purpose of this Technical Note was to report the technical details of a 3-portal endoscopic approach using calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression with the patient in the prone position. It is indicated for symptomatic subfibular impingement due to calcaneal malunion that is recalcitrant to conservative treatment. The procedure is contraindicated if the lateral heel pain has other causes, such as peroneal tendon problems (instability, tears), calcaneocuboid arthrosis, symptomatic hardware, and/or sural nerve problems. If the lateral heel pain is due to impingement of the lateral malleolus by the top line of the shoe as a result of decreased calcaneal height, this procedure is contraindicated. It is also contraindicated if the calcaneofibular impingement is related to hindfoot valgus malalignment7 or significant associated calcaneal deformity that requires open calcaneal osteotomy (Table 1).
Table 1.
Indications and Contraindications of Endoscopic Lateral Calcaneal Ostectomy and Peroneal Tendon Decompression With Patient in Prone Position
| Indications |
| Symptomatic subfibular impingement due to calcaneal malunion that is recalcitrant to conservative treatment |
| Contraindications |
| Lateral heel pain with causes other than subfibular impingement |
| Lateral heel pain due to impingement of lateral malleolus by top line of shoe as a result of decreased calcaneal height |
| Subfibular impingement due to hindfoot valgus malalignment or significant associated calcaneal deformity requiring open calcaneal osteotomy |
Technique
Preoperative Planning and Patient Positioning
Subfibular impingement can be confirmed by clinical examination. Lateral and axial radiographs of the calcaneus can be used to assess the degree of lateral calcaneal bulge and subtalar degeneration. Computed tomography is useful to exactly locate the lateral cortical bulge and its relation with the lateral malleolus. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful to study the peroneal tendon pathology.
The patient is in the prone position. A thigh tourniquet is applied to provide a bloodless operative field. A 4.0-mm 30° arthroscope (Dyonics; Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) is used for this procedure. Fluid inflow is by gravity, and no arthro-pump is used.
Portal Placement
The procedure is performed with the posteromedial, posterolateral, and anterolateral portals. The posteromedial and posterolateral portals are just above the posterior calcaneal tubercle and on the medial and lateral sides of the Achilles tendon, respectively. The anterolateral portal is located at the sinus tarsi and just above the angle of Gissane (Fig 1). Five-millimeter longitudinal incisions are made at the portal sites. The subcutaneous tissue is bluntly dissected, and the deep fascia is penetrated by a hemostat.
Fig 1.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The procedure is performed with the posteromedial portal (PMP), posterolateral portal (PLP), and anterolateral portal (ALP). (A) The PMP and PLP are just above the posterior calcaneal tubercle and on the medial and lateral sides of the Achilles tendon, respectively. (B) The ALP is located at the sinus tarsi and just above the angle of Gissane.
Resection of Fibrous Tissue at Subfibular Space
The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The thick fibrous tissue on the posterior side of the subfibular space is resected with a serrated banana knife (Acufex; Smith & Nephew) and an arthroscopic shaver (Smith & Nephew) (Fig 2). After resection of the fibrous tissue, impingement between the lateral malleolus and lateral calcaneal bulge can be shown.
Fig 2.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The thick fibrous tissue (FT) on the posterior side of the subfibular space is resected with an arthroscopic shaver. (C, calcaneus; LM, lateral malleolus; T, talus.)
Endoscopic Lateral Calcaneal Ostectomy
The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The lateral calcaneal cortical bulge is resected with an arthroscopic acromionizer (Dyonics; Smith & Nephew) (Fig 3). During anterior progression of the bone resection, the impinged fibrous tissue between the lateral malleolus and calcaneus needs to be repeatedly resected with the arthroscopic shaver to expose the impinging bone. The bone resection should extend dorsally to the posterior subtalar joint, in a plantar manner beyond the tip of the lateral malleolus, and anteriorly beyond the lateral malleolus. The bone resection is considered adequate if there is no more impingement between the calcaneus and lateral malleolus even with passive eversion of the hindfoot.
Fig 3.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The lateral calcaneal cortical bulge is resected with an arthroscopic acromionizer. (C, calcaneus; LM, lateral malleolus.)
Evaluation and Debridement of Posterior Subtalar Joint
The anterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The articular cartilage of the posterior subtalar joint is examined for any degeneration (Fig 4). Far-lateral degeneration of the posterior calcaneal facet can be resected arthroscopically. Any loose bony fragment is removed. The inflamed synovium of the joint is resected with an arthroscopic shaver.
Fig 4.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The anterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The posterior subtalar joint is examined. (F, healed intra-articular fracture line of calcaneus; PAS, posterior articular surface of calcaneus; T, talus.)
Debridement of Sinus Tarsi
The posterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the anterolateral portal is the working portal. The scar tissue and inflamed synovium are resected with an arthroscopic shaver (Fig 5). The ligamentous structures of the sinus tarsi should be preserved.
Fig 5.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The posterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the anterolateral portal is the working portal. The scar tissue and inflamed synovium are resected with an arthroscopic shaver. (CL, cervical ligament.)
Debridement of Subfibular Space
The posterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the anterolateral portal is the working portal. Any residual bony fragment, fibrous tissue, and inflamed synovium are removed with the arthroscopic shaver (Fig 6).
Fig 6.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. The posterolateral portal is the viewing portal, and the anterolateral portal is the working portal. The residual inflamed synovium is resected with the arthroscopic shaver. (C, calcaneus; IS, inflamed synovium.)
Endoscopic Peroneal Tendon Decompression
The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The thick fibrous tissue on the posterior side of the lateral malleolus is carefully incised longitudinally with the serrated banana knife to expose the peroneal tendons. The incision is extended proximally and distally with SuperCut scissors (Stille, Lombard, IL). The distal extension should pass beyond the tip of the lateral malleolus. The integrity of the peroneal tendons can be examined with an arthroscopic probe (Acufex; Smith & Nephew). The arthroscope is then switched to the posterolateral portal, and the inframalleolar part of the peroneal tendons can be examined. Any residual bony impingement to the peroneal tendons can be resected with the arthroscopic acromionizer via the anterolateral portal (Fig 7, Video 1, Table 2).
Fig 7.
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. (A) The posteromedial portal is the viewing portal, and the posterolateral portal is the working portal. The thick fibrous tissue on the posterior side of the lateral malleolus (LM) is released to expose the peroneal tendons (PT). (B) The posterolateral portal is the viewing portal. The inframalleolar part of the PT is examined. (C, calcaneus.)
Table 2.
Pearls and Pitfalls of Endoscopic Lateral Calcaneal Ostectomy and Peroneal Tendon Decompression With Patient in Prone Position
| Pearls | Pitfalls |
|---|---|
| Lateral decompression should span from posterior to anterior to the lateral malleolus and from the subtalar joint to beyond the tip of the lateral malleolus. | Because of the deformed calcaneus, the portals should not be located as a reference from the tip of the lateral malleolus. |
| Peroneal tendon decompression should span from behind the lateral malleolus to the inframalleolar portion of the tendons. | The peroneal tendons are embedded in the thick fibrous tissue posterior to the lateral malleolus. Careful dissection is needed to avoid injury to the peroneal tendons. |
Postoperatively, the patient is allowed weight-bearing walking as tolerated by pain. Active and passive mobilization of the foot and ankle is allowed.
Discussion
It may be difficult to differentiate calcaneofibular impingement and peroneal impingement in patients with lateral heel pain after calcaneal fracture.4 Decompression of both the bony impingement and soft-tissue impingement may have a better chance of yielding pain relief.1, 3 Early mobilization is important to prevent postoperative ankle and hindfoot stiffness.5 Endoscopic procedures with small surgical incisions and less surgical trauma can facilitate early mobilization exercise. We prefer the posterior approach rather than the lateral approach for lateral decompression. This is because the posterior approach allows larger instruments to be used and can deal with any concomitant posterior ankle impingement or a Haglund deformity due to calcaneal malunion.4, 5, 6, 8, 9
The described endoscopic approach has the advantages of better cosmetic results, less pain, and less soft-tissue dissection. The potential risks of this procedure include injury to the sural nerve, peroneal tendons, or posterior subtalar joint and residual impingement (Table 3). This technique is not technically demanding and can be attempted by the average foot and ankle arthroscopist.
Table 3.
Advantages and Risks of Endoscopic Lateral Calcaneal Ostectomy and Peroneal Tendon Decompression With Patient in Prone Position
| Advantages |
| Better cosmetic results |
| Less pain |
| Less soft-tissue dissection |
| Risks |
| Injury to sural nerve |
| Injury to peroneal tendons |
| Injury to posterior subtalar joint |
| Residual impingement |
Footnotes
The authors report that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this article. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
Supplementary Data
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. With the posteromedial portal as the viewing portal and the posterolateral portal as the working portal, the thick fibrous tissue of the subfibular space is resected and lateral calcaneal ostectomy is performed. The arthroscope is switched to the anterolateral portal. The posterior subtalar joint is examined, and the loose bony fragments and inflamed synovium are removed via the posterolateral portal. The arthroscope is switched back to the posterolateral portal. The residual synovium and loose bony fragments are removed via the anterolateral portal. With the posteromedial portal as the viewing portal, the peroneal tendons behind the lateral malleolus are released via the posterolateral portal. Finally, the arthroscope is switched to the posterolateral portal, the inframalleolar part of the peroneal tendons is examined, and any bony prominence impinging on the tendons is resected.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Endoscopic lateral calcaneal ostectomy and peroneal tendon decompression in a right foot. The patient is in the prone position. With the posteromedial portal as the viewing portal and the posterolateral portal as the working portal, the thick fibrous tissue of the subfibular space is resected and lateral calcaneal ostectomy is performed. The arthroscope is switched to the anterolateral portal. The posterior subtalar joint is examined, and the loose bony fragments and inflamed synovium are removed via the posterolateral portal. The arthroscope is switched back to the posterolateral portal. The residual synovium and loose bony fragments are removed via the anterolateral portal. With the posteromedial portal as the viewing portal, the peroneal tendons behind the lateral malleolus are released via the posterolateral portal. Finally, the arthroscope is switched to the posterolateral portal, the inframalleolar part of the peroneal tendons is examined, and any bony prominence impinging on the tendons is resected.