Table 2.
General characteristics and iron status parameters of pregnant women and child’s characteristics from the INMA cohort study, Spain 2003–2008.
| General Characteristics | Serum Ferritin Levels (μg/L) 1st Period of Pregnancy |
Total Iron Intake (mg/day) 2nd Period of Pregnancy |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <12.0 | 12.0–60.0 | >60 | p | <14.5 | 14.5–30.0 | >30.0 | p | |
| Maternal age, years Mean (SD) 1 | 30.8 (4.4) | 30.3 (4.4) | 30.3 (4.1) | 0.287 | 30.3 (4.1) | 30.4 (4.2) | 30.4 (4.5) | 0.803 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, Mean (SD) 1 | 23.0 (3.7) | 23.5 (4.4) | 24.0 (4.1) | 0.23 | 23.8 (4.4) | 23.3 (4.1) | 23.5 (4.3) | 0.081 |
| Mode of delivery, Eutocic vs. Dystocic, n (%) 2 | 170 (70.2) | 807 (63.1) | 128 (55.2) | 0.003 | 400 (64.6) | 376 (61.3) | 376 (60.6) | 0.305 |
| Ethnic group, Caucasian vs. other, n (%) 2 | 252 (96.9) | 1307 (96.4) | 238 (98.4) | 0.403 | 616 (96.7) | 618 (96.4) | 609 (95.3) | 0.932 |
| Maternal educational level, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| Primary or no education | 63 (24.2) | 347 (25.6) | 75 (29.9) | 0.349 | 140 (21.9) | 167 (26.1) | 179 (28.1) | 0.008 |
| Secondary | 102 (39.2) | 561 (41.4) | 90 (35.9) | 262 (40.9) | 247 (38.7) | 275 (43.1) | ||
| University | 95 (36.5) | 446 (32.9) | 86 (34.3) | 238 (37.2) | 225 (35.2) | 184 (28.8) | ||
| Maternal Social Class, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| High | 56(21.5) | 283 (20.8) | 59 (23.5) | 0.909 | 148 (23.1) | 139 (21.7) | 126 (19.7) | 0.025 |
| Medium | 74 (28.4) | 377 (27.7) | 68 (27.1) | 197 (30.8) | 167 (26.1) | 162 (25.3) | ||
| Low | 131 (50.2) | 699 (51.1) | 124 (49.4) | 295 (46.1) | 335 (52.3) | 352 (55.0) | ||
| Mediterranean diet, score, Mean (SD) 1 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.4) | 6.9 (2.4) | 0.248 | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.4) | 6.9 (2.4) | 0.248 |
| Smoking, yes vs. no, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 29 (11.6) | 244 (18.8) | 52 (21.9) | 0.007 | 121 (19.0) | 112 (17.5) | 120 (18.8) | 0.757 |
| 2nd period * | 26 (10.4) | 224 (17.2) | 49 (20.7) | 0.007 | 107 (16.8) | 106 (16.6) | 113 (17.7) | 0.854 |
| Alcohol intake, g/day, Mean (SD) 3 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.6) | 0.022 | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.2) | 0.4 (1.3) | 0.532 |
| 2nd period * | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 (1.2) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.372 | 0.3 (1.2) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.812 |
| Iron Characteristics and other Parameters | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L, Mean (SD) 1 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 128.5 (9.0) | 128.9 (9.1) | 129.1 (9.0) | 0.760 | 128.2 (9.2) | 129.2 (8.2) | 129.2 (8.3) | 0.085 |
| 2nd period * | 11.8 (1.2) | 11.8 (1.1) | 11.8 (1.1) | 0.968 | 11.7 (1.1) | 11.9 (1.1) | 11.9 (1.1) | 0.022 |
| Anemia, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 4 (1.7) | 37 (3.1) | 4 (1.8) | 0.362 | 26 (4.6) | 10 (1.7) | 8 (1.4) | 0.001 |
| 2nd period * | 69 (30.0) | 348 (28.0) | 66 (28.8) | 0.824 | 183 (31.3) |
153 (25.7) | 163 (26.8) |
0.078 |
| Iron deficiency (ID), n (%)2 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 261 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 90 (14.7) | 76 (12.7) | 82 (14.2) | 0.590 |
| Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 4 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.214 |
| Iron supplementation, n (%) 2 | ||||||||
| 2nd period * | 124 (48.1) | 694 (53.0) | 129 (53.3) | 0.329 | 63 (10.4) | 347 (56.5) | 637 (99.7) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L Mean (SD) 3 | ||||||||
| 1st period * | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.9 (1.6) | 0.003 | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.375 |
| PCBs, n (%) 2 <110.9 vs. >110.9 ng/g lipid |
||||||||
| 1st period * | 54.9 (139) | 50.2 (646) | 49.3 (113) | 0.351 | 53.3 (327) | 48.4 (288) | 45.6 (264) | 0.027 |
| DDE, n (%)2 <123.0 vs. >123.0 ng/g lipid |
||||||||
| 1st period* | 54.2 (137) | 51.6 (663) | 54,4 (104) | 0.135 | 53.3 (327) | 53.4 (318) | 43.5 (252) | 0.001 |
| Child’s Characteristics | ||||||||
| Gender of the child, Male, n (%) 2 | 124 (49.8) | 671 (51.2) | 123 (51.7) | 0.901 | 327 (51.7) | 314 (49.6) | 329 (51.9) | 0.669 |
| Standard birth weight, grams, Mean (SD) 1 | 3376.7 (406.4) | 3327.4 (399.8) | 3327.9 (393.6) | 0.203 | 3331.6 (381.4) | 3342.2 (414.7) | 3335.3 (408.0) | 0.894 |
| Standard birth height, cm, Mean (SD) 1 | 49.9 (1.7) | 49.8 (1.7) | 49.8 (1.9) | 0.688 | 49.7 (1.8) | 49.8 (1.8) | 50.1 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Standard birth head circumference, cm, Mean (SD) 1 | 34.51 (1.2) | 34.43 (1.3) | 34.44 (1.8) | 0.744 | 34.44 (1.2) | 34.52 (1.2) | 34.35 (1.2) | 0.065 |
| Breastfeeding, months, Mean (SD)1 | 28.1 (20.1) | 25.6 (20.0) | 27.2 (20.0) | 0.152 | 26.2 (20.1) | 26.7 (20.3) | 24.9 (20.0) | 0.278 |
| Age at neuropsychological examination, years, Mean (SD)2 | 7.3 (0.6) | 7.4 (0.5) | 7.4 (0.5) | 0.334 | 7.3 (0.6) | 7.4 (0.5) | 7.5 (0.4) | 0.001 |
1 ANOVA for continuous parametric variables; 2 Chi-squared test; 3 Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric variables; * 1st period: First period of pregnancy; 2nd period: Second period of pregnancy; Standard: Standard at gestational week 40; INMA, Infancia y Medio Ambiente; n varies across assessments; INMA, Infancia y Medio Ambiente.