A E Hussein
A E Hussein
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
1,✉,
N Senabulya
N Senabulya
2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
2,
Y Ma
Y Ma
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
1,3,4,
M J V Streeter
M J V Streeter
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
3,4,5,
B Kettle
B Kettle
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
S J D Dann
S J D Dann
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
3,4,
F Albert
F Albert
6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
6,
N Bourgeois
N Bourgeois
7Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
7,
S Cipiccia
S Cipiccia
8Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE UK
8,
J M Cole
J M Cole
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
O Finlay
O Finlay
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
3,4,
E Gerstmayr
E Gerstmayr
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
I Gallardo González
I Gallardo González
9Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
9,
A Higginbotham
A Higginbotham
10York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
10,
D A Jaroszynski
D A Jaroszynski
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
11SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
4,11,
K Falk
K Falk
12Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
13Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
14Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
12,13,14,
K Krushelnick
K Krushelnick
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
1,
N Lemos
N Lemos
6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
6,
N C Lopes
N C Lopes
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
15GoLP/instituto de Plasmas e fusão nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, U.L., Lisboa, 1049-001 Portugal
5,15,
C Lumsdon
C Lumsdon
10York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
10,
O Lundh
O Lundh
9Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
9,
S P D Mangles
S P D Mangles
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
Z Najmudin
Z Najmudin
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
P P Rajeev
P P Rajeev
7Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
7,
C M Schlepütz
C M Schlepütz
16Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
16,
M Shahzad
M Shahzad
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
11SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
4,11,
M Smid
M Smid
12Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
17ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
12,17,
R Spesyvtsev
R Spesyvtsev
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
11SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
4,11,
D R Symes
D R Symes
7Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
7,
G Vieux
G Vieux
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
11SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
4,11,
L Willingale
L Willingale
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
1,
J C Wood
J C Wood
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
5,
A J Shahani
A J Shahani
2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
2,
A G R Thomas
A G R Thomas
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
1,3,4
1Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA
3Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
4The Cockcroft Institute, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4AD UK
5The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NIF and Photon Sciences, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
7Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
8Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE UK
9Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
10York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD UK
11SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
12Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
13Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
14Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
15GoLP/instituto de Plasmas e fusão nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, U.L., Lisboa, 1049-001 Portugal
16Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
17ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
© The Author(s) 2020
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.