Abstract
Background/Aims
We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).
Methods
Seventy-two patients with IBS-D who met Rome III criteria were 1:1 randomized in a parallel, double-blind design to receive phloroglucinol or placebo for 2 weeks. Patients were followed for 1 week after the end of treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of responders, defined as those who answered “moderate or more of improvement” to the subject global assessment for at least 1 week of the 2-week treatment period. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of these patients during the 3-week period including 1 week of follow-up, IBS symptoms (abdominal pain/discomfort, diarrhea, urgency, mucus in stool, bloating, and passage of gas), stool frequency and consistency, and IBS quality of life (IBS-QOL).
Results
The proportion of responders during 2-week treatment period tended to be higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (55.6% vs 30.6%, P = 0.056). The proportion of responders during the 3-week period was significantly higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group (61.6% vs 30.6%, P = 0.013). Individual symptom scores, IBS-QOL, stool frequency and consistency tended to improve in the phloroglucinol group, but there were no statistical significances compared to those of the placebo group. No serious adverse events were reported in both groups.
Conclusions
Phloroglucinol could be a safe and beneficial option for the management of overall IBS symptoms in patients with IBS-D. Further large scaled studies are warranted.
Keywords: Antispasmodic agent, Irritable bowel syndrome, Phloroglucinol
Introduction
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a relatively common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain related to defecation or in association with a change in bowel habits.1 IBS is a chronic disorder that may lead to impaired personal and social interactions of affected individuals.2,3 However, the pathophysiology of IBS is still unclear. Various factors including visceral hypersensitivity, abnormal gut motility, immune activation, disorder of the brain-gut axis, impaired intestinal barrier function, and alteration of gut microbiota, have been suggested as main causes of IBS in previous literatures.4–6
Although the potential causes of IBS may overlap in an individual and vary in importance between patients, increased sensitivity to pain and altered intestinal motility are the main factors that contribute to IBS symptoms, especially abdominal discomfort and diarrhea.3,7,8 Previous studies have reported an association between pain episodes and the motor activity of jejunum.9–11 Abnormal colonic motility has also been suggested to provoke abdominal pain in patients with IBS.7,8,12 Based on these results, antispasmodics have been widely used for symptomatic relief in IBS patients. Antispasmodics, a group of drugs which directly affect the smooth muscle or cholinergic receptors, are believed to reduce IBS-related pain by the inhibition of intestinal contractile pathways. Additionally, they improve bowel habits by decreasing colonic transit and, thereby, reduce bowel movement.8,13 Previous meta-analyses have shown that antispasmodics provide significant benefit in abdominal pain and improve overall IBS symptom.14,15 However, a number of reviews have reported that the efficacy of antispasmodics are questionable in patients with IBS because most studies were conducted decades ago and did not meet the current requirements for high-quality trials in IBS.16–18 Phloroglucinol, a phenol derivative with non-specific antispasmodic effect, acts directly on the smooth muscle. Phloroglucinol leads to muscle relaxation by inhibiting voltage-dependent calcium channels19,20 and has none of the anticholinergic side effects associated with the other classes of antispasmodics.14,15,20 In a previous study, phloroglucinol reduced motility of rectosigmoid following a test meal21 and inhibited colonic phasic contractions promoted by glycerol injection into rectum without affecting colonic tone.22 However, previous data regarding the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol in patients with IBS are very limited despite its widespread use. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Materials and Methods
Patients
Patients were enrolled from the gastroenterology clinic from September 2009 until October 2010. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, experienced gastroenterologists evaluated patients for eligibility at a screening visit. Patients between the ages of 18 years and 65 years who met the Rome III criteria for diagnosis of IBS-D and who showed normal colonoscopy findings within the previous 5 years were eligible in the study. Patients with the following clinical features were excluded: hypersensitivity to phloroglucinol, its derivatives, and other antispasmodics; pregnancy or lactation during the study period; history of drug or alcohol abuse 6 months prior to screening; abnormal results from screening laboratory tests with clinical relevance for study participation; severe medical disorders (liver disease, heart disease, renal disease, endocrine disorder, neurological disease, and malignant tumors); other GI diseases that may explain the patient’s symptoms, as judged by the researcher; symptoms that may indicate other severe diseases, such as GI bleeding, weight loss, or fever; history of glaucoma or benign prostate hyperplasia; history of psychiatric disorder; history of other abdominal surgery, except appendectomy and operation for hernias; consumption of corticosteroids, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, or other anti-inflammatory drugs 2 weeks prior to screening and throughout the study; use of drugs that may influence efficacy evaluations, such as probiotics, antibiotics, prokinetics, antispasmodics, or anti-depressants 2 weeks prior to screening and throughout the study; participation in other clinical trial within 3 months before the start of this trial; or judged ineligible by the investigators. All patients were able to understand the study protocols, and written informed content was obtained from each patient prior to commencement of the study.
Study Protocol
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Figure 1 summarizes the overall study design. During the 1-week screening period, we evaluated each patient based on a full review of personal medical history and physical examination; further, a complete blood count and serum chemistry were performed. Patients with clinically serious abnormalities in any of the results were excluded from randomization. Eligible patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria received questionnaires and were asked to complete a symptom diary and IBS quality of life (IBS-QOL) during the screening period (1-week run-in period). IBS symptoms, stool frequency, and stool consistency were evaluated based on patients’ symptom diary. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was also used to assess psychological distress of patients. After the screening period, patients entered the treatment period if they fulfilled all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were then randomized to receive either phloroglucinol (160 mg) or placebo 3 times a day. The treatment lasted for 2 weeks and patients were followed up for 1 week after the end of treatment. Patients were asked to record daily symptoms using self-administered questionnaires (symptom diary) for 3 weeks. Patients’ stool frequency and consistency were also assessed daily for 3 weeks. Overall IBS symptoms assessed via subject global assessment (SGA), drug compliance, and side effects were evaluated at the end of the first week by a telephone-based assessment and at the end of weeks 2 and 3 during the patient visit. IBS-QOL was assessed again after 2 weeks of treatment.
Figure 1.
Schematic of the study design. VAS, visual analogue scale.
Patients were randomized by selecting a card from a pack of pre-randomized identical cards in the presence of a study coordinator; patients and all other investigators were fully blinded to the randomization process until completion of the trial. Patient medication adherence was assessed by direct questioning and calculated as the amount of study drug ingested as a percentage of the planned amount. Compliance of more than 80% was set as the minimum level. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University Hospital (IRB No. C2009053 240). The clinical trial registration number of the present study is KCT0000494.
Study Medication
FLOSPAN contains 80 mg of phloroglucinol. Two tablets (160 mg in total) were administered orally 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Placebo tablets were identical in all aspects including appearance, color, taste but contained excipient only.
Clinical Outcome Assessments
During the screening, treatment, and post-treatment periods, patients recorded symptoms in a daily diary. The individual symptoms included as follows: abdominal pain/discomfort, loose/watery stool, urgency, mucus in stool, bloating, and passage of gas. Each symptom was evaluated using a 10-cm visual analogue scale (maximum score, 10).23 SGA was assessed as follows: “Please consider how you felt in the past week with regard to your IBS, in particular, your general well-being and symptoms of abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating or distension, and altered bowel habit. Compared to the way you felt before beginning the medication, have you had relief of your IBS symptoms?” A 5-point Likert scale was used, with scores ranging from 1 to 5: “not at all,” “a little,” “moderately,” “quite a bit,” or “extremely.” We defined a responder as a patient who answered more than 3 points of SGA (“moderate or more of improvement”) for at least 1 week of the 2-week treatment period. Stool frequency was recorded as the total number of bowel movement per day; consistency was evaluated using the Bristol stool form scale (range, 1–7).24 IBS-QOL was assessed using questionnaire which was developed by Drossman et al25 and translated into Korean. Baseline anxiety and depression during the screening period were assessed by the HADS, which was developed and validated by Zigmond and Snaith26 and translated into Korean.27 The 14 questions (7 questions relate to anxiety and the others to depression) were assessed using a 4-point scale, with each score ranging from 0 to 3. The primary endpoint of this study was the proportion of responders. The secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients who answered more than 3 points of SGA for at least 1 week during the 3-week period including 2-week treatment and 1-week follow-up periods, changes in individual IBS symptoms, stool frequency and consistency, and IBS-QOL compared to pre-treatment conditions.
Safety Assessments
Adverse events related to treatment were actively monitored throughout the study period. Drug-related adverse events were assessed by direct questioning at each week. Either physical examination and routine laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum chemistry) were performed at the screening period and early withdrawal. Patients’ vital signs including body temperature, respiratory rate, pulse, and blood pressure were monitored by investigators at each visit. Safety assessments included adverse events, abnormal laboratory findings, and vital signs from the screening period to study completion.
Statistical Methods
All data collections and analyses were performed independently from the investigators who had no access to data or analyses until the latter had been completed. An imputation method was applied for missing data or loss to follow-up.
SPSS for Windows, version 18.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA), was used for all data analyses. For categorical variables, a Pearson Chi-square test was used. Student t test was used to compare the means of continuous variables, and continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The two-sided P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The planned sample size for this study (n = 72) was based on the ability to detect a 25% difference in the proportion of responders between the 2 groups, with 80% power at α = 0.05. Further, it was increased to account for a drop-out rate of just above 10%.
Results
Baseline Characteristics
In total, 72 patients were screened from September 2009 to October 2010. All patients were randomized and entered the treatment period. Among the 72 evaluable subjects, 26 (36.1%) were male and 46 (63.9%) were female. The subjects averaged mean 42.3 years in age (range, 19–65 years). Thirty-six patients were assigned to the phloroglucinol group and 36 to the placebo group. No significant differences in terms of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, or HADS scores were observed between the 2 groups. There were no differences in the severity of baseline IBS symptoms between the 2 groups (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Irritable Bowel Syndrome-symptoms of the Patients
| Characteristics | Phloroglucinol (n = 36) | Placebo (n = 36) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 42.30 ± 12.77 | 42.32 ± 12.80 | 0.993 |
| Sex | 0.156 | ||
| Male | 11 (30.6) | 15 (41.7) | |
| Female | 25 (69.4) | 21 (58.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.50 ± 2.94 | 22.66 ± 3.10 | 0.109 |
| Smoker | 3 (8.3) | 3 (8.3) | 0.622 |
| Alcohol intake | 26 (72.2) | 22 (61.1) | 0.402 |
| Anxiety | 7.37 ± 4.02 | 7.91 ± 5.41 | 0.642 |
| Depression | 7.14 ± 3.55 | 7.70 ± 4.86 | 0.595 |
| IBS symptoms | |||
| Abdominal pain/discomfort | 4.42 ± 2.22 | 4.14 ± 2.03 | 0.597 |
| Loose/watery stool | 4.31 ± 2.75 | 3.39 ± 2.15 | 0.126 |
| Urgency | 3.56 ± 2.56 | 3.06 ± 1.94 | 0.364 |
| Mucus in stool | 1.47 ± 2.00 | 0.77 ± 0.98 | 0.069 |
| Bloating | 4.36 ± 2.53 | 3.68 ± 2.66 | 0.288 |
| Passage of gas | 4.80 ± 2.12 | 3.98 ± 2.01 | 0.106 |
BMI, body mass index; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.
Data are shown as mean ± SD or n (%).
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Stool Parameters
During the study period, 5 patients assigned to the placebo group dropped out of the study. Of these, 3 patients withdrew their consent to participate in the study for personal reasons. The other 2 patients complained of nausea and abdominal pain and wished to discontinue the drug. Finally, a total of 67 patients satisfactorily completed the study (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Flow chart showing patient disposition throughout the trial.
The proportion of responders who responded at least 1 week of the 2-week treatment period for overall IBS symptoms, tended to be higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group although the difference was not statistically significant (55.6% vs 30.6%, P = 0.056). The proportion of patients who answered more than 3 points of SGA for at least 1 week among the 3 weeks treatment and follow-up period was significantly higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group (61.6% vs 30.6%, P = 0.013). The proportions of patients who answered more than 3 points of SGA at each week also tended to be higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group, although the difference was not statistically significant (Week 1, 33.3% vs 16.7%, P = 0.102; Week 2, 50.0% vs 30.6%, P = 0.093; Week 3, 33.3% vs 13.9%, P = 0.052; Fig. 3).
Figure 3.
Proportion of patients who answered more than 3 points (“moderate or more of improvement”) of subject global assessment (SGA) for at least 1 week of the 2-week treatment period (A), for at least 1 of the 3 weeks of treatment and follow-up period (B), and proportion of patients who answered more than 3 points of SGA at each week (C) in the phloroglucinol and placebo groups.
Figures 4 and 5 shows the changes of individual symptoms and stool parameters. Most of individual symptoms associated with IBS-D are improved in patients treated with phloroglucinol. Compared to the screening period, abdominal pain/discomfort, loose/watery stool, stool urgency, mucus in stool, passage of gas, and stool frequency and consistency were significantly improved after 2 weeks use of phloroglucinol. However, percent changes in individual symptom scores after 2 weeks were not different between the phloroglucinol group and placebo group. Stool frequency and consistency showed more decreasing tendencies in the phloroglucinol group compared to the placebo group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (Table 2).
Figure 4.
Symptoms associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Changes of individual symptoms including abdominal pain/discomfort (A), loose/watery stool (B), urgency (C), mucus in stool (D), bloating (E), and passage of gas (F) during study period. VAS, visual analogue scale.
Figure 5.
Changes of stool frequency (A) and consistency (B) during the study period.
Table 2.
Changes of Individual Symptoms Assessed by Visual Analogue Scale Scores and Stool Parameter Before and After 2 Weeks of Treatment
| Symptoms | VAS mean scores ± SD and change rates (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Baseline | After 2 weeks | Change rates (%) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Phloroglucinol | Placebo | Phloroglucinol | Placebo | Phloroglucinol | Placebo | P-value | |
| Abdominal pain/discomfort | 4.36 ± 2.18 | 4.12 ± 2.05 | 3.56 ± 2.17a | 3.29 ± 2.15a | −21.07 ± 39.66 | −16.20 ± 79.57 | 0.746 |
| Loose/watery stool | 4.31 ± 2.68 | 3.38 ± 2.14 | 2.81 ± 2.18a | 2.33 ± 2.04a | −33.23 ± 46.76 | −34.72 ± 55.02 | 0.905 |
| Urgency | 3.46 ± 2.55 | 3.02 ± 1.87 | 2.36 ± 2.00a | 2.05 ± 2.00a | −26.67 ± 50.59 | −32.22 ± 65.65 | 0.697 |
| Mucus in stool | 1.50 ± 2.00 | 0.71 ± 0.93 | 0.83 ± 1.32a | 0.52 ±1.03 | −17.33 ± 80.10 | −1.26 ± 127.61 | 0.532 |
| Bloating | 4.34 ± 2.49 | 3.59 ± 2.61 | 3.76 ± 2.10 | 2.95 ± 2.13a | −5.01 ± 50.78 | 3.32 ± 86.55 | 0.625 |
| Passage of gas | 4.77 ± 2.06 | 4.00 ± 1.93 | 4.23 ± 1.87a | 2.80 ± 1.87a | −4.43 ± 51.91 | −31.48 ± 33.16 | 0.016 |
| Stool frequency | 2.00 ± 1.00 | 2.01 ± 0.85 | 1.54 ± 0.94a | 1.85 ± 0.86 | −18.13 ± 32.76 | −5.07 ± 28.47 | 0.090 |
| Stool consistency | 5.21 ± .079 | 4.72 ± 0.95 | 4.52 ± 0.86a | 4.30 ± 0.89a | −12.05 ± 20.31 | −6.65 ± 22.06 | 0.302 |
P < 0.05 compared with baseline.
VAS, visual analogue scale.
Data are shown as mean ± SD.
Change rate (%) = (Week 2 score – Baseline score)/Baseline score × 100.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life
The mean of overall IBS-QOL score and that of several domains including interference with activity, health worry, and food avoidance significantly improved in the phloroglucinol group. The percentage change of overall IBS-QOL score tended to be higher in the phloroglucinol group compared to the placebo group, but the difference was not statistically significant (17.03 ± 41.33 vs 6.96 ± 26.45, P = 0.252). Each domain score also showed more increasing tendency in the phloroglucinol group than the placebo group without statistical significance (Table 3).
Table 3.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life Mean Scores and Percentage Changes Before and After 2 Weeks of Treatment
| Domains of IBS-QOL | QOL mean scores ± SD and change rates (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Baseline | After 2 weeks | Change rates (%) | |||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Phloroglucinol | Placebo | Phloroglucinol | Placebo | Phloroglucinol | Placebo | P-value | |
| Dysphoria | 65.88 ± 22.00 | 74.27 ± 18.47 | 72.81 ± 22.63 | 77.71 ± 17.29 | 19.00 ± 47.94 | 9.44 ± 32.42 | 0.354 |
| Interference with activity | 63.71 ± 21.25 | 72.02 ± 20.03 | 72.01 ± 18.03a | 73.33 ± 21.30 | 23.66 ± 48.36 | 6.02 ± 31.63 | 0.090 |
| Body image | 72.80 ± 21.76 | 80.42 ± 21.13 | 77.53 ± 17.40 | 82.71 ± 17.42 | 16.85 ± 51.38 | 10.24 ± 40.12 | 0.567 |
| Health worry | 59.91 ± 20.68 | 69.17 ± 21.35 | 68.92 ± 19.31a | 71.67 ± 21.40 | 26.83 ± 63.61 | 12.70 ± 54.01 | 0.337 |
| Food avoidance | 50.90 ± 25.67 | 67.50 ± 23.30 | 60.36 ± 27.00a | 72.50 ± 22.65 | 8.61 ± 46.34 | −16.91 ± 121.94 | 0.244 |
| Social reaction | 73.14 ± 21.29 | 82.29 ± 19.08 | 76.18 ± 19.65 | 84.17 ± 16.72 | 10.69 ± 36.51 | 4.94 ± 17.82 | 0.428 |
| Sexual | 79.05 ± 21.26 | 87.08 ± 20.10 | 84.80 ± 18.67 | 89.58 ± 16.44 | 14.51 ± 37.99 | 5.62 ± 19.18 | 0.248 |
| Relationships | 73.42 ± 22.98 | 82.22 ± 18.01 | 76.35 ± 20.65 | 83.89 ± 17.50 | 13.43 ± 47.58 | 5.04 ± 25.50 | 0.388 |
| Overall | 66.69 ± 19.77 | 75.88 ± 17.87 | 73.17 ± 18.26a | 78.41 ± 16.60 | 17.03 ± 41.33 | 6.96 ± 26.45 | 0.252 |
P < 0.05 compared with baseline.
IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IBS-QOL, IBS-quality of life.
Data are shown as mean ± SD.
Change rate (%) = (Week 2 score – Baseline score)/Baseline score × 100.
Safety and Tolerability
The incidence of adverse events was 5.6% in both the placebo (2/36) and phloroglucinol groups (2/36). Two patients in the placebo group complained of nausea and abdominal discomfort and discontinued the study. Two patients in the phloroglucinol group complained of mild nausea but completed the study. No symptoms related to anticholinergic activity (such as dry mouth, dizziness, blurry vision, confusion, urinary retention, and constipation) were reported during the study period.
Discussion
The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol, compared with a placebo, in patients with IBS-D. The proportion of patients who experienced “moderate or more of improvement” of overall IBS symptoms for at least 1 week during the 2-week treatment period tended to be higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.056). The proportion of these patients during the 3-week period including 1-week follow-up period was significantly higher in the phloroglucinol group than in the placebo group (P = 0.013). In terms of individual IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain/discomfort, loose/watery stool, urgency, mucus in stool, and passage of gas, there were no significant differences in improvements between the 2 groups.
Traditional IBS therapies target the relief of individual IBS symptoms. However, they often demonstrate limited efficacy against overall IBS symptoms.28 Symptom-based pharmacologic therapies include antispasmodics, serotonin type 3 receptor antagonists, anti-diarrheals, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, some probiotics, and antibiotics. Among these, antispasmodics are considered an effective treatment modality to improve abdominal cramps and reduce the stool frequency in patients with IBS because abdominal pain and discomfort are believed to be associated with intestinal motor dysfunction. Antispasmodics include broad class of drugs as follows; direct smooth muscle relaxants (eg, mebeverine and papaverine), drugs that directly act on calcium channels which affect intestinal smooth muscle contraction (eg, alverine citrate, otilonium bromide, and pinaverium bromide), and anticholinergic/antimuscarinic agents (eg, butylscopolamine, cimetropium bromide, and pirenzepine).20,29
The efficacy of antispasmodics has been reported to vary depending on the type of agent used. A Cochrane meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials of antispasmodics, other than phloroglucinol, including 1392 patients with IBS, demonstrated a beneficial effect of these drugs on abdominal pain, with a pooled risk ratio of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.12–1.55; P < 0.05).15 Another meta-analysis of 23 double-blind randomized trials, including 1852 patients with IBS, demonstrated improved global assessment (56.0% vs 38.0%, 95% CI, 1.77–2.58; P < 0.05) and pain relief (53.0% vs 41.0%, 95% CI, 1.30–2.10; P < 0.05) in patients treated with a smooth muscle relaxant.30 Other meta-analyses on individual antispasmodics demonstrated that only pinaverium bromide and trimebutine had a significant benefit on abdominal pain. Other antispasmodics, including scopolamine derivates, dicyclomine, otilonium, and mebeverine, failed to show any benefit because of variable patient inclusion criteria, poorly designed studies, and significant heterogeneity among the studies.31 In a recent multi-center randomized controlled trial, including 356 IBS patients, otilonium bromide was found to be superior to a placebo in reducing the frequency of abdominal pain episodes at the end of the treatment period (P < 0.05).32 However, the intensity of abdominal pain, the proportion of patients who responded did not differ between the 2 groups. Another multicenter, randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial demonstrated both tiropramide and otilonium significantly decreased abdominal pain and discomfort in 356 patients with IBS (P < 0.05); however, the change from baseline was not different between groups.33
Although limited data are available for phloroglucinol, the findings of previous studies demonstrate the efficacy of phloroglucinol in IBS patients. The intensity of pain during acute exacerbation of IBS was significantly reduced over a 1-week period of oral phloroglucinol/trimethylphloroglucinol.34 Another open-label study reported that phloroglucinol significantly relieved IBS-related symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, stool frequency, urgency, and passage of mucus per rectum.35 In our study, however, the change rates of individual symptoms were not different between the phloroglucinol group and placebo group. These findings are unable to fully support the efficacy of phloroglucinol in patients with IBS-D. In the IBS drug trial, it has been difficult to prove a significant effect on individual symptoms because of the high placebo effect.36,37 Several previous studies of IBS patients have shown significant effects on overall symptoms or QOL, but the effects have been insufficient to improve individual symptoms.38–40 Also, the relatively small sample size may be related to these results. Further large scaled studies are needed to determine the effect of phloroglucinol in individual symptoms.
Antispasmodics have been used to relieve defecation symptoms due to their effects on reducing colonic transit and other, as yet unclear, pharmacological mechanisms.20 A non-inferiority study of tiropramide versus octilonium demonstrated that both agents improved stool parameters including stool frequency and consistency in a subgroup of patients with IBS-D.33 Phloroglucinol was also found to decrease phasic contractions by acting directly on the intestinal smooth muscle.35 This mechanism can decrease the hyperactive motility of the colon, and the accelerated colonic transit. In our study, stool frequency and consistency tended to improve more in the phloroglucinol group than placebo group, but there were no statistical significances. The IBS-QOL also showed a trend towards a better efficacy in the phloroglucinol group than placebo group without statistical significances. Further large scaled studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy of phloroglucinol on bowel habits and QOL.
Regarding safety, some antispasmodics, such as anticholinergics, are associated with anticholinergic side effects, including dry mouth, glaucoma, blurred vision, urinary retention, and tachycardia, which limit their use. Phloroglucinol is not associated with these anticholinergic side effects; a previous study reported that few patients experienced adverse effects such as mild headaches and allergic reactions.35 In addition, a French study showed that the phloroglucinol did not have a teratogenic effect in pregnant women.41 In our study, only 2 patients complained of mild nausea, which was not serious enough to discontinue the study drug. Therefore, the therapeutic use of phloroglucinol raised no safety concerns.
There were several limitations in this study. First, the duration of our study was relatively short (3 weeks). Because IBS is a chronic and recurrent disease, short-term clinical trials to confirm if a treatment is effective in improving IBS are considered to have limited clinical relevance.42 However, antispasmodics are drugs that are used to temporally relieve IBS symptoms rather than to target long-term control, and thus short-term study may be enough. Actually, in many clinical trials for IBS, drug efficacies were observed in for week or 2 weeks.33,43 Second, this study did not consider diet. Several studies have shown that certain foods play an important role in the development and exacerbation of IBS symptoms in a majority of IBS patients.44,45 Instead of controlling diet, we instructed patients to continue consuming their usual diet throughout the study period. Third, a relatively small sample size can lead to bias in the study results, as previously mentioned. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate overall and individual symptoms as well as stool parameters in patients with IBS-D treated with phloroglucinol. Additionally, we confirmed that the degree of anxiety and depression was not different between the 2 groups, thus excluding the effects of psychological distress on the effect of study treatment.
In conclusion, phloroglucinol can be effective and safe for the management of overall symptoms in patients with IBS-D. Stool frequency and QOL tend to improve by phloroglucinol. Further studies are needed to validate the efficacy of phloroglucinol in a larger sample size and long-term period.
Footnotes
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2017R1D1A1B03031924) and by research funding from DAE HWA Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gangwon-do, Korea.
Conflicts of interest: None.
Author contributions: Seung Yong Shin and Bong Ki Cha substantially contributed to conception, design, analysis, interpretation of data, drafting the article, and revising it critically for important content; Chang Hwan Choi substantially contributed to conception and design, final approval of the version to be published, and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work; Won-Seok Kim, Jae Yong Park, and Jeong Wook Kim prepared and revised the article critically for important intellectual content; and all authors reviewed the manuscript.
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