Table 1.
Trap Type | Years | Guilds | Variables | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Date | Treatment × Date | Block | |||||||||||||||
Wilk’s λ | F | df a | P b | Wilk’s λ | F | df a | P b | Wilk’s λ | F | df a | P b | Wilk’s λ | F | df a | P b | |||
Sticky | 2011 | Predators c | 0.81 | 5.54 | 1, 104 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 7.8 | 7, 104 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 7, 104 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.5 | 1, 104 | 0.73 |
Parasitoids d | 0.95 | 2.64 | 1, 104 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 5.93 | 7, 104 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 1.14 | 7, 104 | 0.32 | 0.97 | 1.39 | 1, 104 | 0.25 | ||
Herbivores e | 0.94 | 1.25 | 1, 103 | 0.28 | 0.2 | 5.56 | 7, 103 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 1.06 | 7, 103 | 0.37 | 0.93 | 1.46 | 1, 103 | 0.2 | ||
2012 | Predators c | 0.71 | 9.07 | 1, 94 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.97 | 6, 94 | <0.001 | 0.83 | 0.7 | 6, 94 | 0.84 | 0.9 | 2.46 | 1, 94 | 0.05 | |
Parasitoids d | 0.99 | 0.27 | 1, 94 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 7.79 | 6, 94 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 6, 94 | 0.64 | 0.97 | 1.32 | 1, 94 | 0.27 | ||
Herbivores e | 0.81 | 4.04 | 1, 94 | <0.01 | 0.17 | 6.5 | 6, 94 | <0.001 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 6, 94 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.69 | 1, 94 | 0.63 | ||
Pitfall | 2011 | Predators f | 0.93 | 1.18 | 1, 94 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 6.05 | 7, 94 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.87 | 7, 94 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 1, 94 | 0.51 |
2012 | Predators f | 0.98 | 0.2 | 1, 94 | 0.95 | 0.38 | 3.25 | 6, 94 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 1.15 | 6, 94 | 0.26 | 0.91 | 1.74 | 1, 94 | 0.13 |
a Numerator, denominator (error). b Numbers in bold indicate significant differences at α = 0.05. c Predators include adult hoverflies (Syrphidae), adult lady beetles (Coccinellidae), adult lacewings (Chrysopidae), and pirate bugs (Anthocoridae). d Parasitoids include parasitic Hymenoptera and tachinid flies (Tachinidae). e Herbivores include leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), plant bugs (Miridae), weevils (Curculionidae), thrips (Thripidae), and soldier beetles (Cantharidae). f Predators include crickets (Gryllidae), spiders (Araneae), adult lady beetles (Coccinellidae), adult ground beetles (Carabidae), and adult rove beetles (Staphylinidae).